DOCSLIB.ORG

Afgap Brochure 27-4-04

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

CONSERVATION OF AFRICA'S GREAT APES The great apes of Africa face extinction in the next few decades if more is not done to conserve them. All four species - the chimpanzee, bonobo, western gorilla and eastern gorilla - are threatened primarily by hunting but they also have to contend with habitat loss, diseases such as ebola, and conflict with people living alongside them. Urgent action is required to develop the capacity of African countries for conservation, improve the effectiveness of protected areas, stop the illegal trade in ape products and increase people's support for ape conservation. A western lowland gorilla Photo: WWF-Canon/Martin Harvey AFRICA'S GREAT APES UNDER eastern Nigeria and western Cameroon. The THREAT total population is thought to be about 4,000 to 7,000 individuals though estimates are difficult Africa's Apes to make as its precise geographic range is poorly known. African great apes are regarded as ‘flagship The largest populations of the central species’, providing a rallying point to raise chimpanzee (P.t troglodytes - Endangered) occur awareness and stimulate action and funding for in Gabon, Cameroon, and the Republic of broader conservation efforts for the tropical Congo, with smaller populations in the Central forests in which they occur. Since great apes are African Republic (CAR), Equatorial Guinea, biologically closer to humans than are any other Angola (Cabinda), south-east Nigeria and animals they are important for scientific research possibly the coastal extension of the Democratic to better our understanding of, for example, Republic of Congo (DRC). Its total population human evolution and human diseases; to many is thought to be between 47,000 and 78,000. people in west and central Africa they are However, outbreaks of ebola haemorrhagic important as sources of protein. fever, combined with on-going poaching for bushmeat, may have reduced populations in Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) recent years. Chimpanzees are found in savanna woodlands, The eastern chimpanzee (P. t. schwein- grassland-forest mosaic and tropical moist furthii - Endangered) occurs in Burundi, CAR, forests, from sea level to about 3,000 m DRC, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda. elevation. The four subspecies are widely With an estimated total population of 75,200 - distributed in 21 countries. 117,000, this is the most numerous chimpanzee, The western chimpanzee (P.t. verus - and has the largest range. IUCN Status: Endangered) once ranged over 13 countries, but it has become extinct in four. It Bonobo (Pan paniscus) now occurs from south-east Senegal eastwards The bonobo is endemic to the Democratic to the Niger River in nine states: Côte d’Ivoire, Republic of Congo. It is found in the central Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Congo Basin, south of the Congo River, in Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Nigeria west of the grassland-forest mosaic, lowland forest and Niger river. Its distribution is extremely patchy, swamp forest habitats at altitudes of between reflecting the fragmentation of its habitat. The about 300 and 500 m. Distribution within the total population of western chimpanzee is range is very patchy, and total population thought to be between about 21,000 and 55,000 estimates vary widely (from 25,000 to 50,000) individuals, with the most significant numbers reflecting our poor understanding of this ape. being found in Côte d’Ivoire and Guinea. There is only one national park within its range - The Nigeria chimpanzee (P.t.vellerosus - Salonga. Endangered) has the most restricted range of all the chimpanzee subspecies; it is found only in Conservation of Africa's Great Apes - WWF, November 2003 Western gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) in eastern DRC. The population may have been The western gorilla is found in seven countries around 17,000 but numbers have declined by 80- in western central Africa where it occurs in 90 per cent in the last 5 years, largely due to lowland forest, swamp forest and montane increased poaching in Kahuzi-Biega National forest from sea level to about 1,600 m. There are Park, the ape's main stronghold. There may now two subspecies. be fewer than 3,000 animals remaining. The largest populations of western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla - Endangered) are in Gabon and the Republic of Congo; other range states are Angola (Cabinda), Cameroon, CAR and Equatorial Guinea. It is now probably absent from its former range in western DRC. Where surveys have been conducted, it has been found that western lowland gorillas can occur in higher densities than the other African apes (up to 5.4 individuals per sq km). Numbers were thought to be around 110,000 but, as with central chimpanzees, recent outbreaks of ebola Infant chimpanzee with mother haemorrhagic fever, combined with on-going Photo: WWF-Canon/Martin Harvey poaching for bushmeat, may have reduced populations levels severely in Gabon and the Republic of Congo. The Threats Facing Apes in Africa The Cross River gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli - Critically Endangered) is the most Illegal Hunting and Trade threatened African ape - fewer than 250 Bushmeat or wild meat is the main source of individuals remain. It exists only in lowland and protein for many rural Africans and in urban sub-montane forests in hills on the border areas it is often preferred even where meat from between Cameroon and Nigeria in an area of domesticated livestock and poultry is readily maybe no more than 200 km2. The small available and cheaper to purchase. Although all population is fragmented into at least six sub- African great ape species are legally protected in populations, some of which are completely their range states, the resources and will to isolated. enforce the law are lacking in many countries. As a result, chimpanzees, gorillas and bonobos are Eastern gorilla (Gorilla beringei) killed for meat in many areas of west and central Separated from western gorillas by about 900 km Africa, and their body parts are used in some of Congo Basin forest, eastern gorillas inhabit traditional medicines. Five African great apes submontane and montane forests in eastern (western and eastern chimpanzee, bonobo, central Africa. There are two subspecies. Grauer’s gorilla, mountain gorilla) inhabit areas The mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei currently afflicted by war or civil unrest, where beringei - Critically endangered) is restricted to firearms are ubiquitous and law enforcement is two populations. Between 359 and 395 animals weak or non-existent. For example, even the occur in an area of about 375 km2 in the Virunga well-protected mountain gorillas in the Virungas mountains on the border of DRC, Rwanda and have been affected by the region's problems, and Uganda, at altitudes ranging from 2,300 to 4,500 12-17 individuals (3.7-5.2% of the population) m. A separate population of about 320 died as a direct result of military activity between individuals occurs in an area of 215 km2 in the 1992 and 2000. In DRC, bonobos are being Bwindi Impenetrable National Park in Uganda, hunted by poachers and army deserters with at elevations of 1,500 to 2,300 m. The Virunga automatic weapons. In many range states ape population has increased by about 17 per cent in populations are declining through illegal killing the last 15 years thanks largely to a collaborative even within protected areas, such as the western effort between WWF and other conservation chimpanzee in Marahoué National Park, Côte agencies to support the three range states in d’Ivoire, and Grauer’s gorilla in Kahuzi-Biega protecting these apes. The Bwindi population, in National Park, DRC. Indeed, in 96% of spite of conservation projects, appears to remain protected areas with research projects, apes are stable. declining. This underlines the need to ensure Grauer’s gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri - protected areas are managed effectively to avoid Endangered), sometimes known as the eastern the loss of biodiversity. Outside protected areas, lowland gorilla, has a discontinuous distribution apes fair even worse. Logging concessions are 2 Conservation of Africa's Great Apes - WWF, November 2003 often associated with an increase in poaching populations. For example, in Gombe Stream due to the demand of the workers and the National Park in Tanzania over three decades increased access provided by logging roads and human diseases such as scabies, pneumonia and vehicles. Similarly, mining can open up remote gut parasites caused a chimpanzee population areas to poaching. decline of nearly 40 per cent. Groups of In many places hunting apes, even on a primates habituated for tourist viewing are subsistence basis, is unsustainable at current particularly at risk: the mountain gorillas in human population densities. Precise levels of Virunga have contracted a number of diseases. exploitation are unknown but estimates are Disease transmission from humans may be one disturbing and across Africa some 3,000-6,000 of the most severe threats faced by habituated great apes may be killed per annum. Although apes, and is also a risk where ape populations the numbers killed are low relative to numbers live in close proximity to densely settled human of other wildlife (monkeys, duikers, cane rats, communities. etc.), great apes have a low reproductive rate and In late 2002 an epidemic of ebola extended period of infant dependence making haemorrhagic fever spread across the Republic them vulnerable to even low levels of mortality. of Congo killing more than 90 people and The loss of a single adult female from a countless western lowland gorillas and central population thus has great demographic and chimpanzees. The human cases almost certainly social repercussions. In addition, because apes arose from consuming ape meat. In parts of are highly intelligent social animals, stress caused Gabon and the Republic of Congo, up to 90 per by hunting may result in disruption and cent of ape populations have been decimated by disturbance of normal foraging and ranging ebola, leaving them more vulnerable to hunting behaviour.
Recommended publications
  • EAZA Best Practice Guidelines Bonobo (Pan Paniscus)

    EAZA Best Practice Guidelines Bonobo (Pan Paniscus)

    EAZA Best Practice Guidelines Bonobo (Pan paniscus) Editors: Dr Jeroen Stevens Contact information: Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp – K. Astridplein 26 – B 2018 Antwerp, Belgium Email: [email protected] Name of TAG: Great Ape TAG TAG Chair: Dr. María Teresa Abelló Poveda – Barcelona Zoo [email protected] Edition: First edition - 2020 1 2 EAZA Best Practice Guidelines disclaimer Copyright (February 2020) by EAZA Executive Office, Amsterdam. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in hard copy, machine-readable or other forms without advance written permission from the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA). Members of the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA) may copy this information for their own use as needed. The information contained in these EAZA Best Practice Guidelines has been obtained from numerous sources believed to be reliable. EAZA and the EAZA APE TAG make a diligent effort to provide a complete and accurate representation of the data in its reports, publications, and services. However, EAZA does not guarantee the accuracy, adequacy, or completeness of any information. EAZA disclaims all liability for errors or omissions that may exist and shall not be liable for any incidental, consequential, or other damages (whether resulting from negligence or otherwise) including, without limitation, exemplary damages or lost profits arising out of or in connection with the use of this publication. Because the technical information provided in the EAZA Best Practice Guidelines can easily be misread or misinterpreted unless properly analysed, EAZA strongly recommends that users of this information consult with the editors in all matters related to data analysis and interpretation.
  • Gorilla Beringei (Eastern Gorilla) 07/09/2016, 02:26

    Gorilla Beringei (Eastern Gorilla) 07/09/2016, 02:26

    Gorilla beringei (Eastern Gorilla) 07/09/2016, 02:26 Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Animalia ChordataMammaliaPrimatesHominidae Scientific Gorilla beringei Name: Species Matschie, 1903 Authority: Infra- specific See Gorilla beringei ssp. beringei Taxa See Gorilla beringei ssp. graueri Assessed: Common Name(s): English –Eastern Gorilla French –Gorille de l'Est Spanish–Gorilla Oriental TaxonomicMittermeier, R.A., Rylands, A.B. and Wilson D.E. 2013. Handbook of the Mammals of the World: Volume Source(s): 3 Primates. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. This species appeared in the 1996 Red List as a subspecies of Gorilla gorilla. Since 2001, the Eastern Taxonomic Gorilla has been considered a separate species (Gorilla beringei) with two subspecies: Grauer’s Gorilla Notes: (Gorilla beringei graueri) and the Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) following Groves (2001). Assessment Information [top] Red List Category & Criteria: Critically Endangered A4bcd ver 3.1 Year Published: 2016 Date Assessed: 2016-04-01 Assessor(s): Plumptre, A., Robbins, M. & Williamson, E.A. Reviewer(s): Mittermeier, R.A. & Rylands, A.B. Contributor(s): Butynski, T.M. & Gray, M. Justification: Eastern Gorillas (Gorilla beringei) live in the mountainous forests of eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, northwest Rwanda and southwest Uganda. This region was the epicentre of Africa's "world war", to which Gorillas have also fallen victim. The Mountain Gorilla subspecies (Gorilla beringei beringei), has been listed as Critically Endangered since 1996. Although a drastic reduction of the Grauer’s Gorilla subspecies (Gorilla beringei graueri), has long been suspected, quantitative evidence of the decline has been lacking (Robbins and Williamson 2008). During the past 20 years, Grauer’s Gorillas have been severely affected by human activities, most notably poaching for bushmeat associated with artisanal mining camps and for commercial trade (Plumptre et al.
  • Bonobos (Pan Paniscus) Show an Attentional Bias Toward Conspecifics’ Emotions

    Bonobos (Pan Paniscus) Show an Attentional Bias Toward Conspecifics’ Emotions

    Bonobos (Pan paniscus) show an attentional bias toward conspecifics’ emotions Mariska E. Kreta,1, Linda Jaasmab, Thomas Biondac, and Jasper G. Wijnend aInstitute of Psychology, Cognitive Psychology Unit, Leiden University, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands; bLeiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; cApenheul Primate Park, 7313 HK Apeldoorn, The Netherlands; and dPsychology Department, University of Amsterdam, 1018 XA Amsterdam, The Netherlands Edited by Susan T. Fiske, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, and approved February 2, 2016 (received for review November 8, 2015) In social animals, the fast detection of group members’ emotional perspective, it is most adaptive to be able to quickly attend to rel- expressions promotes swift and adequate responses, which is cru- evant stimuli, whether those are threats in the environment or an cial for the maintenance of social bonds and ultimately for group affiliative signal from an individual who could provide support and survival. The dot-probe task is a well-established paradigm in psy- care (24, 25). chology, measuring emotional attention through reaction times. Most primates spend their lives in social groups. To prevent Humans tend to be biased toward emotional images, especially conflicts, they keep close track of others’ behaviors, emotions, and when the emotion is of a threatening nature. Bonobos have rich, social debts. For example, chimpanzees remember who groomed social emotional lives and are known for their soft and friendly char- whom for long periods of time (26). In the chimpanzee, but also in acter. In the present study, we investigated (i) whether bonobos, the rarely studied bonobo, grooming is a major social activity and similar to humans, have an attentional bias toward emotional scenes a means by which animals living in proximity may bond and re- ii compared with conspecifics showing a neutral expression, and ( ) inforce social structures.
  • Orangutan…Taxonomy…And…Nomenclature

    Orangutan…Taxonomy…And…Nomenclature

    «««« ORANGUTAN…TAXONOMY…AND…NOMENCLATURE« « Craig«D em itros« « The«taxonom y«of«the«orangutan«has«been«confusing«and«is«still«the«subject«of« m uch«debate.«Q uestions«at«the«specific«and«subspecific«level«are«still«being« investigated«(Courtenay«et«al.«1988).«The«follow ing«taxonom ic«inform ation«is« taken«prim arily«from «G roves,«1971.« « H IG H ER«LEVEL«TAXO N O M Y:« O rder:«Prim ates« Suborder:«A nthropoidea« Superfam ily:«H om inoidea« Fam ily:«Pongidae«(Includes«extant«genera«Pan,…Gorilla…and…Pongo).« « H ISTO RICA L«TAXO N O M Y«AT«TH E«G EN U S«A N D «G EN U S«SPECIES«LEVEL:«« G enus« Pongo«Lacepede,«1799.« O urangus«Zim m erm an,«1777«(N am e«invalidated).« « G enus«species«(Pongo…pygm aeus«H oppius,«1763).« Sim ia…pygm aeus«H oppius,«1763.««Type«locality«Sum atra.« Sim ia…satyrus«Linnaeus,«1766.« O urangus…outangus«Zim m erm an,«1777.« Pongo…borneo«Lacepede,«1799.««Type«locality«Borneo.« Sim ia…Agrais«Schreber,«1779.««Type«locality«Borneo.« Pongo…W urm bii«Tiedem ann,«1808.««Type«locality«Borneo.« Pongo…Abelii«Lesson,«1827.««Type«locality«Sum atra.« Sim ia…M orio«O w en,«1836.««Type«locality«Borneo.« Pithecus…bicolor«I.«G eoffroy,«1841.««Type«locality«Sum atra.« Sim ia…Gargantica«Pearson,«1841.««Type«locality«Sum atra.« Pithecus…brookei«Blyth,«1853.««Type«locality«Saraw ak.« Pithecus…ow enii«Blyth,«1853.««Type«locality«Saraw ak.« Pithecus…curtus«Blyth,«1855.««Type«locality«Saraw ak.« Satyrus…Knekias«M eyer,«1856.««Type«locality«Borneo.« Pithecus…W allichii«G ray,«1870.««Type«locality«Borneo.« Pithecus…sum atranus«Selenka,«1896.««Type«locality«Sum atra.« Pongo…pygm aeus«Rothschild,«1904.««First«use«of«this«com bination.« Ptihecus…w allacei«Elliot,«1913.««Type«locality«Borneo.« « CURRENT…TAXONOMY« « The«current«and«m ost«accepted«taxonom y«of«the«G enus«Pongo«includes«one« species«Pongo…pygm aeus«and«tw o«subspecies«P.p.…pygm aeus«(the«Bornean« subspecies)«and«P.p.…abelii«(the«Sum atran«subspecies)«(Bem m el«1968;«Jones« 1969;«G roves«1971;«Jacobshagen«1979;«Seuarez«et«al.«1979«and«G roves«1993).« 5« « .
  • Cross-River Gorillas

    Cross-River Gorillas

    CMS Agreement on the Distribution: General Conservation of Gorillas UNEP/GA/MOP3/Inf.9 and their Habitats of the 24 April 2019 Convention on Migratory Species Original: English THIRD MEETING OF THE PARTIES Entebbe, Uganda, 18-20 June 2019 REVISED REGIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR THE CONSERVATION OF THE CROSS RIVER GORILLA (Gorilla gorilla diehli) 2014 - 2019 For reasons of economy, this document is printed in a limited number, and will not be distributed at the meeting. Delegates are kindly requested to bring their copy to the meeting and not to request additional copies. FewerToday, thethan total population of Cross River gorillas may number fewer than 300 individuals 300 left Revised Regional Action Plan for the Conservation of the Cross River Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli) 2014–2019 HopeUnderstanding the status of the changing threats across the Cross River gorilla landscape will provide key information for guiding our collectiveSurvival conservation activities cross river gorilla action plan cover_2013.indd 1 2/3/14 10:27 AM Camera trap image of a Cross River gorilla at Afi Mountain Cross River Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli) This plan outlines measures that should ensure that Cross River gorilla numbers are able to increase at key core sites, allowing them to extend into areas where they have been absent for many years. cross river gorilla action plan cover_2013.indd 2 2/3/14 10:27 AM Revised Regional Action Plan for the Conservation of the Cross River Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli) 2014-2019 Revised Regional Action Plan for the Conservation of the Cross River Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli) 2014-2019 Compiled and edited by Andrew Dunn1, 16, Richard Bergl2, 16, Dirck Byler3, Samuel Eben-Ebai4, Denis Ndeloh Etiendem5, Roger Fotso6, Romanus Ikfuingei6, Inaoyom Imong1, 7, 16, Chris Jameson6, Liz Macfie8, 16, Bethan Mor- gan9, 16, Anthony Nchanji6, Aaron Nicholas10, Louis Nkembi11, Fidelis Omeni12, John Oates13, 16, Amy Pokemp- ner14, Sarah Sawyer15 and Elizabeth A.
  • Ebola & Great Apes

    Ebola & Great Apes

    Ebola & Great Apes Ebola is a major threat to the survival of African apes There are direct links between Ebola outbreaks in humans and the contact with infected bushmeat from gorillas and chimpanzees. In the latest outbreak in West Africa, Ebola claimed more than 11,000 lives, but the disease has also decimated great ape populations during previous outbreaks in Central Africa. What are the best strategies for approaching zoonotic diseases like Ebola to keep both humans and great apes safe? What is Ebola ? Ebola Virus Disease, formerly known as Ebola Haemorrhagic Fever, is a highly acute, severe, and lethal disease that can affect humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas. It was discovered in 1976 in the Democratic Republic of Congo and is a Filovirus, a kind of RNA virus that is 50-100 times smaller than bacteria. • The initial symptoms of Ebola can include a sudden fever, intense weakness, muscle pain and a sore throat, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Subsequent stages include vomiting, diarrhoea and, in some cases, both internal and external bleeding. • Though it is believed to be carried in bat populations, the natural reservoir of Ebola is unknown. A reservoir is the long-term host of a disease, and these hosts often do not contract the disease or do not die from it. • The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals through the consumption and handling of wild meats, also known as bushmeat, and spreads in the human population via human-to-human transmission through contact with bodily fluids. • The average Ebola case fatality rate is around 50%, though case fatality rates have varied from 25% to 90%.
  • Mountain Gorilla

    Mountain Gorilla

    CMS/ScC12/Doc.5 Attach 4 Report on the status and conservation of the Mountain Gorilla Gorilla gorilla beringei Document prepared by the UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre October, 2003 Table of contents 1 Names ......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Scientific name ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Common name...................................................................................................................................... 1 2 Biological data..................................................................................................................................... 1 2.1 Distribution (current and historical) ..................................................................................................... 2 2.2 Habitat ...................................................................................................................................... 3 2.3 Population estimates and trends............................................................................................................ 3 2.4 Migratory patterns ................................................................................................................................ 4 3 Conservation status ...........................................................................................................................
  • Western Gorilla Social Structure and Inter-Group Dynamics

    Western Gorilla Social Structure and Inter-Group Dynamics

    Western Gorilla Social Structure and Inter-Group Dynamics Robin Morrison Darwin College This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2019 Declaration of Originality This dissertation is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. It is not substantially the same as any that I have submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for a degree or diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. I further state that no substantial part of my dissertation has already been submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for any such degree, diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. Statement of Length The word count of this dissertation is 44,718 words excluding appendices and references. It does not exceed the prescribed word limit for the Archaeology and Anthropology Degree Committee. II Western Gorilla Social Structure and Inter-Group Dynamics Robin Morrison The study of western gorilla social behaviour has primarily focused on family groups, with research on inter-group interactions usually limited to the interactions of a small number of habituated groups or those taking place in a single location. Key reasons for this are the high investment of time and money required to habituate and monitor many groups simultaneously, and the difficulties of making observations on inter-group social interaction in dense tropical rainforest.
  • The Evolutionary Origin and Population History of the Grauer Gorilla

    The Evolutionary Origin and Population History of the Grauer Gorilla

    YEARBOOK OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 159:S4–S18 (2016) The Evolutionary Origin and Population History of the Grauer Gorilla Matthew W. Tocheri,1,2 Rene Dommain,2 Shannon C. McFarlin,3,4 Scott E. Burnett,5 D. Troy Case,6 Caley M. Orr,7 Neil T. Roach,8,9 Brian Villmoare,10,11 Amandine B. Eriksen,12 Daniela C. Kalthoff,13 Sascha Senck,14 Zelalem Assefa,2 Colin P. Groves,15 and William L. Jungers16,17 1Department of Anthropology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1, Canada 2Human Origins Program, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA 3Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA 4Division of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA 5Department of Anthropology, Eckerd College, St Petersburg, FL 33711, USA 6Department of Sociology and Anthropology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA 7Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA 8Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 9Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA 10Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA 11Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, WC1H 0BW, UK 12Department of Anthropology, The State University of New York, Buffalo NY 14260, USA 13Department
  • Proposal for Inclusion of the Chimpanzee

    Proposal for Inclusion of the Chimpanzee

    CMS Distribution: General CONVENTION ON MIGRATORY UNEP/CMS/COP12/Doc.25.1.1 25 May 2017 SPECIES Original: English 12th MEETING OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES Manila, Philippines, 23 - 28 October 2017 Agenda Item 25.1 PROPOSAL FOR THE INCLUSION OF THE CHIMPANZEE (Pan troglodytes) ON APPENDIX I AND II OF THE CONVENTION Summary: The Governments of Congo and the United Republic of Tanzania have jointly submitted the attached proposal* for the inclusion of the Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) on Appendix I and II of CMS. *The geographical designations employed in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the CMS Secretariat (or the United Nations Environment Programme) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The responsibility for the contents of the document rests exclusively with its author. UNEP/CMS/COP12/Doc.25.1.1 PROPOSAL FOR THE INCLUSION OF CHIMPANZEE (Pan troglodytes) ON APPENDICES I AND II OF THE CONVENTION ON THE CONSERVATION OF MIGRATORY SPECIES OF WILD ANIMALS A: PROPOSAL Inclusion of Pan troglodytes in Appendix I and II of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals. B: PROPONENTS: Congo and the United Republic of Tanzania C: SUPPORTING STATEMENT 1. Taxonomy 1.1 Class: Mammalia 1.2 Order: Primates 1.3 Family: Hominidae 1.4 Genus, species or subspecies, including author and year: Pan troglodytes (Blumenbach 1775) (Wilson & Reeder 2005) [Note: Pan troglodytes is understood in the sense of Wilson and Reeder (2005), the current reference for terrestrial mammals used by CMS).
  • GORILLA Report on the Conservation Status of Gorillas

    GORILLA Report on the Conservation Status of Gorillas

    Version CMS Technical Series Publication N°17 GORILLA Report on the conservation status of Gorillas. Concerted Action and CMS Gorilla Agreement in collaboration with the Great Apes Survival Project-GRASP Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences 2008 Copyright : Adrian Warren – Last Refuge.UK 1 2 Published by UNEP/CMS Secretariat, Bonn, Germany. Recommended citation: Entire document: Gorilla. Report on the conservation status of Gorillas. R.C. Beudels -Jamar, R-M. Lafontaine, P. Devillers, I. Redmond, C. Devos et M-O. Beudels. CMS Gorilla Concerted Action. CMS Technical Series Publication N°17, 2008. UNEP/CMS Secretariat, Bonn, Germany. © UNEP/CMS, 2008 (copyright of individual contributions remains with the authors). Reproduction of this publication for educational and other non-commercial purposes is authorized without permission from the copyright holder, provided the source is cited and the copyright holder receives a copy of the reproduced material. Reproduction of the text for resale or other commercial purposes, or of the cover photograph, is prohibited without prior permission of the copyright holder. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNEP/CMS, nor are they an official record. The designation of geographical entities in this publication, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP/CMS concerning the legal status of any country, territory or area, or of its authorities, nor concerning the delimitation of its frontiers and boundaries. Copies of this publication are available from the UNEP/CMS Secretariat, United Nations Premises.
  • Genetic Variation in Gorillas

    Genetic Variation in Gorillas

    American Journal of Primatology 64:161–172 (2004) RESEARCH ARTICLE Genetic Variation in Gorillas LINDA VIGILANT* and BRENDA J. BRADLEY Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany This review summarizes what is currently known concerning genetic variation in gorillas, on both inter- and intraspecific levels. Compared to the human species, gorillas, along with the other great apes, possess greater genetic varation as a consequence of a demographic history of rather constant population size. Data and hence conclusions from analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), the usual means of describing intraspecific patterns of genetic diversity, are limited at this time. An important task for future studies is to determine the degree of confidence with which gorilla mtDNA can be analyzed, in view of the risk that one will inadvertently analyze artifactual rather than genuine sequences. The limited information available from sequences of nuclear genomic segments does not distinguish western from eastern gorillas, and, in comparison with results from the two chimpanzee species, suggests a relatively recent common ancestry for all gorillas. In the near future, the greatest insights are likely to come from studies aimed at genetic characterization of all individual members of social groups. Such studies, addressing topics such as behavior of individuals with kin and non-kin, and the actual success of male reproductive strategies, will provide a link between behavioral and genetic studies of gorillas. Am. J. Primatol. 64:161–172, 2004. r 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Key words: phylogeography; mtDNA; noninvasive samples; numt; genotype INTRODUCTION Genetic Variation in Wild Animal Populations Studies of genetic variation within a wild animal taxon commonly address two topics: an estimation of the amount of variation present in both individuals and populations, and a description of how that variation is geographically distributed [Avise, 2000].