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Assessment of Refinery Effluents and Receiving Waters Using Biologically- Based Effect Methods

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Assessment of Refinery Effluents and Receiving Waters Using Biologically- Based Effect Methods The oil companies’ European association for Environment, Health and Safety in refining and distribution report no. 1/12 Assessment of refinery effluents and receiving waters using biologically- based effect methods conservation of clean air and water in europe © CONCAWE report no. 1/12 Assessment of refinery effluents and receiving waters using biologically- based effect methods Prepared by the Special Task Force on Biological Effects Measures (WQ/STF-32): G. Whale (Chairman) P. Baldoni-Andrey A. Basseres T.K. Frost I. Fotiadou L. González Bajos I. Keresztenyi T. Parkerton M. Paumen M. Comber (Consultant) A. Girling (Consultant) K. den Haan (Technical Coordinator) Reproduction permitted with due acknowledgement CONCAWE Brussels January 2012 I report no. 1/12 ABSTRACT Within the EU it is apparent that the regulatory focus on the use of biologically- based effects methods in the assessment of refinery effluents and receiving waters has increased in the past decade. This has been reflected in a recent refinery survey which revealed an increased use of such methods for assessing the quality of refinery effluents and their receiving waters. This report provides an overview of recent techniques used for this purpose. Several case studies provided by CONCAWE member companies describe the application of biological methods to effluent discharge assessment and surface water monitoring. The case studies show that when biological methods are applied to refinery effluents and receiving waters they raise different questions compared with those obtained using physical and chemical methods. Although direct measurement of the toxicity of effluent and receiving to aquatic organisms is the most cited technique, more recent efforts include tests that also address the persistence of effluent toxicity once discharged into the receiving water. Similarly, ecological monitoring of receiving waters can identify effects of effluent inputs arising from species interactions and other secondary effects that would not always be apparent from the results of biological tests conducted on single aquatic organisms. In light of recent and proposed regulatory developments the objectives of this report are therefore to: Discuss the application of biologically-based effects methods (including ecological monitoring) to refinery discharges and receiving waters, Assess the implications of such methods for future regulation of refinery discharges and Provide guidance on good practice that can be used by refineries and the downstream oil industry to carry out and interpret data obtained using biologically-based effects methods. While the emphasis is on the toxic effects of effluents, other properties will also be covered because of their interdependency in determining potential effects in the environment. In particular, the properties of effluent constituents that determine their persistence and potential to accumulate within organisms will also be considered. II report no. 1/12 KEYWORDS Refinery effluent, receiving water, biologically-based effects methods, toxicity; bioaccumulation, persistence, ecological monitoring, Whole Effluent Toxicity, Whole Effluent Assessment INTERNET This report is available as an Adobe PDF-file on the CONCAWE website (www.concawe.org). NOTE Considerable efforts have been made to assure the accuracy and reliability of the information contained in this publication. However, neither CONCAWE nor any company participating in CONCAWE can accept liability for any loss, damage or injury whatsoever resulting from the use of this information. This report does not necessarily represent the views of any company participating in CONCAWE. III report no. 1/12 CONTENTS Page SUMMARY IX 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. BACKGROUND & TRENDS 4 3. METHODS FOR ASSESSING TOXICITY, PERSISTENCE AND BIOACCUMULATION OF WHOLE EFFLUENTS 9 3.1. TOXICITY 9 3.2. PERSISTENCE 11 3.3. BIOACCUMULATION 12 4. PREDICTING AND MONITORING THE EFFECTS OF EFFLUENTS IN THE RECEIVING ENVIRONMENT 14 4.1. APPLICATIONS FOR RECEIVING WATER MONITORING STUDIES 14 4.1.1. Assessing the biological status of receiving waters 15 4.1.2. Predicting effects in receiving waters 15 4.1.3. Monitoring effects in the environment 16 4.2. FIELD MONITORING TECHNIQUES 17 4.2.1. Fate and exposure of contaminants 17 4.2.1.1. Specific analyte measurements 18 4.2.1.2. Other water and sediment quality parameters 19 4.2.1.3. Tissue analysis in mussels/fish 19 4.2.1.4. Solid phase (micro) extraction techniques – SP(M)E 20 4.2.1.5. Biomarkers 20 4.2.1.6. Dye studies 22 4.2.2. Biological effects 22 4.2.2.1. Whole Effluent Toxicity (WET) tests 23 4.2.2.2. Ex-situ toxicity monitoring 23 4.2.2.3. In-situ toxicity monitoring 23 4.2.2.4. Aquatic mesocosm studies 23 4.2.2.5. Bio-monitoring 24 4.2.2.6. Condition monitoring 24 4.2.2.7. Impact and recovery monitoring 26 4.2.3. Evolution of monitoring techniques 27 4.2.4. Statistical analysis 28 5. CURRENT REGULATORY APPROACHES 29 5.1. HISTORICAL EMPHASIS OF EFFLUENT CONTROL AND MONITORING IN EUROPE 29 5.2. CURRENT NATIONAL AND EU REGULATORY ACTIVITIES 30 5.2.1. Water Framework Directive (WFD) 30 5.2.2. OSPAR 32 5.3. FEEDBACK ON REFINERY EXPERIENCE WITH APPLICATION OF WHOLE EFFLUENT ASSESSMENTS (WEA) BY THEIR LOCAL AUTHORITIES /REGULATORS 35 6. STRATEGY FOR ASSESSING EFFLUENTS 37 6.1. RECOMMENDED STRATEGY FOR ASSESSING REFINERY EFFLUENTS 37 6.1.1. Prioritisation 38 6.1.2. Initial assessment 38 IV report no. 1/12 6.1.3. Further assessments 39 6.1.3.1. Toxicity 39 6.1.3.2. Persistence 39 6.1.3.3. Monitoring studies – introduction to a TRIAD approach 40 6.1.4. Risk characterisation 40 6.1.5. Risk management 41 6.2. ASSESSING EFFLUENTS FOR COMPLIANCE PURPOSES 42 7. MANAGEMENT OF EFFLUENT ASSESSMENT PROGRAMS 43 7.1. RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT PLANS 43 7.2. REFINERY-SPECIFIC STRATEGIES 44 7.3. LESSONS LEARNED 44 8. DISCUSSION 46 8.1. EFFLUENT ASSESSMENT 46 8.2. FIELD MONITORING ASSESSMENTS 47 8.3. IMPLICATIONS FOR REFINERIES 48 9. REFERENCES 49 10. GLOSSARY 56 APPENDIX I: CASE STUDIES INTRODUCTION TO SUBSTANTIVE APPENDICES 59 CS-1. CASE STUDY 1: ASSESSING REFINERY STREAMS – ADDRESSING THE IMPACT OF TREATMENT ON TOXICITY AND ASSESSING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT 60 CS-1.1. KEY POINTS AND LEARNING 60 CS-1.2. INITIAL LABORATORY STUDIES OF EFFLUENTS AND WASTE WATERS 62 CS-1.2.1. Effluent toxicity studies 62 CS-1.2.2. Waste water toxicity studies 62 CS-1.2.3. Recipient water and sediment studies 65 CS-1.3. SUPPORTING ASSESSMENTS 74 CS-1.3.1. Microtox toxicity 74 CS-1.3.2. Chemical Analysis 76 CS-1.3.3. Corophium volutator sediment tests 77 CS-1.4. CONCLUSIONS 79 CS-1.5. REFERENCES 80 CS-2. CASE STUDY 2: EFFLUENT TOXICITY AT MONGSTAD REFINERY 82 CS-2.1. SUMMARY AND KEY LEARNINGS 82 CS-2.2. INTRODUCTION 82 CS-2.3. EFFLUENT TREATMENT 83 CS-2.3.1. Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) 83 CS-2.3.2. Ballast Water Treatment Plant (BWTP) 84 CS-2.4. TOXICITY OF THE OIL REFINERY EFFLUENT 84 CS-2.4.1. Whole Effluent Toxicity Study - 2004 85 CS-2.4.2. Investigation of acute toxicity of Mongstad refinery effluents on marine organisms - 1993 86 CS-2.4.3. Light inhibition of marine bacteria and growth inhibition of marine algae 87 CS-2.4.4. Inhibition of growth rate on marine algae 88 CS-2.4.5. Hatching success of the planktonic crustacean Acartia tonsa 89 V report no. 1/12 CS-2.4.6. Lethal and physiological effects on the mysid Neomysis integer 90 CS-2.4.7. Effects of exposure of egg and larvae on cod (Gadus morhua) 90 CS-2.5. COMPARISONS BETWEEN 1993 AND 2004 WET STUDIES 91 CS-2.6. CHEMICAL CHARACTERISATION OF THE EFFLUENT 91 CS-2.6.1. Naturally occurring components 91 CS-2.6.2. Added chemicals 92 CS-2.7. DILUTION AND DISPERSION MODELLING 92 CS-2.7.1. Validation of dispersion modelling dye studies 93 CS-2.8. RISK EVALUATION OF THE EFFLUENT 93 CS-2.9. CONCLUSION 94 CS-2.10. REFERENCES 95 CS-3. CASE STUDY 3: ECOLOGICAL MONITORING OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT AT MONGSTAD REFINERY 96 CS-3.1. SUMMARY AND KEY LEARNINGS 96 CS-3.2. INTRODUCTION 96 CS-3.3. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING METHODS 97 CS-3.3.1. Baseline/monitoring surveys the period 1972-1979 97 CS-3.3.2. Baseline monitoring studies 1985 -1987 99 CS-3.3.3. Regular monitoring surveys 1990-2006 101 CS-3.3.4. Follow-up monitoring 1989-2004 109 CS-3.4. SUMMARY 109 CS-3.5. REFERENCES 116 CS-4. CASE STUDY 4: A STUDY ON THE ECOTOXICITY OF MOL DANUBE REFINERY EFFLUENTS 120 CS-4.1. SUMMARY 120 CS-4.2. THE WASTEWATER TREATING SYSTEM OF MOL DANUBE REFINERY (PRE-2004) 120 CS-4.3. THE BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT 120 CS-4.4. NON BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT PLANTS 121 CS-4.4.1. Upper Plant Wastewater Treating Plant 121 CS-4.4.2. The Lower Plant Wastewater Treating Plant 121 CS-4.4.3. Methods 122 CS-4.4.4. Results 123 CS-5. CASE STUDY 5: PREDICTING THE EFFECT OF REFINERY EFFLUENTS 127 CS-5.1. SUMMARY AND KEY LEARNINGS 127 CS-5.2. INTRODUCTION 127 CS-5.2.1. Phase 1 127 CS-5.2.2. Phase 2 128 CS-5.2.3. Phase 3 128 CS-5.3. METHODOLOGY 129 CS-5.3.1. Sample collection and storage 129 CS-5.3.2. SPME analyses 130 CS-5.3.3. Additional parameters 131 CS-5.4. RESULTS 131 CS-5.4.1. Biomimetic extraction (SPME extraction) 131 CS-5.4.2. GC and MS analyses 132 CS-5.4.2.2. Supplemental Screening with GC-MS analysis 133 CS-5.4.3.
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