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Influence of Human Disturbance on Western Chimpanzee (Pan Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2018 Influence of human disturbance on Western Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) nesting behavior in a savanna mosaic habitat, southeastern Senegal Kristine Micheletti Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Biological and Physical Anthropology Commons, and the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Micheletti, Kristine, "Influence of human disturbance on Western Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) nesting behavior in a savanna mosaic habitat, southeastern Senegal" (2018). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 16412. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/16412 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Influence of human disturbance on Western Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) nesting behavior in a savanna mosaic habitat, southeastern Senegal by Kristine Micheletti A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Major: Anthropology Program of Study Committee: Jill Pruetz, Co-major Professor Christina Gish-Hill, Co-major Professor Stacy Lindshield Cassandra Nunez Nell Gabiam The student author, whose presentation of the scholarship herein was approved by the program of study committee, is solely responsible for the content of this thesis. The Graduate College will ensure this thesis is globally accessible and will not permit alterations after a degree is conferred. Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2018 Copyright © Kristine Micheletti, 2018. All rights reserved. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES iv LIST OF TABLES vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii ABSTRACT viii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 1 Project Goals and Objectives 2 Senegal: A Brief Overview 4 A Snapshot of Senegal’s History and Demographics 4 Foreign Investment and the Economy 5 Land Acquisition and Management 6 Artisanal Gold Mining 7 Mining Regulations 10 Conservation in Senegal 11 West African Chimpanzee 13 Chimpanzee Taxonomy 13 Chimpanzee Ecology 14 Nesting 17 Anthropogenic Disturbance 20 Artisanal Small-Scale Gold Mining 23 Mercury Contamination and Health Affects 24 Life in the Mines 26 Economics 29 Formalization of ASM 30 The Future of Small-Scale Mining 31 CHAPTER 3: METHODS 33 Study site 33 Subjects 36 Behavioral Data Collection 36 Transect Data Collection 36 Nesting Patterns 39 Video Analysis 43 Tool Use 44 Data Analysis 44 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS 46 Nesting Locations 47 Nesting Preferences 51 Anthropogenic Disturbances 55 Habitat 66 iii Tools 68 Video Analysis 69 CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 74 Bantan Community 74 Nesting Patterns and Preferences 76 Anthropogenic Disturbances 79 Habitat Preferences, Availability, and Disturbances 82 Tools and Videos 83 Conservation 85 Future Directions 89 Measurement Errors 91 Conclusion 91 REFERENCES 94 APPENDIX: ADDITIONAL MATERIAL 104 iv LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1: The location of Senegal and the study site. 4 Figure 2: A Map of the area showing the distance between the town of Kedougou and the village of Fongoli, which is thought to be at the southern edge of the Bantan community. 34 Figure 3: Point-centered quarter method used for determining the availability of trees. 38 Figure 4: Examples of fresh (a.), old (b.), and rotting (c.) chimpanzee nests in Bantan. 41 Figure 5: The position and location of the camera trap placed in the cave at the beginning of the study. 43 Figure 6: The actual location of all 13 transects with nests from 2000-2017. 46 Figure 7: The distribution of nests from the years 2000-2017 (a.) and the density of nests at each location per year from 2000-2017 (b.). 48 Figure 8: The density of all nests with the estimated range and core range of the group from 2000-2017. 50 Figure 9: A heat map showing the density of 2017 nests ranked from 1-10, with 10 being the densest areas, in relation to the estimated home range. 50 Figure 10: The number of nests per woody plant genus recorded during the reconnaissance walks and the percentage that each of these contributed to the total nests. 52 Figure 11: The total number of trees per genus recorded on the transects using PCQ methods and their corresponding percentage to all the trees found on the transect. 52 Figure 12: The top five preferred and available plant species. 53 Figure 13: The number of trees with nests, transect trees, and nests found within each DBH range (cm). 54 Figure 14: A heat map of the densest areas with disturbances and nests in 2017 ranked on a scale or 1-10, with 10 being the highest density. 55 Figure 15: Map of locations that show direct human disturbances. 56 Figure 16: Map of locations showing indirect human disturbances. 57 v Figure 17: The location and classification of each habitat type in 2017. 67 Figure 18: The locations of five tool sites in relation to the location of all nests recorded since 2000. 69 Figure 19: The location of the three camera traps in relation to nests found in 2017. 70 Figure 20: A depiction of the planned transects to be surveyed in 2017. 104 Figure 21: A heat map of the densest areas with mining disturbances and nests in 2017 ranked on a scale or 1-10, with 10 being the highest density. 110 Figure 22: A heat map of the densest areas with habitat disturbances (specifically cut and prune) and nests in 2017 ranked on a scale or 1-10, with 10 being the highest density. 111 Figure 23: The location of all nests from 2000-2017 with their standard deviation based on the Ordinary Least Squares test in ArcGIS. 111 vi LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1: Seven main types of habitat used by chimpanzees in West Africa According to Hunt and McGrew (2002), Pruetz et al., (2002), Bogart and Pruetz (2008). 35 Table 2: Seven categories of nests based on their state of decomposition (Boyer, 2011; Pruetz et al., 2002; Kouakou et al., 2009). 41 Table 3: The total number of locations each disturbance was observed, and the percentage of each disturbance. 58 Table 4: The number and percentage of each disturbance on each transect. 61 Table 5: The total number and average DBH of each genus that sustained damage, the percentage of each genus that was either cut or pruned, and the overall percent of damage for each genus. 63 Table 6: The species recorded from two camera traps. 72 Table 7: The total number of nests per age group in 2017. 104 Table 8: The number of trees in each genus found on reconnaissance walks and transects, and the average DBH of each genus. In some cases, there were multiple species for a genus. 105 Table 9: The total number of encounters per habitat and the percentage of each habitat. 109 Table 10: The total number of nests and trees per DBH range. 110 vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Iowa State University for providing funding for this project. I would also like to thank Jill Pruetz of Texas State University for giving me the opportunity to pursue this research, and for guiding and supporting me throughout this process. I would also like to thank Stacy Lindshield, Cassandra Nunez, Nell Gabiam, and Christina Gish-Hill for serving on my committee and helping me along the way. I would also like to thank Michael Renner, Keith Summerville, and Claudette Sandoval-Green for their guidance and support, and for providing some of the materials and previous data used during this research. A big thank you to the great assistants at Fongoli, Jacques Keita, Michel Sadiakho, and Dondo “Johnny” Kante for all their help, support, and hospitality. Also, to Will Aguado, Andrea Rabinowitz, and Samantha Salter for their help in the field and for making Fongoli feel a little more like home. Thank you to the Iowa State University statistics and GIS departments for helping with my statistical analysis and mapping. Finally, a huge thank you to my parents, Lori and Bill Micheletti, and the rest of my family for their love and support throughout this, and many other, crazy adventures. viii ABSTRACT The human population continues to grow worldwide at an alarming rate, and, with this growth, comes expansion into new areas. These expansions can come with actions, like logging, mining, and agriculture that are harmful to the environment and the species inhabiting it. The critically endangered West African chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) is one primate species affected by such human actions. In the Kedougou region of southeastern Senegal, artisanal small-scale gold mining has become a way of life and has accelerated rapidly in the last few years. I conducted research at the Bantan site, which is located a few kilometers south of a large village and artisanal gold mine, Bantako. I was able to use indirect methods to collect data about the nesting habits of an unhabituated community of chimpanzees. I recorded data for each nesting tree, the GPS location, age of the nest, and I recorded the relative availability of each tree species and size to determine if the chimpanzees show preference when nesting. I compared the locations of the nests I found to those from previous years to determine if nesting locations have changed and also compared them to locations of disturbances. There were over 750 recorded disturbances in the range, with over 80% of those being direct environmental damage. The Bantan chimpanzees show a preference for nesting in the genus Pterocarpus, despite the fact that the genus Combretum is the most available.
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