sign in sign up
<<
Home , Central chimpanzee, Eastern chimpanzee, Goualougo Triangle, North Carolina Zoo, Western chimpanzee

Action Plan 2020-2023 AUTHORS

Written By: With Special Thanks To: Tina Cloutier Barbour, Ph.D. Rich Bergl, PhD; Country Safari Tami Brightrall; Detroit Zoological Society Pamela Carter; Maryland Zoo Jennifer Ireland; North Carolina Zoo With Contributions By: Candace Sclimenti; Los Angeles Zoo Steve Ross, Ph.D. Lincoln Park Zoo

Maura Messerly Los Angeles Zoo

Sharon Bowen Maryland Zoo

Cover Photo Credit: John Ireland

2 & AZA

Since 2015, AZA accredited facilities have donated over $XXX to in-situ conservation

Since 2015, AZA accredited facilities have donated $2,796,000 to in-situ conservation efforts

Photo Credit: John Ireland 3 PROGRAM GOAL

The goal of this action plan is to improve the population status of all four chimpanzee through collaborative conservation action, stakeholder engagement, and public awareness.

PROGRAM OPERATIONAL STRUCTURE

ORGANIZATION REPRESENTATIVES CONTACT INFORMATION

Program Leader Tina Cloutier Barbour, Ph.D. [email protected] Lion Country Safari Curator of Conservation, Research & 561-793-1084 ext 2350 Chimpanzees Steering Committee Tami Brightrall, Associate Curator of Detroit Zoological Society [email protected] 248-541-5717 ext. 3187 Steve Ross, Ph.D. Director, Lester E. [email protected] Lincoln Park Zoo Fisher Center for the Study and 312-742-7263 Conservation of

Los Angeles Zoo Candace Sclimenti, Curator [email protected] 323-644-4745 Maura Messerly, Manager of Visitor [email protected] Los Angeles Zoo Engagement 323-644-5366 Pam Carter, Chimpanzee Forest Area [email protected] Maryland Zoo Manager 443-552-3365 [email protected] Maryland Zoo Sharon Bowen, Education Manager 443.992.4617 [email protected] North Carolina Zoo Jennifer Ireland, Curator of Mammals 336-879-7603 Advisors Rich Bergl, Ph.D. Field Conservation [email protected] Director of Conservation, Education Committee Liason 336-879-7602 and Science; North Carolina Zoo

Dirck Byler [email protected] Field Advisor Vice Chair, Section on Great Apes; 240-278-5550 IUCN SSC Specialist Group Program Partners Field Partners Detroit Zoological Society Goualougo Triangle Ape Project Lincoln Park Zoo Ngogo Chimpanzee Project Lion Country Safari Tonkolili Chimpanzee Project Los Angeles Zoo Conservation Society Maryland Zoo North Carolina Zoo Project Chimps

4 FIELD PARTNERSHIPS

Wildlife Conservation Society Nigeria The Tonkolili Chimpanzee Project ( troglodytes verus)

The Goualougo Triangle Ape Project (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) The Ngogo Chimpanzee Project (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii)

5 CONSERVATION TARGET

Recent genetic work indicates four subspecies of Pan troglodytes , with populations distributed across equatorial Africa (Mitchell et al. 2015). The Chimpanzee SAFE conservation plan is focused on all four subspecies within four distinct countries: , Nigeria, , and , which are estimated to host 32% of remaining wild chimpanzee populations.

The four subspecies of chimpanzee commonly recognized are as follows: the (Pan troglodytes verus ), the Nigeria- Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti ), the (Pan troglodytes troglodytes ), and the (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii ). Geographically, chimpanzees have the widest distribution of any great ape, ranging from southern north across the Congo River and all the way to western & Uganda (Humle et al. 2016). Of these subspecies, P.t. ellioti has the smallest range, and is found only in Nigeria and Cameroon, as their name indicates. P.t. troglodytes has the largest range of the four subspecies, which encompasses parts of Cameroon and into the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). P.t. verus is found from Sengal to , but has been extirpated from three of their native range countries: , , and . Finally, P.t. schweinfurthii ranges from southeast Central African Rupublic and DRC to , , and western Uganda and Tanzania.

STATUS OF CHIMPANZEES IN THE AZA COMMUNITY

Thirty-two AZA house 250 chimpanzees in North America. Arguably the most active and social of the great apes, chimpanzees are a subject of great interest to zoo visitors and zoo scientists alike. The work of eminent primatologist Dr. made chimpanzees an iconic species to the general public and they are widely known for their intelligence and -like qualities. Zoos have played a substantive role in contributing to the conservation of this species for many years and unlike work with other species, there have been long-forged ties between those that work with chimpanzees in zoos, in the wild and more recently, in sanctuary settings as well. Since 1989. the zoo-housed population has been managed by the Chimpanzee Species Survival Plan (SSP) and is currently led by Judy McAuliffe at Houston Zoo. The chimpanzee SSP has a green designation.

AZA CONSERVATION ACTIVITIES

AZA institutions have historically played a key role in the conservation of chimpanzees, with the Ape TAG being recognized as one of the top conservation-focused programs within AZA. Many institutions have signaled their long-term commitment to chimpanzee conservation by actively participating in field work, contributing to the establishment of new conservation sites, and dedicating funds to the cause. Chimpanzee SAFE will leverage this momentum, offering increased opportunities to engage in conservation efforts, as well as fostering increased collaboration between AZA organizations and field conservationists. The goals outlined in the SAFE program plan will be the signature conservation priorities for the chimpanzee SSP, allowing participating organizations the opportunity to directly aid in fundraising and awareness campaigns. Together, we will achieve measurable change for chimpanzee conservation.

According to the 2015-2018 Annual Report on Conservation and Science (ARCS) reports, 51 AZA institutions have supported great ape conservation, with contributions totaling well over $2,000,000. Unfortunately, these funds were distributed to 47 organizations, and it is difficult to discern how much support was directed at chimpanzees specifically. Chimpanzee SAFE therefore seeks to offer a focused, collaborative conservation campaign for the species.

6 AZA PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT ACTIVITIES

AZA support for chimpanzee conservation is evident in the enthusiastic response we have seen for public engagement opportunities made available through such initiatives as educational chats, public training and research sessions, and World Chimpanzee Day (WCD). Celebrated annually on July 14th, in honor of the first day that Dr Jane Goodall stepped foot on what is today known as Gombe Stream Reserve in Tanzania, WCD draws worldwide attention to the importance of chimpanzee conservation and welfare. Since its inception in 2018, 12 zoos (38% of those that hold chimpanzees) have self-reported celebrating World Chimpanzee Day. Chimpanzee SAFE plans to grow this number by 25% by 2023, and to leverage this excitement by developing and distributing a WCD Toolkit. The Toolkit will offer guidance on messaging, activities, and specific actions that our guests can take to help save chimpanzees.

7 THE PROBLEM

Wild chimpanzee populations are dropping precipitously. Chimpanzees have already disappeared from 4 African countries, and are nearing in many others. In some regions, their numbers have declined by more than 80% in just over 25 years. Population decline is largely attributed to three primary threats: , loss and infectious disease outbreaks.

We must act now to address these threats. Only with immediate, concerted action can we turn the tide and save these amazing from extinction.

HABITAT LOSS Deforestation and habitat fragmentation is increasing at an alarming rate.

POACHING To obtain one live infant chimpanzee, poachers may kill up to 10 adults.

INFECTIOUSTo obtain DISEASE one live infant Humanchimpanzee intrusion into for chimpanzeethe pet trade, habitatup presents to 10 adults the risk are of typically exposing populations to novel and deadly pathogens. killed

Photo Credit: The Ngogo Chimpanzee Project

Photo Credit: The Ngogo Chimpanzee Project 8 OF CHIMPANZEES

Agency Status US Fish & Wildlife Service Endangered-- P. troglodytes ssp. Critically Endangered--P. t. verus Endangered-- P. t. schweinfurthii IUCN Red List Endangered--P. t. ellioti Endangered-- P. t. troglodytes

Chimpanzees, our closest living relatives, represent an incredibly charismatic species that is under threat across Africa. They are experiencing pressure from the trade, as well as zoonotic disease transfer and severe habitat loss. Concerted, unified action is required in order to address these threats. Despite commendable efforts from talented conservationists for over 40 years, we are collectively losing the battle to save the species. Given their slow reproductive rate, chimpanzees are particularly vulnerable to population declines. Females produce one offspring at a time, experience first partrition between 13-14 years, have a median life expectancy of ~30 years in the wild, and have an interbirth interval of 4-7 years (Hill 1993; Williamson et al. 2013; Wood et al. 2017). Taken collectively, this means that very long recovery periods are necessary to compensate for population declines in the species. Unfortunately, chimpanzee populations have experienced significant reductions since the turn of the century; a decline which is expected to continue unless the scale of conservation efforts greatly improves. Though the factors that contribute to the endangered status of chimpanzees are well understood, they have certainly not ceased and are difficult to reverse. Education and outreach are absolutely critical to combating the disappearance of the species. Luckily, the AZA can help. Through Chimpanzee SAFE, we can exercise our capacity for public outreach in order to shed light on the importance of chimpanzee conservation and provide ex situ support for in situ programs. We can also collaborate with field partners in order to develop a unified, working action plan that clearly delineates AZA involvement.

RECOVERY PLANS

Currently, there are separate conservation policies for all four subspecies of chimpanzee. Occasionally, these are further broken down into regional action plans for the same subspecies, as follows:

1) IUCN Western Chimpanzee Population and Habitat Viability Assessment for Sierra Leone: Final Report (Carlsen et al. 2012). 2) Regional Action Plan for the Conservation of Chimpanzees in (Pan troglodytes verus and Pan troglodytes vellerosus ) (Kormos & Boesch 2003). 3) Grauer’s and Chimpanzees in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (Kahuzi-Biega, Maiko, Tayna and Itombwe Landscape): IUCN Conservation Action Plan 2012–2022 (Maldonado et al. 2012). 4) Eastern Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthi i): IUCN Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan 2010–2020 (Plumptre et al. 2010). 5) West African Chimpanzees: IUCN Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan (Kormos et al. 2003). 6) IUCN Regional Action Plan for the Conservation of the Nigeria-Cameroon Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti ) (Morgan et al. 2011). 7) IUCN Regional Action Plan for the Conservation of Western Lowland Gorillas and Central Chimpanzees (Meisels et al. 2014). 8) IUCN Regional action plan for the conservation of western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) 2020–2030 (IUCN 2020).

9 The aim of Chimpanzee SAFE is to utilize and prioritize the IUCN recommendations within relevant action plans so that we may harness the power of AZA involvement in order to achieve those goals. More than ever before in the history of the species, we must aggressively pursue strategies and policies which will reverse their severe population decline, such as those delineated within the action plans below. Therefore, the Chimpanzee SAFE Action Plan is recommending targeted support of four primary field partners for this first three-year period: the Tonkolili Chimpanzee Project (TCP), Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Goualougo Triangle Ape Project (GTAP), and Ngogo Chimpanzee Project (NCP).

The Tonkolili Chimpanzee Project & P.t. verus The Tonkolili site is based out of Sierra Leone, and was co-founded in 2012 by two primatologists who got their start within the AZA. The Chimpanzee SAFE Program Leader, Dr Cloutier Barbour, remains within the AZA community and is a Co-founder and Director of the Tonkolili site, whose mission is to seek out and implement conservation strategies that ensure the preservation of a population of wild chimpanzees (P.t. verus ) and empower local communities to become partners in these strategies. Further, the site seeks to share these methods in order to impact chimpanzee conservation tactics throughout Africa where human-wildlife conflict is the fundamental concern. Lion Country Safari, where Dr Cloutier Barbour is employed, has supported the educational outreach, community planning, and field components of the project since 2015.

The Tonkolili team is highly collaborative, and includes a deep-seated partnership with the Conservation Society of Sierra Leone (CSSL), as well as a newly-formed partnership with the Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary. CSSL has supported conservation throughout the country since 1986, and prioritizes education and public awareness campaigns, biological research and site-based action for species, policy and advocacy, and communication partnerships and linkages with other environmental conservation organizations and agencies. Tacugama has long prioritized community outreach and education as the most logical, effective course of action to combat poaching and unsustainable habitat loss. Both CSSL and Tacugama were integral in the development of the IUCN-sponsored regional action plan for chimpanzees in Sierra Leone (Carlsen et al. 2012). Further, the site has hosted, and regularly consults with, Dr Tatanya Humle. Dr Humle is an IUCN SSC specialist member, and coauthored the IUCN best practices guidelines for the prevention and mitigation of conflict between and great apes (Hockings & Humle 2009). She also participated in the development of the IUCN Regional Action Plan workshop for West African chimpanzees (Kormos & Boesch 2003).

Wildlife Conservation Society & P.t. ellioti

WCS is a conservation leader on the Nigerian landscape, and recognizes that in order to save wildlife and wild places, conservation work must benefit local people as well as animals. Therefore, WCS staff work with the local government as well as community leaders to develop ways to make conservation profitable. This includes support for the development of alternative, sustainable livelihoods for poachers, such as bee keeping, snail farming, cocoa farms, and bush mango.

WCS Nigeria also invests heavily in educational outreach programs that target awareness activities related to deforestation and bush burning. This outreach includes interactive school visits, field trips, film shows, and school student exchange programs and impacts thousands of students each quarter. Importantly, students are introduced to both problems and solutions related to conservation and natural resource management in the region.

Finally, WCS regularly engages in protected area management, and has successfully implemented SMART tracking and monitoring throughout the region with the help of the North Carolina Zoo. The SMART system allows rangers to collect and analyze data related to the protection of animals on the landscape, making implementation of effective mitigation strategies quick and focused.

WCS Nigeria contributed to the regional action plan for P.t. ellioti (Morgan et al. 2011), which aspired to preserve 95% of the remaining populations of the Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee. Various priority areas identified in this plan--such as Oban, Afi Complex and the Mbe Mountains--are key WCS presence regions.

10 The Goualougo Triangle Ape Project & P.t. troglodytes

The Goualougo Triangle Ape Project (GTAP) is located within Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park, and is committed to preserving the chimpanzees (P.t. troglodytes ) and gorillas that live sympatrically within the park's extensive boundaries. The project's “action-oriented” research is intended to assist the government in managing their forest resources, particularly in regard to great ape strategies. GTAP does so by collaborating with multiple institutions, such as Congo Basin Forest Partnership (CBFP), Forest Commission (COMIFAC), IUCN, and Great Apes Survival Partnership (GRASP). They also work to standardize methods and implement collaborative research projects with other conservation scientists within the Sangha Trinational, which was identified as an Exceptional Priority landscape in the IUCN action plan for the region. The project is supported by a deep history and commitment from multiple AZA institutions, including most notably, the Lincoln Park Zoo.

Historically, conservation outlooks for great apes in this region have been optimistic. Due to the remote location and lack of access routes, human densities in these areas have been low, which reduces associated poaching and disease transmission pressures. Unfortunately, this conservation scenario has changed dramatically over the past decade, due to the expanding human development and repeated emergence of hemorrhagic fever in the region.

As mechanized logging expands throughout the area, roads are being constructed in previously inaccessible tracts of intact forest. These transport networks have been directly associated with increases in hunting pressure. The Goualougo Triangle Ape Project works extensively to develop mitigation strategies in response to the threats associated with logging, and collaborate with local forestry companies in order to develop sustainable resource management policies in logging concessions. One of GTAP's chief objectives is to document the effects of logging operations on apes in northern Congo and use this information to develop and evaluate recommendations to reduce the impact of timber extraction on chimpanzees and gorillas.

GTAP's co-founders, Drs Morgan and Sanz, both contributed to the development of the IUCN Conservation Action Plan for P.t. troglodytes (Meisels et al. 2014) in which Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park was identified as an exceptional priority region for the conservation of great apes. They also co-authored the IUCN best practice guidelines for reducing the impact of commercial logging in great ape habitat (Morgan & Sanz 2007). Key threats to the population include poaching, disease, and habitat loss. In regards to habitat loss, extractive logging was considered a top concern.

The Ngogo Chimpanzee Project & P.t. schweinfurthii Kibale National Park (KNP), consisting of approximately 800 km2, was identified as a key priority region for the conservation of east African chimpanzees by the IUCN P.t. schweinfurthii action plan (Plumptre et al. 2010). The plan estimated that if all 16 identified sites identified within the plan were protected--including KNP--96% of remaining eastern chimpanzee populations would be conserved. The plan identified hunting (i.e., snaring), habitat degredation and destruction, and lack of law enforcement as the three largest threats to the population.

The primary conservation aim and focus of the Ngogo Chimpanzee Project (NCP) is to protect chimpanzees throughout the entirety of Kibale National Park by deploying systematic anti-poaching patrols. NCP does so in conjunction with the Ugandan Wildlife Authority (UWA) and with continued and committed support from North Carolina Zoo and the Detroit Zoological Society. In fact, the Ngogo Chimpanzee Project is currently working to implement SMART technology across the landscape so that they may monitor these threats more effectively. Another component to the efficacy of this goal is the incorporation of additional patrols throughout Kibale National Park, as it is estimated that 15,000 snares may be set within KNP boundaries at any given time. This means that chimpanzees in this protected area face a 4% chance of being caught in a snare each year (Wrangham and Mugume 2000). While historically, taboos against eating chimpanzee meat have largely insulated them from this threat, they have still been inadvertently caught in snares meant for other forms of bushmeat.

11 However, even this small protection is decreasing as it seems that these taboos are becoming less important in the face of increased poverty and resource scarcity in the region. The Ngogo Chimpanzee Project aims to mitigate this threat as well, through increased economic and outreach opportunities in conjunction with the Village Enterprise and UNITE organizations.

THREATS

The primary threats to chimpanzees are similar across subspecies, but to varying degrees in different ranges (Tutin et al. 2005; Humle et al. 2016). They are also so inextricably intertwined that it is difficult to weigh any single aspect of threat. They include:

1) Poaching Poaching is the most pervasive threat that chimpanzees face today (Carlsen et al. 2011; humle et al. 2016; Maisels et al. 2016; IUCN 2020), and is undertaken for a variety of reasons--including human/wildlife conflict and the bushmeat or pet trade--which all require different mitigation strategies and varying degrees of action. Regardless of the cause, the effect that hunting has on this species is devastating. Their slow life histories and reproductive rates mean that it is very difficult to make up the loss of even a single individual. Considering that illegal hunting often results in the death of many individuals at once, poaching can wipe out entire populations of chimpanzees very quickly (Ripple et al. 2017).

Hunting chimpanzees is illegal across Africa, and is informed by the Red List of Threatened Species, which identifies all great apes as Endangered or Critically Endangered. Additionally, great apes--including chimpanzees-- are listed on CITES Appendix I and the Class A appendix of the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, which renders them "completely protected" from killing or capture. Still, these apes continue to be poached, a business fueled by an international desire for bushmeat "delicacies," infants for the pet trade, and use in medicinal or "secret society" rituals. Often, chimpanzees are accidentally targeted, caught in snares meant for other forms of bushmeat. When this occurs, they are either trapped, dying slow and painful deaths, or lose entire limbs. At least 25%-35% of habituated chimpanzees living in Kibale National Park have sustained such debilitating injuries (Plumptre et al. 2010).

Research shows that the most effective method to battle chimpanzee losses due to poaching is through law enforcement (Tranquilli et al. 2012). "Law enforcement" may take many forms, including site-based eco-guards, rangers, patrols, and intelligence networks. Additionally, judicial follow-up is required in order to ensure that the presence of law enforcement results in measurable change. It is an unfortunate fact that collusion between poachers and officials is rampant throughout Africa. Arrests need to result in judiciary action, up to and including prison time, confiscation of goods and weapons, and/or hefty fines. In terms of recruitment of appropriate individuals for this lofty task, "a successful strategy has been to employ hunters as park guards, as their forest skills and courage make them ideal protection agents" (Meisels et al. 2014, pp 12). Further, the IUCN recognizes that the implementation of SMART (Spatial Monitoring and Reporting Tool--developed in partnership with the North Carolina Zoo) technology can assist law enforcement in tracking illegal activities across various sites. In fact, the technology has already been incorporated into monitoring plans in over 120 protected areas and is used to standardize reports regarding locations, types, and rates of illegal activities. As such, it puts critical information regarding management practice into the hands of decision makers and law enforcement officials.

This highlights the need for additional transboundary collaboration between range countries, which has already improved law enforcement and thus, protections for chimpanzees. This SAFE plan encourages collaboration not only between range nations and their governmental organizations, but also between the conservation and research organizations working within these regions.

2) Habitat Loss Habitat loss is also an immediate threat to chimpanzees. Fragmentation is especially damaging, as it reduces chimpanzee habitat overall and results in pockets of forest that great apes find difficult to safely navigate. This leads to suppression of gene flow, disruption of natural movements across the landscape, and reduced resource availability. This threat is particularly acute across West and Central Africa, where it is estimated that 80% of forest cover had been lost by the early 2000s (Kormos et al. 2003), and more chimpanzees live outside of protected areas than inside of them (Brcnic et al. 2010; Strindberg et al. 2018). Ape populations are especially 12 susceptible to fragmentation and isolation, as research suggests that 500-2,000 individual apes are necessary in order to maintain a long-term, stable population (Soule 1987; Harcourt 2002; Reed & Hobbs 2004). Habitat loss is also an immediate threat to chimpanzees. Fragmentation is especially damaging, as it reduces chimpanzee habitat overall and results in pockets of forest that great apes find difficult to safely navigate. This leads to suppression of gene flow, disruption of natural movements across the landscape, and reduced resource availability. This threat is particularly acute across West and Central Africa, where it is estimated that 80% of forest cover had been lost by the early 2000s (Kormos et al. 2003), and more chimpanzees live outside of protected areas than inside of them (Brcnic et al. 2010; Strindberg et al. 2018). Ape populations are especially susceptible to fragmentation and isolation, as research suggests that 500-2,000 individual apes are necessary in order to maintain a long-term, stable population (Soule 1987; Harcourt 2002; Reed & Hobbs 2004).

High rates of human population growth in chimpanzee range countries significantly contributes to the over- exploitation of natural resources and fragmentation through the widespread conversion of habitat into agricultural tracts. These fields often border remaining forests, which results in increased rates of human- chimpanzee proximity as the chimpanzees begin to rely on human cultivars for sustenance that is unavailable in their rapidly shrinking forests. This situation inevitably leads to human-chimpanzee conflict, which often results in retaliatory hunting. Therefore, the duel threats of habitat loss and poaching are inextricably intertwined across many parts of Africa.

Extractive industries such as logging, mining, and sugar plantations are also detrimental to the landscape, resulting in adverse effects on tree cover, habitat connectivity, food availability, social dynamics, and disease risk for chimpanzees. Still, each of these industries impacts apes to different extents. Mining, for instance, has a relatively small immediate footprint across Central Africa, though this is projected to change in the coming years (Edwards et al. 2014). Given the extent and duration of negative effects associated with mechanized logging, the industry effects are still largely unknown (Morgan & Sanz 2007). Still, various solutions to these problems have been proposed, with variable success. For instance, Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification is a voluntary initiative that aims to promote sustainable forest management and is meant to signal to consumers that their products are "ape friendly." Certified companies are audited annually by external entities in order to ensure that they are compliant with established procedures and policies. Importantly, FSC certification has shown measurable, positive impacts on great ape conservation strategies (Morgan et al. 2019).

Finally, industrial agriculture represents an emerging threat to chimpanzee habitat, as palm oil industries are beginning to aggressively move into Africa (Rival & Lavang 2014). The continent is fast being recognized as the new frontier for this crop. This is alarming, as a full 42.3% of great ape range overlaps with habitat that embodies excellent palm oil climate conditions (Wich et al. 2014). As suitable land for this cash crop becomes more scarce throughout Southeast Asia, extractive companies are looking to West and Central Africa (native oil palm habitat) to fill the void. Again, there are mitigation measures in effect to reduce the deleterious impacts of palm oil production, such as Round Table for Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) certification. The RSPO operates similarly to the FSC, though critics question its validity as a credible source. This is largely because the RSPO lacks the chamber- balanced voting system of FSC, which allows some special interests to dominate. The accreditation system is being strengthened and revamped in order to ensure more robust auditing systems are in place, but participation remains voluntary.

Paramount to discussions of extractive industry is the linkage with dramatic human population increases. These ventures often bring an influx of people to previously uninhabited and inaccessible areas of the forest, which results in increased hunting pressures for food and supplemental income (Fa et al. 2003; 2004). This in-migration also results in significant expansion of deforestation, as additional workers (and their families) require increased agriculture. To get an idea of impact, 1 km2 of palm oil requires 12 workers to farm. If each worker has a family of five, every 100 km2 planted equals 7,000 people. Given that over 1 million km2 of land across Central Africa is suitable for palm oil (Stickler et al. 2007) the threat of explosive human expansion is very real. One proven way to mitigate these devastating impacts is to preferentially hire local workers, rather than employing individuals from distant areas (Elkan et al. 2006).

3) Disease Transmission Due to the genetic similarities between humans and chimpanzees, zoonotic disease transfer between species is an immediate concern. While disease is a natural component of wildlife ecology, chimps are especially prone to illness or death due to infectious diseases such as Ebola, anthrax, yaws, and respiratory epidemics (Butnyski & Kalina 1998; Wallis & Lee 1999; Kormos et al. 2003; Leendertz et al. 2004; Leroy et al. 2004; Ryan & Walsh 2011; Palacios et al. 2011). This can have catastrophic effects on ape population numbers, again due to the fact that chimpanzees reproduce so slowly. Research on great apes (Ryan & Walsh 2011) suggests that recovery from a single disease outbreak can range from five years for a low mortality event (i.e., 4% loss of population) to over 130 years in a high-mortality situation (i.e., 96% loss of population). Given these estimates, Ebola hemorrhagic 13 fever may be considered one of the primary threats to chimpanzees. Previous outbreaks in the region have resulted in serious declines to chimpanzee population densities, proving the disease to be a serious threat to the survival of the species across Western and Central Africa, in particular (Walsh et al. 2003; Bermejo et al. 2006; Caillaud et al. 2006; Maisels et al. 2013). Due to the genetic similarities between humans and chimpanzees, zoonotic disease transfer between species is an immediate concern. While disease is a natural component of wildlife ecology, chimps are especially prone to illness or death due to infectious diseases such as Ebola, anthrax, yaws, and respiratory epidemics (Butnyski & Kalina 1998; Wallis & Lee 1999; Kormos et al. 2003; Leendertz et al. 2004; Leroy et al. 2004; Ryan & Walsh 2011; Palacios et al. 2011). This can have catastrophic effects on ape population numbers, again due to the fact that chimpanzees reproduce so slowly. Research on great apes (Ryan & Walsh 2011) suggests that recovery from a single disease outbreak can range from five years for a low mortality event (i.e., 4% loss of population) to over 130 years in a high-mortality situation (i.e., 96% loss of population). Given these estimates, Ebola hemorrhagic fever may be considered one of the primary threats to chimpanzees. Previous outbreaks in the region have resulted in serious declines to chimpanzee population densities, proving the disease to be a serious threat to the survival of the species across Western and Central Africa, in particular (Walsh et al. 2003; Bermejo et al. 2006; Caillaud et al. 2006; Maisels et al. 2013).

Oftentimes, those diseases are introduced to the apes through encroaching human populations. The increasing presence of humans in the forest (hunters, miners, loggers, agro-industrial labor force, etc) means that great apes are coming into contact with potentially infectious human materials--such as food waste and bodily excretions--at higher rates than ever before. Zoonotic disease transfer can also occur due to well-meaning conservation activities, such as researchers and ecotourism ventures. Regardless of the source, marginalized great ape populations--already imperiled by inbreeding and loss of genetic diversity--are further pushed to the brink of extinction as a result.

One solution to this threat is the formation of formal, strong collaborations between wildlife health and public health authorities meant to provide comprehensive preventive medicine and response efforts. These collaborations should occur at local, national, and international levels, and inter-site collaboration and information sharing is also encouraged. Targeted education needs to be provided to communities, researchers, rangers, and ecotourists in order to preserve healthy chimpanzee populations and effectively respond to changes in human or wildlife health (Carlsen et al. 2012). Chimpanzee SAFE follows the One Health philosophy which ties humans, wildlife, environment and health together (Gilardi et al. 2015). These programs should also include family planning components (Carlsen et al. 2012). Preventative health care, such as Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and vaccines, should also be provided to these individuals in order to prevent the spread of contaminants to the forest, and established visitor regulations should be enforced (Kormos et al. 2003; Plumptre et al. 2010).

Here again, it is important to note that issues related to disease regulation are inextricably linked with the other two chief threats to chimpanzees: habitat loss/degradation, and hunting. One way that this may manifest is that reductions in the size of available forest, combined with increased pressures from expanding human populations, results in poorer agricultural productivity of the land. This in turn prompts increased bushmeat hunting, which has multiple negative impacts on chimpanzee populations, one of which being increased human/wildlife disease transmission. Therefore, it is important to address multiple solutions to the complex problem of chimpanzee conservation at once.

The AZA's Chimpanzee SAFE program plans to address each of these threats, in various capacities (detailed on pages 20-29).

14 THE PLAN

We will increase collaboration amongst AZA facilities and conservation organizations in the fight against chimpanzee population decline by undertaking specific objectives and actions regarding poaching, habitat loss and degradation, and zoonotic disease transfer.

We will increase public/stakeholder engagement in and awareness of chimpanzee conservation efforts by developing messaging toolkits and marketing plans, particularly for the celebration of World Chimpanzee Day across AZA zoos and range countries.

We will create additional funding opportunities to address chimpanzee conservation concerns, both within AZA and elsewhere.

Photo Credit: The Ngogo Chimpanzee Project 15 CONSERVATION OBJECTIVES: Pan troglodytes verus

OBJECTIVE RECOVERY PLAN RELEVANCE Carlsen et al. 2012; Strategic Priority 4a: Reduce crop 1) Use research and monitoring to assess threats and measure raiding/improve land-use management. Kormos et al. effectiveness of human-chimpanzee resource conflict mitigation 2003, Strategic Priority 20.4.3: 20.4.3 Provide strategies. practical and economic solutions and management strategies (to crop raiding)

Kormos et al. 2003; Strategic Priority 19.3.2: Promote intensification in areas with high population density. Strategic Priority 19.3.3: Assess variable impacts of 2) Ensure viable populations of chimpanzees living in fragmented different farming practices. Carlsen et al. 2012; forests and anthropogenic landscapes across West Africa, using the Strategic Priority 4b: No more reports of chimpanzee Tonkolili Chimpanzee Project as a pilot, representative site. aggression on humans. Kormos et al. 2003; Strategic Priority 24.2.3: Increased capacity to manage existing protected areas and landscape connectivity

IN-SITU PUBLIC/STAKEHOLDER OBJECTIVES: P.t. verus

OBJECTIVE RECOVERY PLAN RELEVANCE Carlsen et al. 2012; Strategic Priority 2a & 2b: Increase tolerance toward chimpanzees and respect of laws pertaining to them. Ensure that local people no longer hold unfounded beliwfs about chimanzee behavior or the value of the chimpanzees for medicinal 1) Conduct community/public awareness campaigns aimed at purposes. Kormos et al. 2003; Strategic Priority increasing tolerance toward chimpanzees. 10.8.5: Initiate conservation education and public awareness-raising programs about chimpanzee conservaiton. Strategic Priority 21.5.5: Increase awareness about the bushmeat trade and greater law enforcement.

Kormos et al. 2003; Strategic Priority 21.5.4: Integrate concerns about hunting into the design of community 2) Implement community-level incentives in order to improve conservation projects. Carlsen et al. 2012; Strategic conservation outcomes. Priority 3: Creating value for the local people to preserve chimpanzees in their locality. Carlsen et al. 2012; Strategic Planning Priority 5.2: 3) Improve education and family planning for women. Improve community access to family planning.

16 CONSERVATION OBJECTIVES: Pan troglodytes ellioti

OBJECTIVE RECOVERY PLAN RELEVANCE Morgan et al. 2011; Strategic Priority for Cross River National Park: Strengthen levels of protection: remove 1) Strengthen chimpanzee protections in the Afi Mountain Wildlife hunter's camps, improve training, monitoring, and Sanctuary (AMWS) through improved monitoring. supervision of rangers; provide field equipment and vehicles, and improve patrol incentives.

IN-SITU PUBLIC/STAKEHOLDER OBJECTIVES: P.t. elliotti

OBJECTIVE RECOVERY PLAN RELEVANCE

Morgan et al. 2011; Strategic Priority for Cross River 1) Improve levels of community support for the sanctuary through National Park: Strengthen community conservation the development/improvement of alternative livelihoods & programmes including conservation education, park community health measures. advisory committee, support for local livelihoods and conservation plans for surrounding community forests.

CONSERVATION OBJECTIVES: Pan troglodytes troglodytes

OBJECTIVE RECOVERY PLAN RELEVANCE

Meisels et al. 2014; Strategic Priority 3 for TNS: 1) Provide protection for at-risk chimpanzee populations through Maintain standardised great ape monitoring programs, increased monitoring. including training in monitoring methods for personnel.

Meisels et al. 2014; Strategic Priority 7 for TNS: 2) Quantify forest attributes essential to chimpanzees across multi- Monitor and control effects of industry on forest cover use landscapes. and great apes in buffer zones of the Sangha Trinational. Meisels et al. 2014; Strategic Priority 4 for TNS: 3) Expand regional efforts to monitor chimpanzee health & improve Standardise & implement epidemiological surveillance preventative measures. system & rapid response structure for emerging zoonotic diseases in collaboration with ministries.

17 IN-SITU PUBLIC/STAKEHOLDER OBJECTIVES: P.t. troglodytes

OBJECTIVE RECOVERY PLAN RELEVANCE Meisels et al. 2014; Strategic Priority 1 for TNS: 1) Raise awareness & encourage direct involvement of local peoples Reinforce capacity and structures for effective law in conservation initiatives. enforcement, including recruitment, training, and deployment of ecoguards

CONSERVATION OBJECTIVES: Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii

OBJECTIVE RECOVERY PLAN RELEVANCE Plumptre et al. 2010; Strategic Priority for Uganda: 1) Increase anti-snare units throughout Kibale National Park (KNP) Patrol for illegal activities in all Chimpanzee Conservation Units (CCUs) Plumptre et al. 2010; Strategic Priority for Uganda: 2) Investigate and reduce illegal large-scale logging within KNP Patrol for illegal activities in all Chimpanzee Conservation Units (CCUs)

3) Monitor and support local adheral to IUCN recommended actions Plumptre et al. 2010: Strategic Priority for Uganda: for prevention of disease transfer in habituated chimpanzee Implement IUCN guidelines for regulations with communities habituated chimpanzees (researchers, tourism, PA staff)

IN-SITU PUBLIC/STAKEHOLDER OBJECTIVES: P.t. schweinfurthii

OBJECTIVE RECOVERY PLAN RELEVANCE

Plumptre et al. 2010; Strategic Priority for Uganda: 1) Promote poverty alleviation of local stakeholders through Development of tourism projects, ensuring employment entrepreneurship and innovation and benefit-sharing with local communities

18 OVERARCHING (P. troglodytes ssp.) PUBLIC AWARENESS AND COMMUNICATION (EX SITU) OBJECTIVES

OBJECTIVE 1) 25% increase in zoological and conservation organization participation in World Chimpanzee Day by July 2023.

2) Increase "intent-to-buy" FSC-Certified products among AZA zoo visitors by 25% over baseline by 2023.

3) Develop educational materials that specifically address chimpanzee conservation threats.

4) Develop and maintain multiple forums to provide information related to Chimpanzee SAFE.

FUNDING OBJECTIVES

OBJECTIVE 1) Increase by 25% the amount of funding available for chimpanzee (Pan trgolodytes ssp .) conservation efforts

19 CONSERVATION OBJECTIVES (Pan troglodytes verus ) Strategic Objective 1: Use research and monitoring to assess threats and measure effectiveness of human-chimpanzee resource conflict mitigation strategies. AZA FIELD ACTION METRICS TIMELINE BUDGET PARTNERS PARTNERS i) Field hardware provided 1) Implement SMART technology at Tonkolili, including ii) Training provided necessary mobile devices, training, and other IT Yr 1-3 LCS TCP, GTAP $1,800 equipment iii) Monitoring data regularly collected & uploaded to shared drive 2) Provide consistent salary support to community-based i) Salaries paid to community partners acting in role $18,000 Yr 1-3 TBD TCP forest patrols and researchers of patrol or researcher ($6,000/yr) 3) Provide basic equipment necessary for community i) Basic equipment purchased and distributed $1,500 Yr 1-3 LCS TCP partners, such as boots, backpacks, uniforms, etc. ii) Community partners utilizing equipment ($500/yr) 4) Implement population health monitoring technology i) Software implemented In-Kind (Animal Observer) at Tonkolili, so that we may develop a ii) Training provided Yr 1-3 LCS, LPZ TCP, GTAP Support One Health platform across all 4 sites iii) Data collected & treated i) Purchase 20 additional camera traps 5) Collect demographic and behavioral measures on ii) Place on grid chimpanzees using camera trap data to learn more about $4000 & In- iii) Collect data for 12+ months Yr 1-2 LCS TCP how chimpanzees survive in highly anthropogenic Kind Support . iv) Analyze using spatially explicit capture- recapture models Strategic Objective 2: Ensure viable populations of chimpanzees living in fragmented forests and anthropogenic landscapes across West Africa, using the Tonkolili Chimpanzee Project as a pilot, representative site. AZA FIELD ACTION METRICS TIMELINE BUDGET PARTNERS PARTNERS i) Tractors rented 1) Increase forest management capacity for local people ii) "Boli land" tilled $4,500 Yr 1-3 TBD TCP, CSSL through support of land intensification strategies iii) Plant target cultivar species (rice, ground nut, ($1,500/yr) etc.) i) Test plots identified ii) Various counter-measures (fencing, enhanced 2) Investigate and evaluate counter-measures for visibility, buffer zones, buffer crops, etc) evaluated Yr 1-3 LCS TCP, CSSL, TCS $5,000 chimpanzee crop raiding for effectiveness iii) Results disseminated

20 IN-SITU PUBLIC/STAKEHOLDER OBJECTIVES (P.t. verus )

Strategic Objective 1: Conduct community/public awareness campaigns aimed at increasing tolerance toward chimpanzees. AZA FIELD ACTION METRICS TIMELINE BUDGET PARTNERS PARTNERS i) Education subcommittee identified ii) Materials produced & distributed to 20 1) Produce conservation education materials for use in Maryland, LA, classrooms/yr Yr 1-3 TCP, CSSL, TCS $10,000 community programs. Dallas iii) Impact evaluated (pre- & post- evaluations conducted and analyzed) i) Provide monetary and/or in-kind support to 2) Support existing awareness campaigns Yr 1-3 LCS TCP, TCS, PASA TBD existing educational outreach campaigns

Strategic Objective 2: Implement community-level incentives in order to improve conservation outcomes AZA FIELD ACTION METRICS TIMELINE BUDGET PARTNERS PARTNERS i) Establish partnership with Star Beer 1) In partnership with Star Beer, provide sorghum crop to ii) Sorghum seeds procured and distributed TCP, CSSL, TCS, Yr 1-3 LCS In-Kind be planted and farmed iii) Sorghum crop farmed (40 ha) Star Beer iv) Farmers paid for sorghum crop Strategic Objective 3: Improve education and family planning for women. AZA FIELD ACTION METRICS TIMELINE BUDGET PARTNERS PARTNERS i) Identify local health authority 1) Collaborate with local health officials to distribute Ministry of Health, ii) Procure materials for dissemination Yr 1-3 LCS $500 family planning materials CSSL iii) Distribute to each of the 7 participating villages 2) Support the secondary education of girls, which has $3750 i) Provide funds for 25 girls to attend secondary been shown to correlate with informed family planning Yr 1-3 LCS TCP ($50 per school each year. decisions girl/year)

21 CONSERVATION OBJECTIVES (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii)

Strategic Objective 1: Increase anti-snare units throughout Kibale National Park (KNP). AZA FIELD ACTION METRICS TIMELINE BUDGET PARTNERS PARTNERS i) 2 additional patrol units hired, trained, & 1) Expand the number of anti-poaching patrol units from deployed Yr 1-3 Annually DZS, NCZ Ngogo, UWA $27,000 3 to 5 ii) All regions of KNP are regularly patrolled i) Field hardware provided 2) Implement SMART technology at Ngogo, including ii) Training provided necessary mobile devices, training, and other IT Yr 1-2 LCS, NCZ, LPZ Ngogo, UWA $10,000 equipment iii) Monitoring data regularly collected & uploaded to shared drive Strategic Objective 2: Investigate and reduce illegal large-scale logging within KNP. AZA FIELD ACTION METRICS TIMELINE BUDGET PARTNERS PARTNERS i) 2 additional patrol units hired, trained, & deployed ii) All regions of KNP are regularly patrolled for 1) Expand the number of patrol units from 3 to 5 Yr 1-2 DZS, NC UWA $27,000 illegal logging iii) Logging detections comunicated to proper authorities i) Field hardware provided 2) Implement SMART technology at Ngogo, including ii) Training provided necessary mobile devices, training, and other IT Yr 1-2 LCS, NC, Detroit UWA $5,000 equipment iii) Monitoring data regularly collected & uploaded to shared drive Strategic Objective 3: Monitor and support local adheral to IUCN recommended actions for prevention of disease transfer in habituated chimpanzee communities. AZA FIELD ACTION METRICS TIMELINE BUDGET PARTNERS PARTNERS i) Software implemented 1) Implement population health monitoring technology ii) Training provided Yr 2-3 DZS, NCZ UWA $10,000 (Animal Observer) at Ngogo iii) Data collected and treated

22 IN-SITU PUBLIC/STAKEHOLDER OBJECTIVES (P.t. schweinfurthii) Strategic Objective 1: Promote poverty alleviation and conservation engagement of local stakeholders through entrepreneurship, innovation, capacity- building, and outreach. AZA FIELD ACTION METRICS TIMELINE BUDGET PARTNERS PARTNERS 1) UNITE trains teachers and community members on i) UNITE to train 60 teachers/community members Yr 1-3 NCZ UNITE $15,000 sustainable livelihoods. each year 2) UNITE encourages conservation ethos in local i) Provide field trips to natural areas for 1,200 $27,000 Yr 1-3 NCZ UNITE communities students. ($9,000/yr) i) Facilitate the creation of 400 small businesses 2) Implement the Village Enterprise (VE) Graduation ii) Train 1200 entrepreneurs in business and Program in communities surrounding KNP, specifically VILLAGE financial literacy Yr 1-3 TBD $10,000 targeting poachers (who often represent the most ENTERPRISE (VE) iii) Facilitate business savings groups focused on impoverished members of society). growth capital

CONSERVATION OBJECTIVES (Pan troglodytes troglodytes)

Strategic Objective 1: Provide protection for at-risk chimpanzee populations through increased monitoring. AZA FIELD ACTION METRICS TIMELINE BUDGET PARTNERS PARTNERS 1) Mobile survey teams to collect daily, systematic anti- i) Data collected poaching data in study zones both inside and outside of Yr 1-3 Annually LPZ WCS $16,500 Nouabale-Ndoki National Park (NNNP) ii) At-Risk regions regularly monitored i) Data collated 2) Retrospective analysis of SMART anti-poaching data ii) Analysis conducted Yr 1-3 LPZ WCS $3,000 from 1999-present iii) Poacher strategies more clear iv) Poacher access points identified i) Results disseminated 3) Present analysis results to WCS law enforcement, ii) Increased accountability Yr 1-3 LPZ WCS $500 logging officials and auditors iii) Anti-poaching strategies informed

23 i) Analysis completed 4) Test "Green Security" (e.g., Protection Assistance for ii) Poaching events accurately predicted Yr 1-3 LPZ WCS $2,000 Wildlife Security) system efficacy iii) Poaching events mitigated Strategic Objective 2: Quantify forest attributes essential to chimpanzees across multi-use landscapes.

AZA FIELD ACTION METRICS TIMELINE BUDGET PARTNERS PARTNERS 1) Using inventory data from local timber companies and i) Data collated & analyzed standard botanical surveys, assess importance of habitat, WCS, Timber ii) Relate chimp distribution directly to floristic Yr 1-3 LPZ $7,500 tree species, distribution & size classes to chimpanzee composition & resource availability, biodiversity, & Companies survival human disturbance 2) Calculate inclusive metric values for tree species based i) Data collected & analyzed on importance to chimpanzee & carbon storage to inform ii) Inclusive metric values assigned WCS, Timber Yr 1-3 LPZ $7,500 Reduced Impact Logging (RIL) practices & identification iii) RIL practices informed Companies of High Conservation Value Forest (HCVF). iv) HCVF identified Strategic Objective 3: Expand regional efforts to monitor chimpanzee health & improve preventative measures. AZA FIELD ACTION METRICS TIMELINE BUDGET PARTNERS PARTNERS 1) Use regional data from ape health observations to i) "Syndromic Baselines" developed develop "Syndromic Baselines" as sentinel system for ii) Health surveillance & disease prevention Yr 1-3 LPZ WCS, TCP, Ngogo $3,000 outbreak detection among wild chimpanzees checklist disseminated to regional ape sites 2) Collect & analyze local disease prevention checklist i) Review guidelines data; assess compliance to regional and international Yr 1-3 LPZ WCS $2,000 standards for zoonotic & anthropogenic pathogen ii) Data collected & analyzed transmission 3) Combine metabarcoding of Invertebrate-derived DNA i) iDNA & molecular data collected/analyzed (iDNA) & molecular analyses with classic morphological ii) Morphological data collected/analyzed analyses of pathogens to assess diversity of specific viral Yr 1-3 LPZ WCS $4,000 iii) Data combined & bacterial pathogens known to affect chimpanzee & local human populations iv) Diversity of viral/bacterial pathogens detected

24 IN-SITU PUBLIC/STAKEHOLDER OBJECTIVES (P.t. troglodytes)

Strategic Objective 1: Raise awareness & encourage direct involvement of local peoples in conservation initiatives.

AZA FIELD ACTION METRICS TIMELINE BUDGET PARTNERS PARTNERS 1) Facilitate increased involvement & responsibility in i) Training program developed project management by training team members on data ii) Project management involvement increased by Yr 1-3 LPZ NNNP $4,000 management, data analysis, & reporting. 15% i) Educational program developed 2) Increase understanding of ecological & social issues ii) Increased understanding demonstrated (20% Yr 1-3 LPZ NNNP $4,000 related to forest management & protection over baseline) i) Formal training program developed ii) Translation of conservation & research findings 3) Enhance communication skills (English & French) Yr 1-3 LPZ NNNP $2,500 into French & English iii) Reports disseminated to local communities

CONSERVATION OBJECTIVES (Pan troglodytes ellioti) Strategic Objective 1: Strengthen chimpanzee protections in the Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary (AMWS) through improved law enforcement & monitoring. AZA FIELD ACTION METRICS TIMELINE BUDGET PARTNERS PARTNERS

i) Ranger training provided (physical fitness, arrest techniques, community liaison, self defencse, wildlife trafficking, SMART tech, first-aid, etc. WCS, Cross River 1) Strengthen effectiveness of ranger patrols through State Forestry ii) Provide equipment (tents, motorbikes, sleeping Yr 1-3 NCZ $30,000 improved supervision, training, equipment, and incentives Commission mats, boots, backpacks, raincoats, uniforms, etc) to (CRSFC) AMWS rangers iii) Support 4 anti-poaching patrols per month (field rations & camping allowances)

25 i) Camera traps purchased (20) ii) Camera traps placed 2) Increased camera trapping throughout the AMWS iii) Camera trap data uploaded & analyzed Yr 1-3 Annually TBD WCS, CRSFC $10,000 iv) Management plans implemented based on data 3) Implement population health monitoring technology i) Software implemented In-Kind (Animal Observer) at AMWS, so that we may develop a ii) Training provided Yr 1-3 TBD WCS, GTAP, CRSFC Support One Health platform across all 4 sites iii) Data collected & treated i) Survey & map all existing farms inside AMWS ii) Plan workshop together with CRSFC, traditional 4) Conduct a workshop to review the problem of farm leaders & law enforcement agencies Yr 1 TBD WCS, CRSFC $50,000 encroachment & develop a strategy to reduce the effects iii) Hold workshop with all stakeholders to develop mutually agreeable strategy

IN-SITU PUBLIC/STAKEHOLDER OBJECTIVES (P.t. ellioti) Strategic Objective 1: Improve levels of community support for the sanctuary through the development/improvement of alternative livelihoods & community health measures. AZA FIELD ACTION METRICS TIMELINE BUDGET PARTNERS PARTNERS i) New cocoa varieties identified and purchased Yr 1: $5000 1) Replant old cocoa farms with new cocoa varieties ii) Cocoa re-planted in 10 fields per year Yr 1-3 TBD WCS Yr 2: $5000 iii) Increased income & wellness for farmers Yr 3: $5000 i) Provide mango seedlings to be planted around the village ii) Provide training re: storage of harvested mango Yr 1: $2500 2) Support women's groups to improve the sustainability so that profitability may be maximized Yr 1-3 TBD WCS Yr 2: $2500 of bush mango collection Yr 3: $2500 iii) 25% decrease in disturbance of areas, as measured by lessened rates of encounter with snares and shotgun shells 3) Support for the development of a community i) Community association developed Yr 2 TBD WCS TBD association in Afi i) Review IUCN guidelines for great ape health 4) Health monitoring guidelines developed and monitoring WCS, Federal communicated to local researchers, communities, and ii) Develop human health monitoring guidelines Yr 1-3 TBD $5,000 Ministry of Health ecotourism operations iii) Print and distribute appropriate materials iv) Monitor for adheral to recommended actions

26 PUBLIC AWARENESS AND COMMUNICATION (Pan troglodytes ssp. )

Strategic Objective 1: 25% increase in zoological and conservation organization participation in World Chimpanzee Day by July 2023.

AZA FIELD ACTION METRICS TIMELINE BUDGET PARTNERS PARTNERS i) Chimpanzee conservation efforts by AZA zoos and SAFE field partners promoted through World 1) Celebrate World Chimpanzee Day annually; Market the Chimpanzee Day All 33 event to AZA institutions at least 3 months in advance ii) Track number of AZA institutions celebrating Chimpanzee SSP In-Kind Yr 1-3 All through direct appeal (e.g., email to World Chimpanzee Day; increase number of zoos; Other AZA Support PR/Marketing/Education staff) participating zoos by 25% by 2023 zoos iii) Produce & distribute World Chimpanzee Day toolkit Strategic Objective 2: Increase "intent-to-buy" FSC-Certified products among AZA zoos by 25% over baseline by 2023. AZA FIELD ACTION METRICS TIMELINE BUDGET PARTNERS PARTNERS i) Develop survey & distribute to AZA institutions; Maryland Zoo; $2500 & In- determine "intent to share" (with guests) before All Other AZA zoos Kind Support and after the introduction of the campaign. Yr 1-3 All 33 ii) At least 50% of zoos holding chimpanzees Chimpanzee SSP In-Kind participate in the campaign to share and All 1) Implement campaign to increase purchase of zoos; Other AZA support demonstrate app with guests by 2023. sustainably logged paper products (FSC) zoos iii) Increase "intent-to-buy" FSC-certified products All 33 within AZA zoos, with a focus on paper-based Chimpanzee SSP In-Kind products for operational use, by 25% over baseline Yr 1-3 All zoos; Other AZA Support by 2023. Includes development of survey to assess zoos current FSC use. i) Software implemented All 33 2) Develop FSC Shopper's Guide App aimed to reduce Chimpanzee SSP $2,500 & In- Yr 1-3 All knowledge/competence barrier ii) Zoos demonstrate and share app with guests zoos; Other AZA Kind Support zoos

27 Strategic Objective 3: Develop educational materials that specifically address chimpanzee conservation threats. AZA FIELD ACTION METRICS TIMELINE BUDGET PARTNERS PARTNERS i) Key messages finalized and shared amongst AZA zoos 1) Develop key messages and strategies for ii) At least 50% of institutions report use of key In-Kind Yr 1-3 LA, Maryland All communicating chimpanzee conservation threats conservation messaging Support iii) Continue to develop & share concepts that connect zoo visitors to chimpanzee conservation i) Partnership established

ii) Partnership highlighted by AZA zoos; encourage 2) Partner with Chimp & See to engage the public in volunteers to sign up using zoo-based identifier In-Kind chimpanzee behavior, ecology, and conservation through Yr 1-3 LA, Maryland All Support Citizen Science. iii) Increase in Chimp&See website traffic and number of citizen scientists that use zoo-based identifiers Strategic Objective 4: Develop and maintain multiple forums to provide information related to Chimpanzee SAFE. AZA FIELD ACTION METRICS TIMELINE BUDGET PARTNERS PARTNERS 1) Develop a biannual newsletter that is sent out to i) Newsletter sent to each participating zoo All participating In-Kind Yr 1-3 All Chimpanzee SAFE program partners. Contains biannually institutions Support 2) Develop a website for public and partner use that i) Website developed In-Kind highlights SAFE field programs as well as AZA Yr 1-3 LPZ All Support participation ii) Updates/Information provided 3) Develop a social media presence (Facebook & i) Social Media platforms developed In-Kind Instagram) for public and partner use that highlights SAFE Yr 1-3 Project Chimps All Support field programs as well as AZA participation ii) Updates/Information provided 4) Hold in-person SAFE meeting(s) that are open to all i) Schedule updates at AZA Annual, Midyear, and All participating In-Kind Yr 1-3 All interested parties Chimpanzee SSP meetings institutions Support

28 FUNDING OBJECTIVES (P. troglodytes ssp .)

Strategic Objective 1: Increase by 25% funding to chimpanzee conservation efforts. AZA FIELD ACTION METRICS TIMELINE BUDGET PARTNERS PARTNERS i) Increase number of institutions contributing to in- YR 1-3 All AZA Zoos N/A N/A situ conservation by 25% ii) 5% increase in overall contribution value by AZA instutions that have historically supported By 2023 All AZA Zoos N/A N/A 1) Increase AZA institutional funding for chimpanzee chimpanzee conservation conservation. iii) Incorporate at least 3 new instutions as Program YR 1-3 TBD N/A N/A Partners for Chimpanzee SAFE iv) Set up dedicated fund for the AZA Chimpanzee YR 1 LPZ N/A N/A SAFE program 2) Identify and apply for grant support of chimpanzee i) Apply for grants for individual programs and All SAFE partner YR 1-3 All N/A conservation efforts shared efforts. zoos 1) Begin AZA Chimpanzee SAFE t-shirt fundraiser All SAFE partner Annually N/A N/A through Bonfire zoos 2) Partner with AAZK chapters to fundraise for 3) Develop fundraising strategies that will benefit in-situ YR 1-3 TBD N/A N/A chimpanzees chimpanzee conservation efforts 3) Create easy donation opportunities online YR 1 LPZ N/A N/A All SAFE partner 4) Develop Virtual 5K fundraiser YR 1-3 N/A N/A zoos

29 REFERENCES

Bermejo M, Rodriguez-Teijeiro JD, Illera G, Barroso A, Vila C, et al. 2006. Ebola Outbreak Killed 5000 Gorillas. Science, 314: 1564.

Brncic, T.M., B. Amarasekaran, A. McKenna. 2010. Sierra Leone national chimpanzee census. Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Freetown, Sierra Leone.

Butynski, T.M. and Kalina, J. 2009. Tourism: A Critical Look. In: Conservation of Biological Resources (eds E.J. Milner-Gulland and R. Mace). doi:10.1002/9781444313598.ch12

Caillaud D, Levréro F, Cristescu R, Gatti S, Dewas M, et al. 2006. Gorilla susceptibility to Ebola virus: The cost of sociality. Current Biology, 16: R489–R491.

Carlsen, F., Leus, K., Traylor-Holzer, K., McKenna, A. (eds). 2012. Western Chimpanzee Population and Habitat Viability Assessment for Sierra Leone: Final Report. IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group – Europe (CBSG Europe), Copenhagen, Denmark.

Edwards, D.P., Sloan, S., Weng, L., Dirks, P., Sayer, J. and Laurance, W.F. (2014), Mining and the African Environment. Conservation Letters, 7: 302-311. doi:10.1111/conl.12076

Elkan, P. W., Elkan, S. W., Moukassa, A., Malonga, R., Ngangoue, M., and Smith, J. L. D. (2006). “Managing threats from bushmeat hunting in a timber concession in the Republic of Congo,” in Emerging Threats to Tropical Forests, eds W. F. Laurance and C. A. Peres (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 393–415.

Fa, J. E., Currie, D., and Meeuwig, J. (2003). Bushmeat and food security in the Congo Basin: linkages between wildlife and people's future. Environ. Conserv. 30, 71–78. doi: 10.1017/S0376892903000067

Fa, J. E., Johnson, P. J., Dupain, J., Lapuente, J., Koster, P., and Macdonald, D. W. (2004). Sampling effort and dynamics of bushmeat markets. Anim. Conserv. 7, 409–416. doi: 10.1017/S136794300400160X

Gilardi, K.V., Gillespie, T.R., Leendertz, F.H., Macfie, E.J., Travis, D.A., Whittier, C.A. & Williamson, E.A. (2015). Best Practice Guidelines for Health Monitoring and Disease Control in Great Ape Populations. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group. 56pp

Harcourt, AH. 2002. Empirical estimates of minimum viable population sizes for : tens to tens of thousands? Animal Conservation, 5: 237-244.

Hill, K. 1993. Life history theory and evolutionary anthropology. Evolutionary Anthropology , 2: 78–88.

Hockings, K., & Humle, T. 2009. Best Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Mitigation of Conflict Between Humans and Great Apes. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG). 40 pp.

Humle, T., Maisels, F., Oates, J.F., Plumptre, A., & Williamson, E.A. 2016. Pan troglodytes. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T15933A102326672.

Leendertz, F., Ellerbrok, H., Boesch, C. et al. 2004. Anthrax kills wild chimpanzees in a tropical rainforest. Nature 430, 451–452. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature0272

30 Leroy EM, Telfer P, Kumulungui B, Yaba P, Rouquet P, Roques P, Gonzalez J-P, Ksiazek TG, Rollin PE, Nerrienet E. 2004. A Serological Survey of Ebola Virus Infection in Central African Nonhuman Primates. The Journal of Infectious Diseases , 190: 1895–1899, https://doi.org/10.1086/425421

IUCN Regional Action Plan for the Conservation of the Nigeria-Cameroon Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti ) (Morgan et al. 2011).

IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group. 2020. Regional action plan for the conservation of western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) 2020–2030. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.

Kormos, R. & Boesch, C (eds). 2003. Regional Action Plan for the Conservation of Chimpanzees in West Africa (Pan troglodytes verus and Pan troglodytes vellerosus ).

Kormos, R., Boesch, C., Bakarr, M.I. and Butynski, T. (eds.). 2003. West African Chimpanzees. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. ix + 219 pp.

Maisels, F., Strindberg, S., Kiminou, F., Ndzai, C., Ngounga, R. et al. 2013. Wildlife and Human Impact Survey 2012, and monitoring 2005–2008–2012. Odzala-Kokoua National Park, Republic of Congo. Fondation Odzala-Kokoua and Wildlife Conservation Society, Brazzaville, Congo.

Maisels, F., Strindberg, S., Greer, D., Jeffery, K., Morgan, D.L. & Sanz, C. 2016. Pan troglodytes ssp. troglodytes. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T15936A102332276. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016- 2.RLTS.T15936A17990042.en

Maldonado, O., Aveling, C., Cox, D., Nixon, S., Nishuli, R., Merlo, D., Pintea, L. & Williamson, E.A. (2012). Grauer’s Gorillas and Chimpanzees in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (Kahuzi-Biega, Maiko, Tayna and Itombwe Landscape): Conservation Action Plan 2012–2022. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation & Tourism, Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature & the Jane Goodall Institute. 66pp.

Mitchell, M. W., Locatelli S., Ghobrial L., Pokempner A.A., Sesink Clee P.R., Abwe EE., Nicholas A., Nkembi L., Anthony NM., Morgan BJ, Fotso R, Peeters M, Hahn BH, & Gonder MK. 2015. The population genetics of wild chimpanzees in Cameroon and Nigeria suggests a positive role for selection in the evolution of chimpanzee subspecies. MC Evolutionary Biology , 15 (3): DOI 10.1186/s12862-014-0276-y.

Morgan, D., & Sanz, C. 2007. Best Practice Guidelines for Reducing the Impact of Commercial Logging on Wild Apes in West Equatorial Africa. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG). 32 pp.

Morgan, B.J. et al. 2011. Regional Action Plan for the Conservation of the Nigeria-Cameroon Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti ). IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group and Zoological Society of San Diego, CA, USA.

Morgan, D., Strindberg, S., Winston, W., Stephens C. R., Traub, C., Ayina, C. E., Ebika, S. T. N., Mayoukou, W., Koni, D., Iyenguet, F., & sanz, C. M. 2019. Impacts of selective logging and associated anthropogenic disturbance on intact forest landscapes and apes of northern Congo. Front. For. Glob. Change 2:28. doi: 10.3389/ffgc.2019.00028

Palacios G, Lowenstine L, Cranfield M, Gilardi K, Spelman L, et al. 2011. Human metapneumovirus infection in wild mountain gorillas, Rwanda. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17: 711–713.

31 Plumptre, A.J., Rose, R., Nangendo, G., Williamson, E.A., Didier, K., Hart, J., Mulindahabi, F., Hicks, C., Griffin, B., Ogawa, H., Nixon, S., Pintea, L., Vosper, A., McClennan, M., Amsini, F., McNeilage, A., Makana, J.R., Kanamori, M., Hernandez, A., Piel, A., Stewart, F., Moore, J., Zamma, K., Nakamura, M., Kamenya, S., Idani, G., Sakamaki, T., Yoshikawa, M., Greer, D., Tranquilli, S., Beyers, R., Furuichi, T., Hashimoto, C. and Bennett, E. (2010). Eastern Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii ): Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan 2010–2020. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland. 52pp.

Reed, DH, & Hobbs, GR. 2004. The relationship between population size and temporal variability in population size. Animal Conservation , 7: 1-8.

Ripple, W. J., Wolf, C., Newsome, T. M., Hoffmann, M., Wirsing, A. J., and McCauley, D. J. (2017). Extinction risk is most acute for the world's largest and smallest vertebrates. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sc i. U.S.A. 114, 10678–10683. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1702078114

Rival, A. & Levang, P. 2014. Palms of Controversies: Oil Palm and Development Challenges. CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia.

Ryan SJ, Walsh PD. 2011. Consequences of Non-Intervention for Infectious Disease in African Great Apes. PLoS ONE, 6(12): e29030. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029030

Soulé, M.E., (ed.). 1987. Viable Populations for Conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Stickler, C., Coe, M., Nepstad, D., Fiske, G., & Lefebvre, P. (2007). Readiness for REDD: a preliminary global assessment of tropical forested land suitability for agriculture. Falmouth, USA: WHRC.

Strindberg, S., Maisels, F., Williamson, E. A., Blake, S., Stokes, E. J., Aba'a, R., et al. (2018). Guns, germs, and trees determine density and distribution of gorillas and chimpanzees in Western Equatorial Africa. Science Advances 4:eaar2964. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aar2964

Tutin, C., Stokes, E., Boesch, C., Morgan, D., Sanz, C., Reed, T., et al. 2005. Regional action plan for chimpanzees and gorillas in west equatorial Africa. Washington, DC: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group Conservation International.

Wallis, J., Rick Lee, D. Primate Conservation: The Prevention of Disease Transmission. International Journal of Primatology 20, 803–826 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020879700286

Walsh PD, Abernethy KA, Bermejo M, Beyersk R, De Wachter P, et al. 2003. Catastrophic ape decline in western equatorial Africa. Nature, 422: 611–614.

Wich, S.A., Garcia-Ulloa, J., Kühl, H.S., Humle, T., Lee, J.S. and Koh, L.P. 2014. Will oil palm's homecoming spell doom for Africa's great apes? Current Biology 24: 1659–1663.

Willaimson, E.A., Maisels, F.G., Groves, C.P., Fruth, B., Humle, T.H., Morton, F.B., Richardson, M.C., Russon, A., & Singleton, I. 2013. . In: R.A. Mittermeier, A.B. Rylands & D.E. Wilson (eds). Handbook of the Mammals of the World, pp 792-854. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain.

Wood, B.M., Watts, D. P., Mitani, J. C., & Langergraber, K.E. 2017. Favorable ecological circumstances promote life expectancy in chimpanzees similar to that of human hunter-gatherers. Journal of , 105: 41-56.

32 PARTNERS

33