M. E. Mitchell, Graphic Developments
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Editorial SOCIETY NEWS Important Notices
THE LINNEAN I The post will be paid but priority will be given to a suitable volunteer prepared to work on an honorarium. Applicants, who do not need to be members of either Society, should write enclosing a C.V. to: Nigel Winser Esq., Expedition Officer, Royal Geographical Society, Kensington Gore, London sw7. Editorial The Bicentenary Scientific Programme got off to a good start on 2 April when the Phytochemical Society joined with us to study the Euphorbiales. In the next twelve months there will be a further six Bicentenary joint meetings. In addition to listing them under the Meetings section of The Linnean, each meeting will be separately announced by means of a coloured insert. These inserts also serve as booking forms and it is essential to complete and return them by the date indicated if you wish to attend particular meetings. The picture quiz proved a great success with most of you getting ‘Squire’ (Charles Davies Sherborn), the author of Index Animalium. Index Animalium ( 1922-1 933) is an exhaustive index of all the scientific names that had been applied to animals since the time of Linnaeus. It starts with the tenth edition of Systema Naturae 1758 and covers the period up to 1850, giving, for each name, the exact date and place of publication. In this day of word processors and data-bases it is interesting to note that the Index contains some 440 000 references, and that in the first year of his task (1890) Squire indexed over 500 volumes and recorded in duplicate a total of 40000 genera and species using only a pencil and slips of card measuring 127 x 63 mm. -
Lichens of Alaska's South Coast
United States Department of Agriculture Lichens of Alaska’s South Coast Forest Service R10-RG-190 Alaska Region Reprint April 2014 WHAT IS A LICHEN? Lichens are specialized fungi that “farm” algae as a food source. Unlike molds, mildews, and mushrooms that parasitize or scavenge food from other organisms, the fungus of a lichen cultivates tiny algae and / or blue-green bacteria (called cyanobacteria) within the fabric of interwoven fungal threads that form the body of the lichen (or thallus). The algae and cyanobacteria produce food for themselves and for the fungus by converting carbon dioxide and water into sugars using the sun’s energy (photosynthesis). Thus, a lichen is a combination of two or sometimes three organisms living together. Perhaps the most important contribution of the fungus is to provide a protective habitat for the algae or cyanobacteria. The green or blue-green photosynthetic layer is often visible between two white fungal layers if a piece of lichen thallus is torn off. Most lichen-forming fungi cannot exist without the photosynthetic partner because they have become dependent on them for survival. But in all cases, a fungus looks quite different in the lichenized form compared to its free-living form. HOW DO LICHENS REPRODUCE? Lichens sexually reproduce with fruiting bodies of various shapes and colors that can often look like miniature mushrooms. These are called apothecia (Fig. 1) and contain spores that germinate and Figure 1. Apothecia, fruiting grow into the fungus. Each bodies fungus must find the right photosynthetic partner in order to become a lichen. Lichens reproduce asexually in several ways. -
I Carl Von Linnés Fotspår
I CARL VON LINNÉS FOTSPÅR I Carl von Linnés fotspår Svenska Linnésällskapet 100 år erik hamberg Svenska Linnésällskapet Uppsala 2018 © Erik Hamberg och Svenska Linnésällskapet 2018 Omslaget visar den Linnémedaljong som tillverkades av Wedgwood till Linnéjubileet 1907. I privat ägo. Foto: Magnus Hjalmarsson, UUB. Produktion: Grafisk service, Uppsala universitet Utformning: Martin Högvall Texten satt med Adobe Garamond Pro ISBN 978-91-85601-43-1 Tryckt i Sverige av DanagårdLiTHO AB, Ödeshög 2018 Innehåll Förord ...................................................................................................... 7 Linnébilden tar form .............................................................................. 11 Tidiga Linnésällskap i Sverige ................................................................ 13 Linnéjubileer 1807–1907 ........................................................................ 15 Forskare och samlare med Linnéintressen .............................................. 19 Svenska Linnésällskapet bildas ............................................................... 23 Insamling av Linnéminnen .................................................................... 29 Linnémuseet .......................................................................................... 33 Linnéträdgården .................................................................................... 47 Elof Förbergs bibliotek ........................................................................... 63 Linnés Hammarby ................................................................................ -
The Cuban Botanical Illustrations of Nancy Kingsbury Wollestonecraft
The Cuban Botanical illustrations (1819- 1828) of Nancy Kingsbury Wollstonecraft (1781-1828) at Cornell University Ithaca, New York Emilio Cueto University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida November 8, 2018 Cornell University, October 16, 2018 Judith Russell (UF) and Emilio Cueto Preliminary Progress Report Pieces of the puzzle • “Mrs. Walstoncraft” • “Mrs. Wolstoncraft” • “Mary Wolstoncraft” • “A.K. Wollestonecroft” • “Anne Kingsbury Wollestonecroft” • “D´Anville” (pseudonym) • “Nancy Kingsbury Wollestonecraft” Cuba and her neighbors/ Cuba y sus vecinos The beginnings • Columbus (Diary, 1492/ 1825) • Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo (Historia General y Natural de las Indias Occidentales, 1535) • IMAGES • Francisco Hernández, Philip II´s physician. 1570. Cuba, Mexico. Ms. Burnt in Escorial fire (1671) Carl Linnaeus (Sweden, 1707-1778) SPECIES PLANTARUM Holmia [Stockholm, Estocolmo], 1753 “Ancestry.com” for plants PIONEERS OF CUBAN BOTANICAL ILLUSTRATIONS 1763-1827: 144 ills. Only 49 printed when made • 1763. Nikolaus Jacquin (1727-1817). Printed. 29 ills. • 1795-1796. Atanasio Echevarría (1769?-1820s?). Expedition of Martín de Sesé (1751-1808) and José Mariano Mociño (1757-1819). Ms. 14 ills. • 1796-1802. José Guío. Expedition of Conde de Mopox. Ms. 66 ills. • 1790s. Olof Swartz (1760/1818). Printed. 1 ill. • 1801, 1804. Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859). Printed. 12 ills. • 1802-1824. Curtis´s Botanical Magazine. Printed. 4 ills. • 1804. Antonio Joseph Cavanilles (1745-1804). Royal Botanical Garden in Madrid. Ms. 14 ills. • 1816-27. Pancrace Bessa (1772-1835). Printed. 1 ill. • 1819. Rafael Gomez Rombaud. Tobacco plant. Ms. 1 ill. • 1827. Michel Etienne Descourtilz (1775-1835/38). Printed 2 ill. 1763. Nikolaus Jacquin (Dutch, 1727-1817). Visited Cuba in the 1750s. 29 printed ills Pl. -
Tremella Macrobasidiata and Tremella Variae Have Abundant and Widespread Yeast Stages in Lecanora Lichens
Environmental Microbiology (2021) 00(00), 00–00 doi:10.1111/1462-2920.15455 Tremella macrobasidiata and Tremella variae have abundant and widespread yeast stages in Lecanora lichens Veera Tuovinen ,1,2* Ana Maria Millanes,3 3 1 2 Sandra Freire-Rallo, Anna Rosling and Mats Wedin Introduction 1Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Norbyvägen 18D, 752 36, Sweden. The era of molecular studies has shown that most of the 2Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural diversity of life is microbial (Pace, 1997; Castelle and History, Stockholm, P.O. Box 50007, SE-104 05, Banfield, 2018). Lichens, symbiotic consortia formed by Sweden. at least two different microorganisms, are a great mani- 3Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química festation of microbial diversity in a unique package; sev- Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, eral studies in the last decade have continued to E-28933, Spain. demonstrate the since long recognized presence of diverse fungal communities within lichen thalli (U’Ren et al., 2010, 2012; Fleischhacker et al., 2015; Grube and Summary Wedin, 2016; Noh et al., 2020). In recent years, attention Dimorphism is a widespread feature of tremellalean has been drawn especially to the presence of previously fungi in general, but a little-studied aspect of the biol- undetected basidiomycete yeasts in different ogy of lichen-associated Tremella. We show that macrolichens (Spribille et al., 2016; Cernajovᡠand Tremella macrobasidiata and Tremella variae have an Škaloud, 2019, 2020; Tuovinen et al., 2019; Mark abundant and widespread yeast stage in their life et al., 2020). However, little is still known about the ubiq- cycles that occurs in Lecanora lichens. -
Carl Peter Thunberg and Japanese Natural History
ISSN: 2186-8476, ISSN: 2186-8468 Print Vol. 2 No. 2, June 2013 CARL PETER THUNBERG AND JAPANESE NATURAL HISTORY Bertil Nordenstam Department of Phanerogamic Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, SE-10405 Stockholm, SWEDEN. 1 [email protected] ABSTRACT Carl Peter Thunberg (1743-1828) was the most famous of Linnaeus’s pupils and became known as the `Linnaeus of Japan`. However, he was a zoologist almost as much as a botanist and should be remembered also for his lasting contributions to zoology, especially entomology. He published about 160 zoological papers, 90 of which dealt with insects, and he described more than 1,500 new species of insects. One of his first scientific papers dealt with the new grasshopper genus Pneumora from South Africa. Thunberg’s insect collections amount to 36,000 specimens and are largely intact as today. He was also the author of several mammals, such as the Brown Hyaena, and a number of reptiles and fishes, including several new species from Japan. Keywords: Thunberg, Japanese natural history, Entomology, Linnaean disciple, Taxonomy, History of science INTRODUCTION We tend to think of Linnaeus and many of his foremost pupils as botanists. Linnaeus has been famed as ‘ Princeps botanicorum’ , and his perhaps most successful disciple, Carl Peter Thunberg (1743—1828; Fig. 1), has been named the ‘Father of South African Botany’ and also the ‘Linnaeus of Japan’. However, most of the Linnaean apostles, like Linnaeus himself, were medical doctors and zoologists as well – in fact they are better labeled as naturalists, or natural history scientists. Their academic positions were not in botany, but rather in medicine and botany, and similar combinations. -
Lichens of the National Forests in Alaska
Lichens of the National Forests in Alaska United States Forest Service R10-RG-170 Department of Alaska Region August 2006 Agriculture What is a Lichen? You can think of lichens as fungi that have discovered farm- ing. Instead of parasitizing or scavenging other organisms for a living (such as molds, mildews, mushrooms), lichen fungi cultivate tiny algae and/or blue-green bacteria (called cyanobacteria) within the fabric of interwoven fungal threads that form the lichen body (or thallus). The algae and cyano- bacteria produce food for the fungus by converting the sun’s energy into sugars through photosynthesis. Perhaps the most important contribution of the fungus is to provide a protective habitat for the algae or cyanobacteria. Thus, lichens are a combination of two or three organisms that live together inti- mately. The green or blue-green photosynthetic layer is often visible between two white fungal layers if a piece of lichen thallus is torn off. In some cases, the fungus and the photosynthetic partner that together make the lichen may be found living separately in nature. However, many lichen-forming fungi cannot exist by themselves because they have become dependent on their photosynthetic partners for survival. But in all cases, a fungus looks quite different in the lichenized form compared to its free-living form. How do Lichens Reproduce? Lichens sexually reproduce with fruiting bodies of various colors that can look like miniature mushrooms. These are called apothecia (Fig. 1) and contain spores that germinate and grow into the fungus. This fungus must find the right photosynthetic partner in order to become a lichen. -
What Is a Lichen – a Prison Or an Opportunity? Lichens Cannot Be Classified As Plants
What is a lichen – a prison or an opportunity? Lichens cannot be classified as plants. They are associations between cup fungi ascomycetes plus either green algae (Trebouxia sp.) or cyanobacteria (e.g. Nostoc), members of three kingdoms outside the plant kingdom. Simon Schwendener discovered the dual nature of lichens in 1869 : Ascomycetes surround some single- celled green algae with a fibrous net to compel the new slaves to work for them, a view that was replaced with romanticized notion of a harmonious symbiosis. Mycobiont gets sugar alcohols from green algae or glucose + nitrogen from cyanobacteria, which are stored in an inacessible form (e.g. mannitol). Lichens Species & Diversity Lichens consist of a fungus (the mycobiont, mostly an ascomycete ) & a photosynthetic partner (the photobiont or phycobiont ), usually either a green alga (commonly Trebouxia ) or cyanobacterium (c. Nostoc ) All lichens have an upper cortex , which is a dense, protective skin of fungal tissue that acts l ike a blind that opens after watering . Below that is a photosynthetic layer, which can be a colony of either green algae or cyanobacteria. Then there is a layer of loose threads (hyphae) of the fungus, called the medulla or the medullary layer . Fructicose & Foliose lichens have a lower cortex , others just have an exposed medulla. Crustose lichens never have a lower cortex-their fungal layer attaches firmly to the substrate. What is that? Is that a plant? Is that a fungus? Is that a lichen? What the …halloh! Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides ) Usnea is a lichen (a composite organism closely resembles its namesake ( Usnea , or made from algae and fungi) and is referred beard lichen), but in fact it is not to as Old Man's Beard. -
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of the Lichens Physcia Aipolia, Xanthoria Parietina, Usnea Florida, Usnea Subfloridana and Melanohalea Exasperata
ISSN 2226-3063 e-ISSN 2227-9555 Modern Phytomorphology 10: 19–24, 2016 EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF THE LICHENS PHYSCIA AIPOLIA, XANTHORIA PARIETINA, USNEA FLORIDA, USNEA SUBFLORIDANA AND MELANOHALEA EXASPEraTA Gülşah Çobanoğlu 1, Cenk Sesal 1*, Birkan Açıkgöz 1, İskender Karaltı 2 Abstract. The present study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of methanol and chloroform extracts of five lichen species, Melanohalea exasperata, Physcia aipolia, Usnea florida, U. subfloridana and Xanthoria parietina. Antimicrobial activity in culture assays of these foliose and fruticose lichen extracts were examined against two Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli), two Gram-positive bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus), and the yeast Candida albicans using the paper disc method through determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs). The obtained results indicated the existence of different levels of antibiotic substances in the chloroform and the methanol extracts of the examined lichen species. The chloroform extracts ofUsnea subfloridana showed the highest activity against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa while the methanol extracts of this species were not active against these microorganisms. The chloroform extracts of the examined species exhibited more significant antimicrobial activity than the methanol extracts. None of the species were active against Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus. Most of the lichen extracts indicated a moderate antifungal activity against Candida albicans, except for Physcia aipolia, which was not active. Key words: antimicrobial activity, lichen, MIC 1 Marmara University, Science and Art Faculty, Department of Biology, Goztepe Campus, TR-34722 Istanbul, Turkey; * [email protected] 2 Yeditepe University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nutrition and Dietetics Department, Ataşehir, Istanbul, Turkey Introduction & Dayan 2002; Malhotra et al. -
Medicinal Lichens: the Final Frontier by Brian Kie Weissbuch, L.Ac., RH (AHG)
J A H G Volume 12 | Number 2 Journal of the American Herbalists Guild 23 MATERIA MEDICA MATERIA Medicinal Lichens: The Final Frontier by Brian Kie Weissbuch, L.Ac., RH (AHG) erbalists of myriad traditions article discusses recent scienti!c research Brian Kie Weissbuch L.Ac., AHG, is an acupuncturist have explored the healing indicating important uses for well-known lichens in private practice since properties of life-forms from at (Cetraria islandica and Usnea spp.) as well as less 1991. Brian is a botanist least !ve kingdoms: Monera familiar species (Flavoparmelia caperata and and herbalist with 44 years (bacteria)*, Protista (algae), Lobaria pulmonaria ). experience, and is co- Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia *Recall the ancient Nubians’ crafting of founder of KW Botanicals H Inc. in San Anselmo, CA, (the latter being primarily the domain of TCM medicinal beers, rich in tetracycline from the providing medicinal herb practitioners, who use gecko, snake, oyster shell, soil-borne Streptomyces bacteria found on the brewers’ formulae to primary health various insects, and other animal-derived grain (Nelson et al 2010). This medicine was given to care practitioners since 1983. substances). Nevertheless, with few exceptions, children as well as adults. He provides continuing herbalists have neglected an important life-form in education seminars to our medicines: the symbiotic intersection of algae Cetraria islandica, C. spp. The Iceland acupuncturists, and classes in herbal medicine for herbalists and fungi with a history of over 600 million years Mosses and health care practitioners. on our wayward planet —the lichens. Any discussion of edible and medicinal lichens He can be reached at brian@ How little we know of this symbiotic life- must begin with Cetraria islandica and allied kwbotanicals.com. -
Usnea Esperantiana (Parmeliaceae, Lichenized Ascomycota) New to Asia
Bull. Natl. Mus. Nat. Sci., Ser. B, 47(1), pp. 13–20, February 22, 2021 Usnea esperantiana (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) New to Asia Yoshihito Ohmura1, * and Philippe Clerc2 1 Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4–1–1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305–0005, Japan 2 Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland *E-mail: [email protected] (Received 26 November 2020; accepted 23 December 2020) Abstract Usnea esperantiana is reported as new to Asia. It was collected from Taiwan where it grew on coniferous and broad-leaf trees at elevations between 1716 and 2580 m. The ITS rDNA sequences of Taiwanese and European materials of U. esperantiana form a monophyletic clade within the already reported clade consisting of U. cornuta and the related taxa. Although two dis- tinct clades were formed in the U. esperantiana clade, no morphological and chemical differences were found between them. All Taiwanese specimens contain usnic, salazinic and bourgeanic acids. The description is given based on the Taiwanese specimens. Keywords : chemistry, distribution, ITS rDNA, lichenized fungi, morphology, phylogeny, soralia, Taiwan, taxonomy. Introduction Materials and Methods The genus Usnea (Parmeliaceae, lichenized This study is based on the examinations of Ascomycota) in Taiwan was primarily revised by herbarium specimens housed in the herbarium of the first author and 41 accepted taxa were the National Museum of Nature and Science reported before the present study (Ohmura, 2001, (TNS), Tsukuba, Japan. 2012, 2014; Ohmura et al., 2010). Morphological observations for identification During the course of taxonomic study of the were made using a dissecting microscope and a genus Usnea in Taiwan, U. -
Lichen Bioindication of Biodiversity, Air Quality, and Climate: Baseline Results from Monitoring in Washington, Oregon, and California
United States Department of Lichen Bioindication of Biodiversity, Agriculture Forest Service Air Quality, and Climate: Baseline Pacific Northwest Results From Monitoring in Research Station General Technical Washington, Oregon, and California Report PNW-GTR-737 Sarah Jovan March 2008 The Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture is dedicated to the principle of multiple use management of the Nation’s forest resources for sus- tained yields of wood, water, forage, wildlife, and recreation. Through forestry research, cooperation with the States and private forest owners, and manage- ment of the national forests and national grasslands, it strives—as directed by Congress—to provide increasingly greater service to a growing Nation. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W. Washington, DC 20250-9410, or call (800) 795- 3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Author Sarah Jovan is a research lichenologist, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 620 SW Main, Suite 400, Portland, OR 97205.