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Platsens Blick Vetenskapsakademien Och Den Naturalhistoriska Resan 1790-1840

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Platsens Blick Vetenskapsakademien Och Den Naturalhistoriska Resan 1790-1840 Platsens Blick Vetenskapsakademien och den naturalhistoriska resan 1790-1840 Pär Eliasson Umeå 1999 Platsens blick: Vetenskapsakademien och den naturalhistoriska resan 1790-1840 Akademisk avhandling som för avläggande av filosofie doktorsexamen vid Umeå universitet kommer att offentligt försvaras i Humanisthuset, hörsal E, fredagen den 15 januari 1999, kl. 10.15 av Pär Eliasson fil kand. ^ v & C/"> o . v Eliasson, Pär, Platsens blick: Vetensskapsakademien och den naturalhistoriska resan 1790-1840 ("The Place's Glance: The Royal Academy of Science and Scientific Travel, 1790-1840") Swedish text vith a summary in English. Idéhistoriska skrifter 29. Department of History of Science and Ideas, Umeå University, 1999, (290 pages) ISBN 91-7191-565-6 ISSN 0282-7646 Abstract The purpose of the present dissertation is to study the relationship between travel as a form of knowledge and the natural history pursued at the Royal Academy of Science during the period 1790-1840. Primarily, this dissertation deals with the perceptio n of travel as a form of knowledge which existed at the Royal Swedish Academy of Science, though a number of selected journeys are used to illustrate the era's shifting perceptions on travel. Chapter One compares two variants of scie ntific travel, Linnean and Humboldtian. While the Linnean saw single objects, the Humbold tian saw "th e whole" in the form of places. Pla ces became the new study objects and the conditions reigning there were assumed to explain the special characteristics of the objects. This is what is implied by the "p lace's glance". Chapter Two provides an historical bac kground to the subsequent deb ate about the theory and practice of s cientific travel by scrutinizing works from the apodemic handbook genre. The purpose of apodemics was to make travel a method for the disciplined, systematic gathering of knowledge, which was achieved by organizing all aspects into categories.. In Chapter Three, the natural history of the day is understood as a multiplicity of research traditions with a common object of study - the specimens found in the three kingdoms of nature. A number of models of scientific collection which were ap plied by the Academy around 1800 are analyzed. The correspondent model using local amateur collectors is contrasted with the model of the travelling professional scientist. The greatest problem of the travel model was the " route problematic", engendering a haphazardness in the collection of facts and specimens. In Chapter Four, the relationship between travel and the the ories of natural history of the age is investigated through a case study of Göran Wahlenberg's travels in 1800-1810. As a result of the insights Wahlenberg achieved during his travels in the mountain regions of the land, the new botanical sub- discipline of plant geography was established. This demanded travel, since it was based on observations of the plants' spatial relationships to one another and measurements of other specific spatial phenomena, such as climate. Wahlenber g saw complex, multifacetted agg regates of plants and vegetatio n, where the Linnean only discerned separate species. Herein lies the meaning of the "place's glance". Chapter Five analyzes the botanical journeys undertaken by the Academy between 1820 (when a travel gran t was instituted) and 1840. Patriotic and ut ilitarian arguments for domestic travel combined with their results lent scientific travel a new status at the Academy. Chapter Six deals with zoological travel during the same period. The main figures are the curators of the Swedish Museum of Natural History, J. W. Dalman and B. F. Fries, who formulated the zoological travel policy of the Academy. The needs of the museum dictated that the travellers focus on Sweden and Scandinavia, primarily the "Western seaboard", which included Bohuslän and the Norwegian Atlantic coast, and Norrland. The specific needs of marine biology forced Fries to develop new travel practices. Fries' establishment of a provisional research station for year-round zoological research was an important historical break through. His idea of outfitting sea-going vessels as mobile research stations also prefigures the future development of polar travel later in the century. Keywords: travel, apodemics, natural history, Royal Swedish Academy of Science, Swedish Museum of Natural History, plant geography, zoology, Linnaeus, Göran Wahlenberg. Platsens blick Platsens blick: Vetenskapsakademien och den naturalhistoriska resan 1790-1840 Pär Eliasson Idéhistoriska skrifter 29 Institutionen för idéhistoria Umeå Universitet 1999 Institutionen för idéhistoria Umeå universitet 901 87 Umeå Tfn. +46 90 786 55 79 Fax +46 90 14 33 74 © Författaren och Idéhistoria, Umeå universitet Omslagsbild: Illustration ur Carl von Linné, Introduction to Botany (London, 1765) Solfjädern Offset AB, 1999 ISBN 91-7191-565-6 ISSN 0282-7646 Förord 1 I. Inledning 11 Preludium: Platsens blick 11 Val av undersökningsperiod 15 Det svenska naturalhistoriska resandets geografi 20 Natural historiens praktiker 22 Vad är en resa? 27 Undersökningsområden: Platser och objekt 30 Resans sociala rum : Aktörerna 33 Källmaterialet: Textuella avtryck av resan som praktik 35 II. Den apodemiska traditionen: Metodiserandet av resan som kunskapsform före år 1800. 38 Apodemikens uppkomst 41 Verkens innehåll 44 Dokumentationens praktiker: Välj ut, skriv ned, teckna av 47 Seendets problematik: Autopsin som trovärdighetskapande metod 51 Apodemisk akademisk undervisning: Köhler, Schiözer och Linné 53 Sammanfattning 58 III. Sökandet efter nya reseformer: Vetenskapsakademien och det naturalhistoriska resandet åren 1791-1820 60 Vad är naturalhistoria?: Definitioner och vetenskapstyper 61 Naturalhistoriens tillstånd i Sverige vid sekelskiftet 1800 68 En alternativ kunskapsform inom naturalhistorien: Korrespondentmodellen 71 Fahlberg i Västindien och möjligheten av en svensk kolonial naturalhistoria 72 Korrespondentmodellen prövad inom riket: En linneansk pastoral i lappmarken 75 Adam Afzelius och resans betydelse för karriären 85 Gratifikation för resandet i efterhand: Lavarna i Sverige och subskription på sibirienresor 88 Apodemiskt interludium: Olof Swartz nypatriotiska resememorial av år 1797 90 Nya resepromemorior från Swartz, resedonationer och några tillämpningar i form av resor 100 Sammanfattning 106 IV. Platsens blick etableras: Göran Wahlenbergs resor i Lappland 1800-1810 109 Göran Wahlenberg: En biografisk skiss 109 Att strukturera ett liv i vetenskapens tjänst 111 Wahlenbergs skolning till naturalhistoriker: Exkursionen som pedagogisk metod 117 Den linneanska naturalhistoriens tillämpning: Wahlenbergs ungdomsresor 1796-1800 119 Reseskildringars och resors struktur: Linné och linneanerna 123 Linneanerna och växtgeografin 126 Wahlenberg som resedagboksförfattare 129 Wahlenberg som linneansk praktiker och publicist: Floristik och växtmonografier 130 Från specimenjägare till växtgeograf 133 Alexander von Humboldts växtgeografi: Rummet och på det verkande krafter 137 Wahlenbergs första resa till Lappland år 1800 143 Den andra lapplandsresan år 1802 147 En topografisk uppsats om Kemi Lappmark 150 Inför den tredje resan år 1807: Flora Lapponicas disposition 153 Att mäta fjällens höjd med instrument 155 Den sista lapplandsresan år 1810 158 Flora Lapponica: En sammanfattning av tio års resande i norr 161 V. Med växtgeografin som ledstjärna: Vetenskapsakademin och det botaniska resandet åren 1820-40 165 Resemomentet i Grun dreglorna 167 Biogeografin och det nationella rummet 168 Lars Levi Laestadius danas till naturalhistoriker 176 1821 års lapska resa 179 Laestadius reseföretag utvärderat 184 Nya bidrag till den nordliga växtgeografin: Laestadius i Ångermanland 1824 189 Den norröna växtgeografiska resandet fortsätter: Huspredikanten Arwidson i Jämtland och Härjedalen 1827 192 Myrins botaniska resa till Västkusten och Norge 1831 194 Adjunkten Lindbloms norska resa år 1839 196 Sammanfattning 198 VI. Zoologiskt resande i Akademiens regi 1820-40: Från inventeringsresor till etablerandet av marinbiologiska forskningsstationer 201 Dalmans apodemiska memorial: Det zoologiska resandet som kunskapsform 203 Marklins vistelse i Norge år 1823. Den lokala kunskapens företräden 207 Hur tillägnar man sig lokalkun skap? 209 Reseföretaget utvärderat: Zoologiska specimen och deras funktion 215 Den idealtypiske naturalhistorikerns karaktär: Mellerborg självplågaren 218 Det mellerborgska reseföretaget 1826-28: Naturalhistoriska praktiker till sjöss och i tropikerna 221 Ett förslag till reform vid R iksmuseet är 1829: Intendenten Sven Nilsson nyordnar de zoologiska samlingarna 223 Nya resor norrut: Tre entomologiska och ornitologiska reseföretag sommaren 1832 226 1834 års lappmarksresa: Att samordna lokala samlares verksamheter 229 Bengt Fredrik Fries och den västsvenska iittoralfaunans insamlande åren 1835-36 231 Marinbiologiska praktiker: Från rundresor till forskningsstationer 235 Fries fortsatta arbete i Ch ristineberg: Västerhavets zoologiska utforskning år 1838 och dess praktiker 242 Sammanfattning 248 VII. Sammanfattning: Platsens blick: Vetenskapsakademin och den naturalhistoriska resan 1790-1840 251 Summary 257 The Place's Glance: The Royal Academy of Science and Scientific Travel, 1790-1840 257 Käll- och litteraturförteckning 265 Otryckta källor och bearbetningar 265 Arkivmaterial 265 Uppsala universitetsbibliotek, Handskriftsavdelningen 265 Otryckta skrifter 265 Tryckta källor och bearbetningar 266 Personregister 283 Förord Under alltför många och långa år har jag varit sysselsatt
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