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Transnational Mathematics and Movements: Shiing- Shen Chern, Hua Luogeng, and the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study from World War II to the Cold War1
Chinese Annals of History of Science and Technology 3 (2), 118–165 (2019) doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1461.2019.02118 Transnational Mathematics and Movements: Shiing- shen Chern, Hua Luogeng, and the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study from World War II to the Cold War1 Zuoyue Wang 王作跃,2 Guo Jinhai 郭金海3 (California State Polytechnic University, Pomona 91768, US; Institute for the History of Natural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China) Abstract: This paper reconstructs, based on American and Chinese primary sources, the visits of Chinese mathematicians Shiing-shen Chern 陈省身 (Chen Xingshen) and Hua Luogeng 华罗庚 (Loo-Keng Hua)4 to the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton in the United States in the 1940s, especially their interactions with Oswald Veblen and Hermann Weyl, two leading mathematicians at the IAS. It argues that Chern’s and Hua’s motivations and choices in regard to their transnational movements between China and the US were more nuanced and multifaceted than what is presented in existing accounts, and that socio-political factors combined with professional-personal ones to shape their decisions. The paper further uses their experiences to demonstrate the importance of transnational scientific interactions for the development of science in China, the US, and elsewhere in the twentieth century. Keywords: Shiing-shen Chern, Chen Xingshen, Hua Luogeng, Loo-Keng Hua, Institute for 1 This article was copy-edited by Charlie Zaharoff. 2 Research interests: History of science and technology in the United States, China, and transnational contexts in the twentieth century. He is currently writing a book on the history of American-educated Chinese scientists and China-US scientific relations. -
China and Albert Einstein
China and Albert Einstein China and Albert Einstein the reception of the physicist and his theory in china 1917–1979 Danian Hu harvard university press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England 2005 Copyright © 2005 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hu, Danian, 1962– China and Albert Einstein : the reception of the physicist and his theory in China 1917–1979 / Danian Hu. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-674-01538-X (alk. paper) 1. Einstein, Albert, 1879–1955—Influence. 2. Einstein, Albert, 1879–1955—Travel—China. 3. Relativity (Physics) 4. China—History— May Fourth Movement, 1919. I. Title. QC16.E5H79 2005 530.11'0951—dc22 2004059690 To my mother and father and my wife Contents Acknowledgments ix Abbreviations xiii Prologue 1 1 Western Physics Comes to China 5 2 China Embraces the Theory of Relativity 47 3 Six Pioneers of Relativity 86 4 From Eminent Physicist to the “Poor Philosopher” 130 5 Einstein: A Hero Reborn from the Criticism 152 Epilogue 182 Notes 191 Index 247 Acknowledgments My interest in Albert Einstein began in 1979 when I was a student at Qinghua High School in Beijing. With the centennial anniversary of Einstein’s birth in that year, many commemorative publications ap- peared in China. One book, A Collection of Translated Papers in Com- memoration of Einstein, in particular deeply impressed me and kindled in me a passion to understand Einstein’s life and works. One of the two editors of the book was Professor Xu Liangying, with whom I had the good fortune of studying while a graduate student. -
Ungarischer Diplomat Biographie Andras, Szobek
Report Title - p. 1 of 41 Report Title Agoston, Szkaladan (um 1954) : Ungarischer Diplomat Biographie 1954 Szkaladan Agoston ist Botschafter der ungarischen Botschaft in Beijing. [LAH] Andras, Szobek (Békéscsaba 1894-1986 Budapest) : Ungarischer Diplomat Biographie 1954 Szobek Andras ist Botschafter der ungarischen Botschaft in Beijing. [LAH] Baranyi, Mária (um 1996) : Sekretär Ungarisches Ministerium für Kultur und Erziehung Biographie 1996 Mária Baranyi besucht China. [SHR:jesz1] Bettelheim, Bernard Jean (Pressburg = Pozsony, Ungarn 1811-1869 Ryukyu Inseln) : Missionar, Arzt Bibliographie : Autor 1852 Parker, Peter. Letter from B.J. Bettelheim, M.D., missionary in Lewchew, addressed to Rev. Peter Parker, M.D. (Canton : Printed at the Office of the Chinese Repository, 1852). Briefe von Bernard Jean Bettelheim. [Yale] Biszterszky, Elemér (1940-2004) : Ungarischer Minister für Kultur und Erziehung Biographie 1991 Gao Yunjia und Elemér Biszterszky unterzeichen das Programm für Wissenschaft, Erziehung und Kultur für 1991-1992 in Budapest. [SHR] 1993 Elemér Biszterszky besucht China. Liu Deyou und Elemér Biszterszky unterzeichnen das Programm für kulturelle Zusammenarbeit für 1993-1994. [SHR] Buhe = Yun, Shuguang (Innere Mongolei 1926-2017) : Ungarischer Vize-Vorsitzender des National People's Congress Biographie 2000 Buhe besucht Rumänien auf Einladung des Chamber of Deputies of Romania. [ChiRom1] 2000 Buhe besucht Ungarn. [SHR] Chen, Bingzhang (um 1989) : Chinesischer Gesundheitsminister Biographie 1989 Chen Bingzhang besucht Ungarn. Vereinbarung medizinischer Wissenschaft für 1989-1990 mit Judit Csehak. [SHR] Chen, Guoyan (um 2000) : Chinesischer Diplomat Report Title - p. 2 of 41 Biographie 1996-2000 Chen Guoyang ist Botschafter der chinesischen Botschaft in Budapest, Ungarn. [LACH] 1999 Chen Guoyan ist Gastgeber einer Einladung zum 50. Geburtstag der Gründung der Volksrepublik China. -
Supplementary Materials
Supplementary Materials: Linsheng Zhong 1, 2 and Dongjun Chen 1, 2, * 1 Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China 2 College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China * Correspondence: [email protected] 272 Individual Relevant Core Articles 1. Bai Qinfeng, Huo Zhiguo, He Nan, et al. Analysis of human body comfort index of 20 tourist cities in China. J. Chinese Journal of Ecology. 2009, 28(8): 173–178. 2. Bao Jigang, Deng Lizi. Impact of climate on vacation–oriented second home demand: a comparative study of Tengchong and Xishuangbanna. J. Tropical Geography. 2018, 38(5): 606–616. 3. Cai Bifan, Meng Minghao, Chen Guisong. Construction of the performance evaluation system for rural tourism region and its application. J. Tourism Forum. 2009, 2(5): 81–88. 4. Cai Meng, Ge Linsi, Ding Yue. Research progress on countermeasures for tourism emission reduction in overseas. J. Ecological Economy. 2014, 30(10): 28–33. 5. Cao Hui, Zhang Xiaoping, Chen Pingliu. The appraising of tourism climate resource in Fuzhou National Forest Park. J. Issues of Forestry Economics. 2007, (1): 36–39. 6. Cao Kaijun, Yang Zhaoping, Meng Xianyong, et al. An evaluation of tourism climatic suitability in Altay Prefecture. J. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2015, 37(5): 1420–1427. 7. Cao Weihong, He Yuanqing, Li Zongsheng, et al. A correlation analysis between climatic comfort degree and monthly variation of tourists in Lijiang. J. Scientia Geographica Sinica. 2012, 32(12): 1459– 1464. 8. Cao Weihong, He Yuanqing, Li Zongsheng, et al. -
Physics and Politics
Beitriige zur Geschichte der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft - I Franz Steiner Verlag Sonderdrucl< aus: Physics and Politics Research and Research Support in TWentieth Century Germany in International Perspective Edited by Helmuth Trischler and Mark Walker j @ Franz Steiner vertag 2o1o t :'i PHYSICS IN CHINA IN THE CONTEXT OF THE coLD \rAR. 1949-1976 Zuo-yue Wang In April 1952, just days after he was appointed the associate director of the In- stitute of Modern Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing, the Chinese nuclear physicist Wang Ganchang was called into the headquarters of the academy. A secret mission awaited him at the battle front of the Korean \Var: The Chinese forces suspected the US had used "atomic sheils" and wanted W'ang to investigate the matter. \fang, a physicist who had gone to Berlin University to study with Hans Geiger but ended up receiving his Ph. D. with Lise Meitner at the Kaiser \Tilhelm Institute in 1933, was well-qualified for the job. With a primi- tive but effective Geiger counter, W'ang checked fragments of the suspect shells and found that there was no increase in radioactivity. He concluded that they were not mini atomic bombs, but perhaps a new type of conventional weapon.l A relatively minor incident in the Korean W'ar, it nevertheless marked a milestone toward the be ginning of an era when the Cold War and nuclear weapons increas- ingly and decisively shaped the context within which physics was practiced in the People's Republic of China under Mao Zedong. A decade later, \fang emerged as a major architect of the Chinese nuclear weapons project and his whole institute and most of the leading Chinese physicists devoted themselves to it. -
Prof. Chien Wei-Zang, a Renowned Scientist and Educationist, Is President of Shanghai University
Professor Chien Wei-Zang (1913 – 2010) See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chien_Wei-zang http://facta.junis.ni.ac.rs/macar/macar98/macar98-21.pdf From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: Chien Wei-zang or Qian Weichang (9 October 1913 - 30 July 2010) was a Chinese physicist and applied mathematician, as well as academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Chien, a scientist and educator, was the President of Shanghai University. He was born in Wuxxi County, Jiangsu Province, China, on October 9, 1913. After graduating from Tsinghua University in 1935, he entered the Graduate School of Tsinghua University and became an intern researcher at the National Central Research Institute under the guidance of Prof. Wu Youxun. He obtained a Ph.D. degree at the University of Toronto under the supervision of Prof. J.L. Synge in 1942, and then worked as a research associate in the Jet Propulsion Laboratory of Caltech. In 1946, Chien returned to China and served as professor of Tsinghua University, Peking University and Yanjing University. In 1950s, he was Dean of Studies and Vice President of Tsinghua University, Vice Director of the Institute of Mechanics of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Director of the Institute of Automation of CAS, and a member of the Standing Committee of All China Federation of Scientific Societies. He had been an academician of CAS (formerly named as member of CAS) since 1954 and a foreign academician of Polish Academy of Sciences since 1956. In 1982, Chien became President of Shanghai University of Technology, which was turned into a shambles after the consolidation of 4 institutions of higher education in 1994. -
1Basic Information
Shared document www.kt82.com Zhao Zhongyao (Chinese Academy of Sciences, nuclear physicist) Zhao Zhongyao, male, born 27 June 1902, the Chinese Academy of sciences,Nuclear physicsScientists, nuclear physics research China pioneer, one of the pioneers of China nuclear cause,Nanjing UniversityOutstanding alumni. Was admitted to the Nanjing University in 1920Nanjing Higher Normal SchoolIn 1924 June, graduated from the Department of physics and chemistry, half a year after the return to school as a teaching assistant and continue to take university credits, graduated in March 1927. In 1949, AmericaCalifornia Institute of TechnologyOf nuclear reaction studies, he returned to China in 1950. In 1955, back to the equipment and parts for Zhao Zhongyao, presided over the China built the first proton electrostatic accelerator, and studied the nuclear reaction. 9 years later, the first group China "mushroom cloud" in the northwest of the China launch. 1Basic information Zhao Zhongyao (June 27, 1902 - May 28, 1998), In 1902 June, Zhejiang Zhuji People. Graduated in 1925 National Southeast University (49 years renamed Nanjing University Department of physics, incorporated) Tsinghua University Teach. In 1927 American California polytechnic students, Ph.D. in 1930. In 1931 in the UK University of Cambridge Cavendish laboratory access. After returning home has served as a professor of physics at Tsinghua University, Yunnan University Professor, Southwest United University Professor of physics, Centre College professor. In 1946 America some nuclear physics laboratory visit and research work. Back in 1950, served as Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of modern physics, Atomic energy Research Fellow, China science researcher, deputy director of the Institute of high energy physics, Chinese Nuclear Society Vice chairman of the board of directors. -
Party Controls in National Central University and Nanjing University Before and After 1949
Lingnan University Digital Commons @ Lingnan University Theses & Dissertations Department of Political Sciences 2008 Party controls in National Central University and Nanjing University before and after 1949 Zhendong XU Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.ln.edu.hk/pol_etd Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Xu, Z. (2008). Party controls in National Central University and Nanjing University before and after 1949 (Master's thesis, Lingnan University, Hong Kong). Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.14793/pol_etd.5 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Political Sciences at Digital Commons @ Lingnan University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Lingnan University. Terms of Use The copyright of this thesis is owned by its author. Any reproduction, adaptation, distribution or dissemination of this thesis without express authorization is strictly prohibited. All rights reserved. PARTY CONTROLS IN NATIONAL CENTRAL UNIVERSITY AND NANJING UNIVERSITY BEFORE AND AFTER 1949 XU ZHENDONG MPHIL LINGNAN UNIVERSITY 2008 PARTY CONTROLS IN NATIONAL CENTRAL UNIVERSITY AND NANJING UNIVERSITY BEFORE AND AFTER 1949 by XU Zhendong A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Philosophy in Social Science (Political Science) Lingnan University 2008 ABSTRACT Party controls in National Central University and Nanjing University before and after 1949 by XU Zhendong Master of Philosophy In 1898, with the foundation of the Metropolitan University of the Qing Dynasty (Jingshi da xuetang) in Beijing, the modern higher education system was established in China. After the Qing Dynasty, China has been ruled by two political parties before and after 1949: Kuomintang (KMT) dated from 1911 to 1949 and Chinese Communist Party (CCP)1 dated from 1949 to present. -
Theory Attached to Practice Chinese Debates Over Basic Research from Thought Remolding to the Bomb, 1949–1966
C hapter 8 Theory Attached to Practice Chinese Debates over Basic Research from Thought Remolding to the Bomb, 1949–1966 Zuoyue Wang ላሌ In 1963, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), which had come under re- peated political attacks in the past for pursuing impractical “theory in detach- ment from practice,” sought to take advantage of an interlude of ideological liberalization by codifying the optimum proportions of its various programs. The Academy formulated a set of “work regulations” governing four types of research, which it would engage in during the coming decade: “15–20 percent basic research, 35–45 percent applied basic research, 30–40 percent applied research, and 5–10 percent extension research.”1 Both the contents of the above policy pronouncement and the fact that it was made at all refl ected the central position of the debate over basic and applied research—in its various semantic guises—in the politics of science and technology policy of the People’s Republic of China (P.R.C.) under Communist leader Mao Zedong both before and after 1963.The objective of this chapter is to use the basic/applied debate to explore the interactions of historical forces at work in shaping Chinese science and technology policy during the Mao era, which started with the founding of the P.R.C. in 1949 and ended with his death and the termination of the Cultural Revolution in 1976. In what forms did the basic/applied debate emerge in Maoist China as a matter of politics, policy, and rhetoric, and how did it refl ect and shape the relationships between the party state and the scientifi c elite? Did the course of the debate fi t, for example, into the pattern of repeated shifts, back and forth, between the techno-bureaucratic “regularization” and the radical “mobiliza- tion” models of Mao-era science policy and politics as observed by the China This open access library edition is supported by the University of Bonn. -
Chinese Physicists' Construction of the Straton Model in Social Context1
Chinese Annals of History of Science and Technology 2 (1), 085–122 (2018) doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1461.2018.01085 Chinese Physicists’ Construction of the Straton Model in Social Context1 Liu Jinyan 刘金岩2 (Institute for the History of Natural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China) Abstract: In 1956, disciplines including nuclear technology and research on nuclear and elementary particles were added to the P. R. China’s national program for science and technology development. Mao Zedong explicitly supported Shoichi Sakata, a Japanese physicist, in applying materialistic dialectics to physics research, which influenced Chinese scientists in their study of particle physics. Starting in the early 1960s, physicists from the Institute of Atomic Energy, CAS, the Institute of Mathematics, CAS, Peking University, and University of Science and Technology of China put effort into the theoretical research of elementary particles and gradually formed a collaborative research group. From 1965 to 1966, they analyzed the experimental results and existing theories available to them, made a connection between their work and Mao Zedong’s belief that matter can be infinitely divided, and put forward the straton model, a structure model of hadrons. In July 1966, the straton model was presented at the Summer Physics Colloquium of the Peking Symposium. Unfortunately, scientific research in China soon came to a halt due to the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976); the academic exchange between Chinese scientists and their foreign peers became even more difficult than before. The calculation results of the hadron model failed to be formally published in English as Chinese scientists had wanted. As a result, the model did not have the kind of influence upon the development of particle physics at the international level that these scientists had expected. -
The Chinese Developmental State During the Cold War: the Making of the 1956 Twelve-Year Science and Technology Plan
HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY, 2015 VOL. 31, NO. 3, 180–205 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2015.1126024 The Chinese developmental state during the Cold War: the making of the 1956 twelve-year science and technology plan Zuoyue Wang Department of History, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA, USA ABSTRACT KEYWORDS In 1956, the government of the People’s Republic of China made 1956 12-year science and a 12-year plan for scientific and technological developments (‘The technology plan of China; Long-term Plan for the Development of Science and Technology for nuclear weapons; Mao Zedong; Zhou Enlai; the 1956–1967’), often credited as a visionary blueprint for its nuclear cold war weapons programs and industrialization. Yet, this study suggests that the plan was not the logical manifestation of a unified national leadership, but rather the result of political contestations and compromises among the Communist party-state leaders, especially between Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai, and between the state and the scientific–technological elite. It further indicates that the making of Chinese science and technology policy was shaped by the cold war geopolitics, national developmental aspirations and transnational influences, especially from the Soviet Union and the USA. In January 1955, V. A. Kovda, a Soviet soil scientist who was serving as the chief advi- sor to the president of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing, delivered a report to the academy on ‘Some Measures for the Planning and Organization of Chinese National Scientific Research Work.’1 A chain of events then ensued which led to the making, in late 1956, of an ambitious and influential ‘Outline of a Long-Term Plan for the Development of Science and Technology, 1956–1967,’ commonly known as the 12-Year Science Plan. -
Science and Technology in the Global Cold War (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2015), 343-369
Naomi Oreskes and John Krige (eds.), Science and Technology in the Global Cold War (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2015), 343-369. 11 The Cold War and the Reshaping of Transnational Science in China Zuoyue Wang In an article in the October 1967 issue of Foreign Affairs , former vice president Richard Nixon advocated a more active US foreign policy toward China, declaring “ There is no place on this small planet for a billion of its potentially most able people to live in angry isolation. ” 1 During the next several years, the perception of a China insulated from the outside world would receive confirmation as the country spiraled further into the Cultural Revolution maelstrom at home and engaged in conflicts with both the United States and the Soviet Union abroad. In science, technology, and education, almost all universities and research institutes were shut down, international scientific interactions ceased, and importation of foreign journals and books stopped. Yet less than five years later Nixon, as president, would land in Beijing, and a new era in the history of the Cold War and in China ’ s scientific relations with the rest of the world would begin. In this chapter I will sketch, in very general terms, how the Cold War reshaped China ’ s scientific enterprise, especially its transnational character. The Cold War will be understood here not as a straightforward bipolar US-Soviet competition, but rather as a series of triangular US-Soviet-Chinese geopolitical interactions with alternating periods of alliance and hostility as seen from the Chinese perspective. 2 The dynamics of the Cold War conditioned China ’ s choice of major partners in international scientific exchanges and shaped domestic scientific priorities and institu- tions, which served to alter the existing patterns of Chinese transnational scientific interactions, sometimes in surprising ways.