NCAR-TN/IA-111 Data Sets for Meteorological Research

NCAR-TN/IA-1 11 NCAR TECHNICAL NOTE U. July 1975

Data Sets for Meteorological Research

Roy L. Jenne

ATMOSPHERIC TECHNOLOGY DIVISION a II ~~~-C -- -- ~~~~~-C- ~~~~-- I NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH BOULDER, COLORADO I iii

FOREWORD

Primary emphasis is given to describing the data sets that are available for meteorological research. Some of the main sets for physical oceanography are also included. Conventional instrumental data and satellite data are discussed; the proxy data such as tree rings and pollen receive only limited attention. We have attempted to refer to the major sets of data held within the United States. Many of the data sets give global coverage. Most of the data sets listed are stored in such a way that they can be read by computers. I v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would especially like to acknowledge the many people in different organizations who have shared their knowledge about the various data sets. The time taken by several of these organizations to help prepare the information about their data and to proofread the completed chapters is appreciated very much.

J. Fletcher (Office of Polar Programs-NSF, then NOAA Environmental Research Labs) and Uwe Radok (NSF) encouraged the expansion of the scope of this work and its early completion to help with some of the aspects of establishing national climate programs. Close contact has also been maintained with W. Sprigg of the NOAA office that is responsible for helping to draft the U.S. Climate Program Plan.

In December 1974, working group II (organized under the Office of Climate Dynamics, NSF, and with NOAA input) met at NCAR to consider the assembly of conventional data. I am very indebted to the other members of this group for portions of the information in this Technical Note. Members were:

Maj. William Buchan - USAF ETAC (Environmental Technical Applications Center, Washington, D.C.)

James Churgin - NODC (National Oceanographic Data Center, Washington, D.C.)

Richard Davis - NCC (National Climatic Center, Asheville, N.C.)

Tadepalli Murty - Ocean and Aquatic Affairs, Dept. of the Environment, Ottawa.

Richard Wert - NORPAX, Northern Pacific Ocean Experiment, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, California.

James Zuver - FNWC, Navy Fleet Numerical Weather Central, Monterey, California.

Roy Jenne - NCAR, Chairman.

W. Buchan and Ralph Russell (ETAC operating location in Asheville) have been extremely helpful in assembling and proofreading the material for the ETAC chapter. James Churgin played a similar role for the NODC chapter. Richard Davis and Vincent Hagarty of NCC spent a lot of time checking information and answering questions. Robert Quayle and Frank Quinlan of NCC also fielded many vi

questions. Tad Murty shared his wealth of knowledge about the availability of oceanographic products. Richard Wert provided information about data preparation being done at NORPAX, and J. Zuver helped in the preparation of the FNWC chapter.

I also wish to acknowledge the efforts of several other people in both helping us to obtain data and answering questions: Arthur Bedient, James McDonell, and Robert Gelhard of NMC; Thomas Gray and Charles Bristor of National Environmental Satellite Service (NESS); Thomas Flattery of National Meteorological Center (NMC) and USAF; James Vette and Leland Dubach of the National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC).

I also wish to acknowledge the administrative-level support that the various organizations have given: Thomas Austin and Arnold Hull of the NOAA Environmental Data Service; William Haggard, NCC; Robert Ochinero, NODC; Col. Robert Gottuso, ETAC; Capt. Conley Ward, FNWC; Francis Bretherton and G. Stuart Patterson, NCAR.

The typing of the manuscript by Ruby Fulk, Sara Ladd, Colleen Velie, Nancy Wright, Billie Wheat, Dianne Bernier, and Mary Buck is appreciated very much.

The preparation of the information about the NCAR data sets has been aided by Dennis Joseph, Paul Mulder, and Wilbur Spangler.

Other review and proofreading efforts have been very helpful: by Bram Oort, J. M. Wallace, Jay Winston, Thomas Vonder Haar, and Hugh O'Neil.

Finally I wish to acknowledge the patience of Harold Crutcher, of NCC, who has been waiting for the completion of a project to clean up the monthly mean rawinsonde data. The project has been further delayed by the preparation of this text. vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE

FOREWORD III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS V TARLE SHOWING LOCATION OF INFORMATION XII INTRODUCT ION1

CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT DATA SETS AT NCAR 5 1. DAILY GRID DATA 2. AVERAGE GRIDS 3. SYNOPTICALLY FILED UPPER AIR OBSERVED DATA 4. TIME SERIES OF UPPER AIR OBSERVED DATA 5. SYNOPTICALLY FILED SURFACE OBSERVED DATA 6. MONTHLY MEAN SURFACE DATA 7. MONTHLY MEAN RAWINSONDE DATA 8. SATELLITE BRIGHTNESS DATA 9. GEOGRAPHIC DATA 10. DATA HANDLING METHODS

CHAPTER 2. SELECTED DAILY GRIDS AT NCAR (PRESSURE, HEIGHT, TEMPERATURE) 13 1. SEA LEVEL PRESSURE GRIDS 1899-CURRENT 2. SEA LEVEL PRESSURE AND SURFACE TEMPERATURE FROM AFGWC 3. SEA LEVEL PRESSURE AND SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURE FROM MNC B-3 4. SEA LEVEL PRESSURE AND 700 MB HEIGHT AND TEMPERATURE 5. 300 MB DATA FROM UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN 6. 433L ESSPO PROJECT GRID DATA 7. IGY NORTHERN HEMISPHERE STRATOSPHERIC DATA 8. HEIGHT AND TEMPERATURE ANALYSES FROM AFGWC 9. ANALYSES FROM NMC 10. WESTERN HEMISPHERE ANALYSES OF THE HIGH STRATOSPHERE 11. SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE DAILY GRID DATA 12. IGY SURFACE AND 500 MB DAILY TROPICAL GRID

CHAPTER 3. NMC. ANALYSIS DATA FROM THE NATIONAL METEOROLOGICAL CENTER 19 1. INTRODUCTION 2. MAIN STACK OF N. HEM. HEIGHT AND TEMP GRIDS THRU DEC 72- 3. VERTICAL MOTION DATA 4. ANALYZED WINDS FROM NMC B-3 5. TROPICAL GRID DATA FROM NMC 6. SELECTED N. HEM. GRIDS FROM NMC 7. THE SELECTION OF NMC GRID DATA STARTING IN JAN 1973 8. NMC FORECASTS AVAILABLE AT NCAR (WRITTEN SEP 1973) 9. GLOBAL ANALYSES FROM NMC

CHAPTER 4. CLOUD, HUMIDITY, RAIN. MOISTURE, AND WATER DATA 29 1. DEW POINT AND NEPH DATA FROM AFGWC 2. LAYER HUMIDITY FROM NMC B-3 TAPES (AT NCAR) 3. U.S. NAVY MOISTURE ANALYSES 4. TROPICAL NEP ANALYSIS DATA 5. CLOUD COVER BASED ON SATELLITE BRIGHTNESS DATA 6 AVERAGE CLOUDS BASED ON SURFACE OBSERVATIONS 7. DAILY STREAMFLOW DATA 8. PRECIPITATION DATA FROM RADAR 9. SOIL MOISTURE AND DROUGHT DATA viii

CHAPTER 5. MISCELLANEOUS DATA SETS 33 1 GULF OF MEXICO OCEANOGRAPHIC AND ATMOSPHERIC DATA 2. OZONE DATA 3. EOLE FRENCH BALLOON DATA 4. LINE ISLANDS EXPERIMENT 5. AIRCRAFT DATA FOR GATE 6. S.E. ASIA MESOSCALE UPPER AIR DATA 7. WATER VAPOR SPECTRUM LINES 8. STATION LIBRARY INFORMATION 9. DATA FROM NATIONAL HAIL RESEARCH EXPERIMENT 10l DATA AT THE NATIONAL SEVERE STORMS LABORATORY 11. DATA AT THE ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY

CHAPTER 6. ETAC. ENVIRONMENTAL DATA SETS AT USAFETAC 37 1. INTRODUCTION 2. SURFACE DATA -- SYNOPTIC CODE AND AIRWAYS 3. UPPER AIR DATA 4. SATELLITE SOUNDINGS 5. TDF 13 SURFACE SYNOPTIC DATA 6. ANALYSES FROM AFGWC 7. OTHER DATA SETS AT ETAC

CHAPTER 7. NCC. DATA AT THE NATIONAL CLIMATOLOGICAL CENTER 49 1. INTRODUCTION 2. LISTINGS OF DATA HOLDINGS 3. RAWINSONDE DATA 4. WINDS ALOFT DATA 5. ROCKETSONDE DATA AT NCC (JAN 1975) 6. SURFACE SYNOPTIC OBSERVATIONS 7. AIRWAYS DATA 8. DAILY SURFACE DATA FOR UNITED STATES 9. OTHER DAILY SURFACE OBSERVATIONS 10. RAINFALL DATA 11. MISC. SETS OF SURFACE DATA 12. SOLAR RADIATION 13. DATA FROM BOMEX EXPERIMENT 14. CYCLONE POSITIONS 15. TOWER DATA - CEDAR HILL, TEXAS 16. DATA SETS STORED ELSEWHERE THAT ARE RELATED TO NCC DATA 17. OZONE SOUNDINGS FROM BALLOON ASCENTS 18. COASTAL OBSERVING STATIONS 19. ATMOSPHERIC TURBIDITY DATA 20. DATA FROM GATE EXPERIMENT

CHAPTER 8. UPPER AIR OBSERVED DATA 63 SECTION A. UPPER AIR OBSERVED DATA IN SYNOPTIC ORDER 1. FROM NMC 2 FROM AFGWC 3. AT FNWC 4. NORTHERN HEMISPHERE FROM UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI, MITT NCC 5 AIRCRAFT DATA 6 PRINTED UPPER AIR DATA ON MICROFILM SFCTION B. UPPER AIR OBSERVED DATA IN TIME SERIES ORDER ix

67 CHAPTER 9. SURFACE SYNOPTIC OBSERVED DATA 1. INTRODUCTION 2. FILED IN SYNOPTIC SEQUENCE 3. FILED IN TIME SERIES ORDER 69 CHAPTER 10. CLIMATOLOGICAL YR-MO SURFACE AND UA DATA, TREE RINGS 1* MONTHLY MEAN RAWINSONDE DATA 2. MONTHLY MEAN REPORTS FROM' SURFACE STATIONS 3. ATLAS OF MEAN SURFACE TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE BY MONTHS 1881-1960 4. TREE RING DATA FOR WESTERN AMERICA 5. N. AMERICAN CLIMATE DATA TO 109000 YEARS 6. DATA BANK OF EARLY CLIMATOLOGICAL SOURCES 73 CHAPTER 11. GLOBAL CLIMATOLOGICAL GRID DATA 1. GLOBAL CLIMATOLOGY TO 100 MB 2. CLIMATOLOGICAL GRID DATA PREPARED BY RAND 3. STRATOSPHERIC CLIMATOLOGY

CHAPTER 12. STRATOSPHERIC DATA 75 1. INTRODUCTION 2. IGY NORTHERN HEMISPHERE STRATOSPHERIC DATA 3. HEIGHT AND TEMPERATURE ANALYSES FROM AFGWC (AIR FORCE) 4. DAILY HEIGHT AND TEMPERATURE ANALYSES FROM NMC 5. DAILY HEIGHT AND TEMPERATURE ANALYSES PREPARED IN GERMANY. 6. WEEKLY CONSTANT PRESSURE GRIDS AT 59 29 AND .4 MB 7. STRATOSPHERIC ANALYSES FROM GERMANY 8. STRATOSPHERIC CLIMATOLOGY 9. RAWINSONDE DATA 10. MONTHLY THICKNESS DATA FROM SATELLITES AT NCAR 11. ROCKETSONDE DATA AT NCC 81 CHAPTER 13. SATELLITE DATA 1. INTRODUCTION 2. SATELLITE BRIGHTNESS DATA FROM NESS 3. ARCHIVE OF NESS SCANNER IR AND VISIBLE DATA 4'. LRIR DATA 5. OTHER SATELLITE IR DATA 6. MOISTURE DATA FROM NESS 7. CLOUD DRIFT WINDS AND MOVIE LOOPS 8. SOLAR PROTON MONITOR DATA 9. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT SATELLITE SIRS AND VTPR DATA 10. VTPR SATELLITE IR SOUNDING DATA FROM NESS 11. DEFENSE METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE PROGRAM (DMSP) (WAS DAPP) 12. SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE DATA FROM NESS 13. SCR SOUNDING DATA FROM NIMBUS-4 SATELLITE 14. NIMBUS-5 DATA 15. OZONE SOUNDING DATA FROM SATELLITE 16. ICE AND SNOW AND ESMR MICROWAVE DATA 17. SATELLITE DATA FOR THE GATE EXPERIMENT 18. SEASAT SATELLITE 19. ERTS DATA x

CHAPTER 14. FNWC. METEOROLOGICAL AND OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA AT FLEET 107 NUMERICAL WEATHER CENTRAL SFCTION A. DAILY ANALYZED DATA 1. INTRODUCTION 2. COVERAGE OF SURFACE DATA 3. SEA LEVEL PRESSURE 4. SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURE 5. UPPER AIR DATA IN ANALYZED GRIDS--ALL TWICE DAILY COVERAGE 6. MOISTURE AND CLOUD GRIDS 7. DERIVED SURFACE WIND 8. HEAT FLUX 90 TEMPERATURE AT DEPTH (DAILY GRIDS) 10. WAVES 11. SURFACE CURRENTS 12. TROPICAL GRIDS 13. GLOBAL SEA LEVEL PRESSURE ANALYSES AND WATER TEMPERATURE 14. SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE ANALYSES SECTION B. OBSERVED DATA 15. SYNOPTIC SURFACE OBSERVATIONS 16. SYNOPTIC UPPER-AIR OBSERVATIONS 17. RECENT SURFACE AND UPPER AIR SYNOPTICALLY FILED DATA 18. SPECIAL MARINE OBSERVATIONS 19. EXPENDABLE BATHYTHERMOGRAPH SOUNDINGS SECTION C. AVERAGE OCEAN TEMPERATURE AT DEPTH 20. AVERAGE OCEAN TEMPERATURES AT DEPTH PREPARED AT FNWC 21. NORTHERN HEMISPHERE OCEAN TEMPERATURE ANALYSES SECTION D. AVERAGE ANALYSIS DATA 22. LONG TERM (NORMAL) MONTHLY GRID STATISTICS PRODUCED AT FNWC. 23. MONTHLY AND HALF MONTHLY GRID MEANS FOR EACH YEAR AT FNWC

CHAPTER 15. NODC. DATA AT THE NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA CENTER 119 1. INTRODUCTION 2. OCEANOGRAPHIC STATION DATA FILE 3. MBT 4. XBT 5. OCEAN WEATHER STATION DATA 6. SURFACE TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY 7. SURFACE AND SEABED CURRENTS 8. DATA FROM CURRENT METERS AND FROM SELECTED DRIFTERS

CHAPTER 16. SEA SURFACE WATER TEMPERATURE GRID DATA 123 1. NAVY SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE GRIDS 2. NMC SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURES 3 BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES SST GRID DATA 4. LONG-TERM MEAN SEA SURFACE WATER TEMPERATURE 5. SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURES 6. HALF MONTHLY PACIFIC OCEAN GRIDS PREPARED BY NORPAX 7. SATELLITE DATA xi

CHAPTER 17. WORLD SURFACE SHIP DATA 125 1 INTRODUCTION 2. PROJECTS THAT AID IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIS DATA SET 3. RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING THE DATA FLOW AND CHECKING 4. ASPECTS OF DATA MANAGEMENT 5. STATUS OF THE DATA SETS BASED ON SHIP LOGS 6. SYNOPTIC FILE OF SHIP OBSERVATIONS 7. AN EVALUATION OF THE GLOBAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM (GTS) AS A MARINE CLIMATIC DATA SOURCE

CHAPTER 18. GEOGRAPHICAL DATA 131 1. ELEVATION DATA FROM USAF, 1 DEG, 30 MIN, 5 MIN 2. AVE ONE DEGREE ELEVATION, DEPTH, AND ICE DATA FROM SCRIPPS 3* TEN MINUTE ELEVATION DATA FOR THE WORLD 4. ICE AGE SURFACE ELEV AND SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE 5. ELEVATION DATA--HIGH RESOLUTION 6. CONTINENTAL SHELF DEPTH AND MAP DATA

CHAPTER 19. DATA FOR ASSESSMENT STUDIES 135 SFCTION A. CROP ,DATA 1. CROP YIELDS BY STATES 2. US COUNTY AND CROP DISTRICT DATA 3. USDA CROP DISTRICT DATA 4. CROP STATISTICS FOR THE WORLD 5. CROP DATA FROM FAO IN ROME 6. LACIE(LARGE AREA CROP INVENTORY PROGRAM) SECTION B. AIR QUALITY DATA 7. AIR QUALITY DATA 8. DATA FROM LOS ANGELES REACTIVE POLLUTANT PROGRAM SECTION C. CENSUS AND ECONOMIC DATA 9. DATA AT LAWRENCE BERKELEY LABORATORY

CHAPTER 20. SELECTED INFORMATION ABOUT DATA SETS HERE AND IN OTHER 139 COUNTRIES 1. FEDERAL DATA CENTERS IN THE US 2. WMO CATALOG OF DATA FOR RESEARCH 3. ENDEX SYSTEM FOR DATA SET INFORMATION 4. WORLD SURVEY OF OCEANOGRAPHIC PRODUCTS AND METHODS 5. DATA SETS IN CANADA 6. INFORMATION ABOUT DATA HOLDINGS IN OTHER COUNTRIES

CHAPTER 21. SELECTED ASPECTS OF DATA SET PREPARATION 141 1. INTRODUCTION 2. CONSIDERATIONS NECESSARY IN PLANNING EACH SET OF DATA 3. DATA VOLUME

APPENDIX' 1 ENVIRONMENTAL DATA SETS AT USAFETAC 149 APPENDIX 2. A LISTING OF DATA SETS AT THE NATIONAL CLIMATIC CENTER 157 APPENDIX 3. NEWS CLIPPINGS ABOUT DATA 165 APPENDIX 4. SOURCES OF INFORMATION AND DATA 169

ADDRESSES 181 REFERENCES 187 INDEX 193 xii

Table Showing Location of Information in this Text

For selected data types, this table shows where information about the data may be found in the text. An * means data are there but are not specifically described in this text. The number 2.11 is Chapter 2, Section 11. The NMC data are covered in the NCAR column. Also, see the Index at the end of the text.

Data Type NCAR FNWC ETAC NCC NODC OTHERS

Sea level pressure grids 2. * 14.3 6.6 dC~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. Northern hemisphere analyses 2., 3., 14. 6.6 * 4.1, 4.2 Tropical analyses 2.12, 3.5 14.12 6.6 * Southern hemisphere analyses 2.11, 3.9 14.13, 20.6 2.12 14.14 6.6 7, 2. Stratosphere grids 2.7, 3. 14.5 6.6 2.7, 2.10 12., 13. 2.10, 12. Cloud analyses 4.1, 13. 14.6 6. 13. Ocean analyses 14. 20.4 Climatology grids 11. * 10.3 Average grids 1.2, 11.3 14.D 6.6 10.3, 16.6 Surface synoptic 1.5, 9. 14.15 6.2 6.2 Surface synoptic time series 9. 6.2, 6.5 6.2, 7.6 Ship synoptic 9. 14.15, 17. 6.2, 9. 9., 17. Airways 6.2 6.2, 7.7 Rainfall 10. 6.2 6.2 7.8, 7.6 4. 7.10, 10. Drought 6.7 7.11 Upper air synoptic file 1.3, 8.A 6.3 6.3 Upper air time series 1.4, 8.B 6.3 7.3, 7.4 Rocketsonde 7.5 Crops 19. Solar 7.12 13. Satellite 13. 13. 13. Ocean currents 14.11 15. Ocean soundings 14.B 15. Geographical 18. 18. .~~~~5 18 1

INTRODUCTION

This document is intended to provide information about various data sets for meteorological and oceanographic research. We provide a few details about the data, but generally avoid voluminous information such as station lists, and detailed methods. Although several years ago this was conceived as a relatively brief writeup describing the data sets archived at NCAR, it has been expanded to cover many of the data sets held in other centers. Given this general information about various data sets, people can more quickly approach a specific data bank to satisfy their needs.

NCAR has an extensive set of grid point data. Our set of upper-air synoptically filed observed data is also fairly complete. Other types of data are usually in more complete sets at NOAA's National Climatic Center (NCC) in Asheville, N.C., which is the basic national archive for meteorological data. Since NCAR has data from sources other than NCC, and because we have often re- formulated the data in a way that may be convenient for other groups, NCAR also makes its data available (at cost) as a service to members of the research community. The data can be accessed by approved projects run on the NCAR computers, or they can be sent on tape. Because we have only a very small staff, requests for hard copy output or for changes of format usually cannot be met. We anticipate that most requests for data will continue to be directed to the data centers of NOAA's Environmental Data Service and to NASA.

Those who wish to run their own research programs on the NCAR computer may write to the Director of the NCAR Computing Facility, requesting the necessary application forms.

In planning for data sets, NCAR attempts to emphasize multiple-use data sets, continuity in time, and sufficient information to monitor some of the changes in the global atmosphere.

We are preparing a data base for studies of climatic change and long-range prediction. We routinely archive synoptic-scale data, and will archive an aug- mented set of data during the GARP experiments.

We believe that it is most cost-effective for the data banks to spend a good deal of time in cleaning the various errors out of the data and in making certain that the formats are as stated. If this is done once at the centers, it means that each user will not need to cope with all of these problems. Thus many of the 2

data sets that NCAR receives are processed to reduce the error content, and are put into formats that often reduce the data volume and the time necessary to unpack the data. Such cleanup work is always in progress at other data banks also. How- ever, with hundreds of millions of observations, it is clear that the amount of manual intervention involved in the cleanup process must be limited. Thus there will always be some problems in the various data sets; however they are usually reduced to the point that the data can be easily used. Feedback about problems also helps; thus a listing or cards saying that station A for January 1949 reported a mean temperature of 22° but it should have been 27° are helpful. However, since there are a number of rather extreme rare events, one must be very cautious in changing data (and normally changes should be flagged). Program checks for extreme values (sometimes poorly known) have caused problems, such as the deletion of jet stream winds.

We also note that various instrumental errors may be included in the data. Finally, even if the instruments are perfect, there is the question of whether a sample is representative of only a small area (such as the top of a black roof, a heat island in a city, or the edge of a thunderstorm) or of a much wider area. In the case of the analysis data, there are questions about how much observed data were available for the analyses, how much smoothing was done, and whether the procedures that were used tried to build in vertical consistency between levels. We have included a few statements in the text about the content, reliability, and methods used in preparing the sets. The basic point that we wish to make about the observations and analyses is that although they are not perfect, if they are used wisely they can help us find answers to a number of problems.

In organizing the material, we have compromised between a complete listing of what each organization is doing, and a grouping of information according to type of data. The text leans somewhat toward a listing by organization but a number of chapters discuss given types of data. The Table of Contents, the table showing the location of information (p. XII), and the index also help to track individual types of data.

Chapter 1 gives an overview of the data sets at NCAR; Chapters 2 and 3 give details about grid-point data at NCAR. Chapter 4 about cloud and moisture data and Chapter 5 about other data sets include information about some sets of data not available at NCAR. Chapter 6 discusses ETAC (Air Force Environmental Technical Applications Center) and Chapter 7 covers NCC (National Climatic Center); 3

these centers have huge archives of meteorological data. Chapters 8-13 discuss atmospheric data according to data type: upper air observed data, surface synoptic, year-month mean data, climatological grid data, stratospheric data, and satellite data.

In Chapter 14 we include more about the ocean data by considering both the atmospheric and the ocean data at FNWC (Fleet Numerical Weather Central). We then consider NODC (National Oceanographic Data Center). Chapters 16 and 17 discuss sea surface water temperature grid data and world surface ship data. In Chapters 18 and 19 we consider geographical data and data for assessment studies such as crop data. Chapter 20 discusses a few of the other sources of information and includes information about a directory of federally supported information analysis centers and about a world survey of oceanographic products. Finally, in Chapter 21 we consider aspects of data set preparation that make it easier for us to share data sets.

In order to make the current information widely available, we have arbitrarily limited the scope of this writeup. The list of addresses, references, Appendix 4, and comments in the text will indicate the best places to get other questions answered.

Some comment on the relationship between the world data centers and the national data centers may also be helpful. For example, World Data Center-A for oceanography is located with NODC. However, it does not list all of NODC's data holdings as belonging in its files. The reason is that all data that are part of a WDC are supposed to be equally accessible at the sister WDCs overseas, and it is not practical to exchange all data.

Chapter 1: General Information about Data Sets at NCAR

In this chapter we will discuss the data at NCAR in a general way. Other chapters will provide more specific information about data sets located at NCAR and elsewhere.

1. Daily Grid Data

We have northern hemisphere sea level pressure daily grid data starting in 1899. Ten missing months in 1945 may soon be obtained from Scripps. Height and temperature grids at 700 mb start in 1947, heights at 500 mb start in 1946, 300 mb heights start in 1950, and 100 mb heights start in July 1957. Other stratospheric grids are available from July 1957 through June 1959, and then start again in 1962 or 1964, depending on the source. The earlier grids often have a resolution of only about 5° latitude by 10° longitude, whereas the later grids usually have a spacing of about 400 km. Figure 1-1 shows the availability of height and temperature grids.

Dew point analyses are available for 850, 700, 500, and 400 mb, and nephanalyses for low, middle, high, and total clouds start 1 September 1963. Only total clouds are available until April 1964, when the layered clouds were added. Cloud analyses in this form stop in November 1969. We also have grids of 1000-500 mb average relative humidity starting in March 1968.

We have wind analyses 850-100 mb for 1963 to date except that lower level grids are missing during selected periods. We also have tropical analyses of winds for 700-200 mb starting in 1968 and of temperature starting in 1970 (48°S - 48°N). There are analyses of southern hemisphere sea level pressure and 500 mb height for 18 months during the IGY.

Sea surface temperature grids are available for the northern hemisphere starting in November 1961.

2. Average Grids

Long-term mean monthly climatological data are available on one magnetic tape for each hemisphere, surface to 100 mb. Included are heights, temperature, dew point, and geostrophic winds. Another tape has a climatology of the northern hemisphere stratosphere from 100 to 10 mb. We also have global sea surface water temperature data. 6

Chapter 1

The German stratospheric analyses for each month start in about 1957 or 1964, depending on level and type. Monthly grids of surface water temperature in the North Pacific cover the period January 1949 through December 1962.

3. Synoptically Filed Upper Air Observed Data

We have upper air data in synoptic sequence starting in May 1958. The first five years were from MIT, and the later data from NMC (and sometimes from the USAF). The coverage on the NMC tapes became global (as received operationally) in June 1966. The data coverage for typical times in 1968 and 1974 is shown in Figure 1-2.

The NMC tapes include aircraft wind reports, wind data from the cirrus blowing off from cumulonimbus clouds ("blowoff winds"), wind data from the drift of clouds seen on ATS film loops, and "bogus" data put in by analysts to help the objective analysis programs. Figure 1-3 shows the coverage of these data on a given day in 1970. Figure 13-1 shows wind data coverage in 1974.

4. Time Series of Upper Air Observed Data

NCAR also has data from about 1,600,000 rawinsonde ascents in time-series sort (on 48 tapes). We are attempting to obtain all available mandatory level rawinsonde data for the stations south of about 30°N. We have also just obtained the U.S. and Canadian data starting with 1961. The primary source of data has been NCC with additional data from England, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, Singapore, and Mauritius. We hope to soon obtain data from Brazil. We are also corresponding with several other countries to try to make this set more complete.

5. Synoptically Filed Surface Observed Data

NCAR has observed surface data (synoptically filed) for 19 February 1967, through 25 April 1967, and for December 1967. We are obtaining more of these data. Three other organizations have more complete sets (see Chapter 9).

6. Monthly Mean Surface Data

We now have about 887,000 monthly reports from surface stations. In the period from 1731 to 1860, the number of stations increased from 1 to 84; by 1900, there 7

General Information were 438 stations. In the 1961-1970 decade, there were 1722 stations, of which 541 were in the southern hemisphere.

7. Monthly Mean Rawinsonde Data

We are cooperating with NCC to make available a set of about 75,000 mean monthly rawinsonde reports (CLIMAT reports - global coverage). The southern hemisphere climatology project made extensive use of these data. Error detection and correction work on the northern hemisphere reports is not yet complete.

8. Satellite Brightness Data

Daily global brightness data, averaged by 5° latitude-longitude squares are available for 1 January 1967 through 31 August 1972. One average brightness value is given for each grid point. These satellites view the earth at about 1500 local time each day. To produce this data set, the Satellite Service summarized the mesoscale brightness data, which are given for squares that are about 50 km on a side (one-eighth of NMC grid). For each square there is a count of how many of the 64 sub-squares have brightnesses in categories one through five.

9. Geographic Data

We have two sets of global 1° elevation data; one of these also has water depth and ice thickness. Elevation data for each 5 min are also available for North America and Europe. A set with points each 208 ft is available for the United States from the Army Map Service. A set of 5° global mean elevation data is included on the climatology tape for the southern hemisphere.

10. Data Handling Methods

Our input data are received in a number of different formats on cards and on tape. Much of the data would be easier to use if the formats were changed. For example, some of the card formats have overpunches on the data, and some binary packed data require the bits to be reordered in order to be meaningful. The various levels for individual rawinsonde balloon ascents often are not together in a data set. We have taken time to restructure many of these formats so that the information is easy and quick to use. For example, one set of 602,000 rawinsonde reports on 56 tapes was repacked into a variable length binary format. 8

Chapter 1

The volume dropped by a factor of 3.9 and the time to unpack all of the data on the Control Data 6600 dropped from 464 to 34 min.

Often we choose a format that uses packed positive numbers in order to save storage volume and machine time. Most of the data are kept under checksum protection.

In order to use the binary packed data easily on another computer, that computer must have a binary capability (nearly all computers now have this). Also, one standard general purpose routine (GBYTES) must be written for the machine in question. Such a routine has now been written for 360 systems and for the Univac 1108. We have prepared a technical note (Jenne and Joseph, 1974) which discusses some of the techniques for the processing, storage, and exchange of data. It describes some of the considerations involved in choosing formats and presents some time and volume comparisons for different options. It also describes some of the methods that can be used to process data that have been received in any of a variety of formats. 9

General Information

40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 I I I I , T I I I I I I i i I II II I I I I MAY 1963 NORTHERN HEMISPHERE DAILY MAY 1963 10 H,T II , i' _C' GRID ANALYSES JULY 1957 JAN. 1962 30 H,T A LEVELS GIVEN IN MILLIBARS H = Height Analyses 50 H,T - ---- II- T = Temperature Analyses 100 H 1 100 T "L I' rl APRIL 1956 200 H,T r// P Is'' -e ' - ·I L ' L- IbQQI I

JAN. 1950 300 H 300 T =---

400 H,T ga

JAN. 1946 500 H

500vvw · T JAN. 1947 700 H,T

850 H,T IBI ·I -- -r I-C·ksCI

.1. 00%A - l I IP~ -- -- MAY 1963 Surface Temperature - 1899 NOV. 1945 bea Levela --- Pressure

I I I I 1I 1 I I )I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I L I I I IL I II I I I I I I I I a a I· --- - - 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 YEAR

Fig. 1-1. Northern hemisphere analyses of sea level pressures, heights, and temperatures. The daily sea level pressure analyses start in 1899. The southern limit for most grids is about 15 or 200N. The resolution of the more recent grids is about 400 km and the grids are usually two per day. Hashed lines show time periods when analyses are not available for every day of every month. Some levels, such as 250, 150, and 70 mb, are available but are not listed in the figure. 10

Chapter 1

NMC DATA FOR YR/MO/DY/HR 68 7 15 0 ALL LEVELS OF DATA 625 RAOB RPTS Fig. 1-2a. Data CODE X=RAOB, O=WIND OR RAWIN. V=ACF' 246 RAWIN RPTS coverage of conven- 257 WIND RPTS tional observed upper 672 ACFT RPTS air data from the NMC for a typical time in 1968 (0000 GMT on 15 July). Separate wind- with-height soundings received from stations that have thermal RAOB data are counted as RAWIN reports; if thermal data are lacking, they are counted as WIND reports. ACFT denotes aircraft report. Nearly all RAOB reports also report winds at mandatory levels. A zero plotted on top of an X looks like a rectangle. A spot check in 1969 showed that data above 100 mb were generally not received from the southern hemisphere, North Africa, China, or GATE ARCHIVE DATA FOR YR/MO/DY/HR 74 9 2 12 the Middle East. ALL LEVELS OF DATA CODE X=RAOB, O=WINDS ONLY , V=ACPT 668 RAOB RPTS 304 WIND RPTS 331 ACPT RPTS

Fig. 1-2b. Data coverage of upper air data from NMC for a time period during the GATE experiment. The count of aircraft reports are for a 6-h period. The real-time receipt of data from the GATE ships was not as good as this in July 1974. 11

General Information

NMC DATA FOR YR/MO/DY/HR 70 6 21 12 Fig. 1-3. Data CODE B=BOCUS O=BLOW OFF L=LOW ATS H=HI ATS R=RECON 59 BOGUS coverage of 71 BLOW OFF reconnaissance data, 40 LOW ATS 0 HIGH ATS of winds derived from 11 RECON satellites, and of bogus data on the synoptic tapes from the NMC for a day in ! r 9. F o i _ \ j '-..* ... .. J _ ...... ; \ ..... June 1970.

30 BBI~~~B~.. . B01 IWR - .~....

BL B11 B B*I _ Io.

~::~: :;!; .... L o :....? ......

0 s t I 1 v I o1; I 1 1 -Bi O ,...... -:" ..... ^ 0 I 0 ..

-1oi L.t .. -d " .O.... . -. . o .ro ;

.10 -150 -120 o90 -<0 60 90 10 10 I

I I 13

Chapter 2: Selected Daily Grids at NCAR (Pressure, Height, Temperature)

Analyses discussed here are for the northern hemisphere unless otherwise stated and usually do not extend to the equator. The NMC octagonal grid goes to about 150 N. See Figure 2-1.

1. Daily Sea Level Pressure Grids 1899-Current

a. Sea Level Pressure Grids from Historical Maps

These grids cover January 1899 through June 1939. The data are on a diamond 5° latitude 10° longitude grid 20-80°N, with no data at 75°N. G. Briar's laboratory in Environmental Data Service did a lot of work cleaning these grids. Data are missing where the historical maps could not be analyzed. Eastern Russia (40-80 N, 35-1500 E) is missing for 1916-1920, for three months in 1921, for one month in 1922 and in 1931, and for six months in 1938 and in 1939. (On three tapes.)

b. Sea Level Pressure Data from MIT

These data cover July 1939 through November 1944. They are for each 5 latitude and even 10° longitudes for 15-80°N. This grid is always complete. Data for 85°N are also available for ten days. (On one tape.)

c. Sea Level Pressure Data from the Navy

Sea level pressure grids for November 1945 through March 1955 (daily at 15Z) and April 1960 through June 1962 (1200Z) were digitized with a curve follower at NCC under Navy contract. The Navy then used the points along the contours, and used the high and low centers in their objective analysis program which is also used on current data. The operational analyses from the Navy are available starting in July 1963. See Chapter 14 for more information.

d. Daily Sea Level Pressure Grids 1899-1972

These grids are daily data on a uniform 5 latitude-longitude grid taken from a, b, c above and from the (ESSPO) data as prepared by NCAR, which is described later in this chapter. We have received monthly mean 1945 data from NORPAX. The missing 5° latitude-longitude points from a and b are interpolated, except that large missing areas are left as missing. 14

Chapter 2

2. Sea Level Pressure and Surface Temperature Data from Air Force Global Weather Central (AFGWC)

100 mb height (H) 15 May 1963 - 2 Jan 1965 (00 and 12Z) Surface temperature (T) 15 May 1963 - 2 Jan 1965 (00 and 12Z)

The 1000 mb height (in tens of feet) was calculated from the sea level pressure using the formula:

1000 Tsfcsfc [9.58 X Alog(P sease Ivl - 66.18]

3. Sea Level Pressure and Surface Air Temperature from NMC B-3

Pressure 18 May 1965 - current (00 and 12Z) Surface (T) 4 Oct 1965 - current (00 and 12Z)

4. Sea Level Pressure and 700 mb Height and Temperature from Extended Forecast Laboratory

Sea level pressure Jan 1947 - Aug 1967 (00 and 12Z) 700 mb H,T Jan 1947 - Jun 1967 (00 and 12Z)

Many missing in the early months. On a diamond grid (5° latitude and 100 longitude) from 15°N to the pole. In earlier years the grid coverage was less.

5. 300 mb Data from University of Wisconsin

300 mb H 1 Jan 1950 - 31 Dec 1957 (15Z)

Values read to nearest 100 ft from USAF and WBAN charts. Ten days are completely missing. Data in parts of eastern hemisphere are missing for three months. See the atlas by Lahey et al. 1960. Diamond grid 15 N to the pole (each 5° latitude, 10° longitude, with fewer points near the pole). Grids are on one tape with a 5° grid and 15-bit pack at NCAR. Original height data were read to the nearest 100 ft. The University of Wisconsin provided the original 170,000 cards.

6. 433L ESSPO Project Grid Data

Data for every other point (one-fourth of the points) in the NMC grid were manually read from many charts for April 1955 through March 1960 (all twice daily). The data have been cleaned up and are now in the standard NMC grid format. 15

Daily Grid Analyses at NCAR

The grids for SLP, 700 mb H,T, 500 H,T are complete for every month.

The grids for 300 and 200 mb height and temperature are available each third month for:

300 mb Apr 1956 - Jul 1958 and Oct 1959 - Jan 1960 200 mb Apr 1956 - Jul 1958 250 mb Oct 1958 - Jul 1959

These cards were received on tapes from United Aircraft and much time was spent at NCAR to clean up the set. The data are now on the NMC grid with values interpolated for the missing grid points. The few points outside the NMC grid are carried at the end of the records. The grid point values were read to the precision of whole degrees, whole millibars and tens of feet.

The Weather Bureau, Air Force, Navy, and FAA were involved in this project. 1959: Reference Manual for Climatic Data Computer Tapes, 433 L, ESSPO (joint), 424 Trapelo Road, Waltham, Massachusetts 02154 (NCAR has a copy).

7. IGY Northern Hemisphere Stratospheric Data

Daily 100 and 50 mb 12Z height and temperature grids for the period July 1957 through June 1959; 30 mb height and temperature grids are for only three days per month for the same period. The card data were taped at NCC, paid for by NCAR and by Deland of New York University. The cards were processed into standard NMC grid format at NCAR.

8. Height and Temperature Analyses from AFGWC

All are twice-daily analyses on the NMC grid. This set is continuing but has not been updated at NCAR since early 1965.

850 H,T - start Jan 1962

700 H,T - start Jan 1962 500 H - start Jan 1960 (note 1) 500 T - start Jan 1962

400 H,T - start Jan 1962 16

Chapter 2

300 H - start Apr 1959 (note 2) 300 T - start Jan 1962 200 H,T - start Jan 1962 100 H - start Apr 1959 (note 2) 100 T - start Jan 1962 50 H,T - start Jan 1962 30 H,T - start Jan 1962 10 H,T - start May 1963

Note 1: These were NMC grids with one-fourth of the points sent to AFGWC by teletype (until January 1962).

Note 2: Based on hand analyses made at AFGWC with one-fourth of the points manually read and the rest interpolated (until January 1962).

9. Analyses from NMC

See Chapter 3 for NMC grids, most of which start in 1963.

10. Western Hemisphere Analyses of the High Stratosphere

Once-weekly analyses of the 5, 2, and 0.4 mb heights for January, April, July, and October for 1964, 1965, and 1966. (The area is 10°N to the pole and 0°W, 5°W, --, 220°W, but only 40°W - 190°W at 0.4 mb.) See Chapter 12 for more information about similar data. On tape at NCAR and NCC.

11. Southern Hemisphere Daily Grid Data

IGY grids for sea level pressure and 500 mb height for the period July 1957 through December 1958, for the area 15°S to the South Pole are available. The grids have data at each 5° of latitude and longitude. The original data were generally read each 100 longitude on a diamond latitude-longitude grid, with no sea level pressure data over Antarctica. The card data were from South Africa or repunched from NOTOS. On tape at NCAR.

We also have grids for sea level pressure for 1951-1957, but these have not yet been cleaned up. 17

Daily Grid Analyses at NCAR

12. IGY Surface and 500 mb Daily Tropical Grid

Daily sea level pressure and 500 mb heights for the period 1 July 1957 through 31 December 1958. (Pressure read to whole millibars, height read in dekameters.) Data for 25°S through 25°N, each 5° of latitude and longitude. 18--

Chapter 2

NMC OC'ONtAL GRID

io 20°- 1 30 3 #vI_o r

50 · ( · · \, · I· · · So~··5

,sL I · s

#S w~~~: · · · l :!- ¼":::. . ' .. . S.-~--- X" 5

r /~~ ~~~~~ .~\· a\a i/ a ·:' ./ *. `u~ * * *'tI

53/ , ·. .1,, < .Is

1}' n ~·i X,/ Lc;+EFafa m· ) s loaaa

A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..;,t'l/·- \IE a , ., · ',,-4:. o hl· "' · 'v, '/U- 'I

a4 a a · . I ·,/T~·· · · · · a/ V / · h· Y 2yon,& o .s 3o .o dE ;·· ,a a··I`~.\.~ ~r \ ;\ .,,. ~ ,ta ·,.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ to mWXX < ti ~~~~~~' ' 1 ~0 ..... 1 16~~t··· ~ I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3

' · :' y ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~·· · E· \P ell ' ~l .. ;·3i: i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t

----!---ia a ·· · aI· a··I· · ·I·I ,-----~a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~J1 .. ,,,, ....,. - ~ ~ r-)-tY-CC-c--t, -- YI · I · · · a a · I· l~~~~~cqr · ,i · 3 ·

410~~~~~~

Fig. 2-1. NMC 47 X 51 grid. There are 1977 data points in the octagon. The pole point is I,J = 24,26. 19

Chapter 3: NMC. Analysis Data from the National Meteorological Center

Nearly all of these data sets are available at NCAR.

1. Introduction

The NMC has had a policy of purging much of their older data. Thus, the files of NMC data at NCAR and at NCC are more extensive than those at NMC.

Until January 1973, the grid analysis data and the observed upper air data were combined on one set of "B-3" tapes. Data for 4 March 1962 to 31 December 1972 were on 1845 tapes.

NCAR has processed these tapes to separate the analyses from the observed upper air data and to block the observed data more tightly. Much of the forecast data was thrown away. We have made separate data sets of analyses of heights and temperatures, winds, and forecasts. The analyses on the B-3 tapes are those done with a data cutoff of 3 h 20 min after data time. However, the primary archive of NMC height and temperature analyses at NCAR are the final analyses which were received on separate tapes. These were usually based on a data cutoff of about lOh after data time. NCAR is now (February 1975) using the operational (B-3) tapes to fill in the gaps in the final analysis tapes. All final and operational grids have been put into a common format. Wind analyses are only made during the operational run.

Starting in December 1974 NMC has been preparing selected zonal mean energy statistics from their global analyses.

2. Main Stack of NMC Northern Hemisphere Height and Temperature Grids through December 1972

These analyses are generally from the NMC final analyses tapes. Thus, they include data up to about 10 h after data time for the time periods (usually at least once a day) when NMC makes a final analysis after the earlier operational run which has a data cutoff at 3 h 20 min. Data are available as follows. 20

Chapter 3

The levels (in millibars) are:

a. 1000 H: Five months in 1962, continuous twice a day from December 1962. Sometimes only available in the form of a 1000-500 thickness and the 500 mb chart. b. 850, 500 H: 00Z starts October 1958. Continuous twice a day from December 1962. c. 700, 200 H: Five months in 1962 (Jan, Apr, Jul, Oct, Dec), continuous twice a day from December 1962. d. 300 H: Starts March 1961 at 00Z, continuous twice a day from December 1962. e. 850, 700, 500, 300, 200 T: Five months in 1962, continuous twice a day from December 1962, but April 1963 missing. f. 400 H, T: Continuous twice a day starting May 1964. g. 250 H, T: Continuous twice a day starting October 1965. h. 150, 100 H: All of 1963, five months in 1964, continuous twice a day starting in May 1965. i. 150, 100 T: Same as 150 H except January and April 1963 are also missing. j. 70 H, T: 12Z analyses start 14 April 1969; twice a day starts 18 September 1970. k. 50, 30, 10 H, T: 12Z analyses start May 1964. Twice a day starts 18 September 1970; once a day again, starting January 1973.

3. Vertical Motion (W) Data:

a. 500 mb W: October 1958 through 18 January 1962 for 00Z. In March 1962 there is an 11-day period of 650 mb vertical velocity (i.e., not 500). b. 650 mb W: 10 June 1962 through 19 January 1965. c. 350 mb W: November 1962 through 19 January 1965. d. The 650 and 350 mb W-grids continue after 1964 in another sequence of tapes.

4. Analyzed Winds from NMC B-3

These octagonal grid wind analyses are based on a geostrophic first guess and modified with observed wind data. Analyses made twice-daily. a. Old pack format starts 4 March 1962 for the levels 850, 700, 500, 300 and 200 mb. b. 100 mb starts 17 March 1963. c. New pack starts 15 Aug 1963. 21

Analyses from NMC

d. Winds below 300 mb were dropped after 00Z, 1 Jun 1964. e. 500, 400, 250, 150 mb added 20 Apr 1965. f. 850, 700 mb included again 11 Aug 1966 to make a complete 850-100 mb set.

5. Tropical Grid Data from NMC

NCAR has NMC tropical grid analyses of winds starting 28 January 1968 for 1200Z. These are for the 700, 500, 300, 250, and 200 mb levels. Wind analyses at 00Z start 3 March 1968. Temperature grids start 22 January 1970.

The data in these analyses include all tropical rawinsonds, wind soundings, and aircraft data received at NMC. They also include an average of about 125 winds deduced from cloud drift as shown in satellite pictures. The satellite SIRS temperature data are now (as of February 1972) used only in the area north of about 15°N.

6. Selected Northern Hemisphere Grids from NMC

a. Sea level pressure and surface air temperature from NMC B-3 Pressure: 18 May 1965 - current (00 and 12Z) Surface Temperature: 4 Oct 1965 - current (00 and 12Z)

b. Sea level pressure and 700 mb height and temperature from the Extended Forecast Laboratory. Sea Level Pressure: Jan 1947 - Aug 1967 (00 and 12Z) 700 mb H, T: Jan 1947 - Jun 1967 (00 and 12Z)

Many missing in the early months. On a diamond grid (50 latitude and 10° longitude) from 15 N to the pole. In earlier years the grid coverage was less.

c. Layer Humidity from NMC B-3 Tapes These are 1000-500 mb average relative humidity (3 March 1968 - 31 December 1972, 00 and 12Z, type 44). Starting in January 1973, there are three layers of relative humidity.

d. A discussion of NMC global grid data is contained in another section.

7. The Selection of NMC Grid Data Starting in January 1973

The Table shows th selection of NMC grid point data saved on the main archive tapes starting on 1 January 1973. Most of these grids were also saved 22

Chapter 3 prior to 1973. Some NMC grid data such as global analyses are discussed elsewhere. In the table below, the NCAR function code shows the type of data, and the grid type is:

1 = 1977 point NMC octagon (northern hemisphere) 3 = 73 X 23 point tropical grid 5 = data for 143 U.S. cities (maximum and minimum temperatures) 6 = data for 286 U.S. cities (precipitation) (deleted on 10 August 1973)

If Fcst is 0, it is an analysis grid; otherwise it is a forecast valid the desig- nated number of hours later. The level is in millibars, except that 1013 = sea level and 1001 = surface.

Forecast Grid Function Parameter (Fcst) Type Levels (mb)

Northern hemisphere height and temperature analyses (50 grids/day) (should have 8 more strato-grids/day)

28 Pressure (sea level) 0 1 1013 1 Heights 0 1 1000, 850, 700, 500, 400, 300, 250, 200, 150, 100, (70, 50, 30, 10 = 12Z only) 10 Temperature 0 1 1001, 850, etc. as for heights

Northern hemisphere winds (42 grid analyses/day)

5 Vertical Velocity 0 1 850, 500, 200 30 U winds 0 1 850, 700, 500, 400, 300, 250, 200, 150, 100 31 V winds 0 1 same as for U winds

Northern hemisphere miscellaneous analyses and observations (20 grids/day)

44 Relative humidity 0 1 layers (1002-900), (666-1000), (333-666) 93 Snow depth 0 1 1001 47 Sea surface T 0 1 1001 28 Pressure tropopause 0 1 0-mb code-tropopause pressure 23

Analyses from NMC

Forecast Grid Function Parameter (Fcst) Type Levels

10 T tropopause 0 1 0-mb code-tropopause temperature 20 Station T maximum 0 5 1001 station T maximum 21 Station T minimum 0 5 1001 station T minimum 90 Station total 0 6 1001 station precipitation precipitation

Tropical analyses (36 grids/day)

10 Temperature 0 3 850, 700, 500, 300, 250, 200 30 U wind 0 3 same 31 V wind 0 3 same

Northern hemisphere forecasts (49 grids/day)

1 Heights 12 1 850, 500, 300 1 " 24 1 1000, 500 1 " 36 1 1000, 850, 700, 500, 300 1 " 48 1 1000, 500 1 72 1 1000, 500 (no 1000 at 12Z) 10 Temperature 12 1 850, 500, 300 5 Vertical velocity 36 1 500 30 U wind 12 1 850, 500, 300 31 V wind 12 1 same 90 Total precipitation 36 1 1001

8. NMC Forecasts Available at NCAR (written September 1973)

a. Some forecasts for 24 and 36 h for OOZ for December 1968, January 1969, and May 1969. A more complete set of forecasts is available for December 1967, 00 and 12Z.

b. Starting August 1970: 24 h 500 mb H 36 h 1000, 850, 700, 500, 300 mb H 24

Chapter 3

c. Starting 15 July 1971: 12 h fcst.: 500 mb H, T; 850, 300 mb H 24 h fcst.: 1000, 500 mb H 36 h fcst.: 1000, 850, 700, 500, 300 mb H 650, 350 mb vertical motion Precipitation forecast

d. Starting 1 January 1973: 12 h fcst.: U, V, H, T, at 850, 500, 300 mb 24 h fcst.: 1000, 500 mb H 36 h fcst.: 1000, 850, 700, 500, 300 mb H 500 vertical motion Precipitation forecast 48 h fcst.: 1000, 500 mb H 72 h fcst.: 100, 500 mb H at 00Z only 500 mb H at 12Z

9. Global Analyses from NMC

a. Introduction Data Period: NCAR has data for 12Z, 31 October 1972 through 10 February 1974, 20-31 May 1974, and 2 July-23 September 1974. The file will re- start about December 1974. Gaps are caused by machine changes and lost tapes at NMC.

T. Flattery at NMC started running these test global analyses twice a day in January 1972. We believe that they should be useful global analyses starting 22 November 1972. The analyses are described by zonal mean values, zonal harmonics in the east-west direction, Hough functions in the north-south (program is called Huf-Puf), and other orthogonal functions for the vertical. At first there were about 16 waves for each horizontal direction and five vertical functions. During the archival period there have been 24 waves in each horizontal direction and seven ° vertical functions (smallest horizontal wave has a wavelength of 15 latitude or longitude). Surprisingly, this resolution has been observed to describe pressure troughs and jet stream core winds as well as or 25

Analyses from NMC

better than the analyses on the NMC mesh with a spacing (at the standard latitude 600 N) of 381 km. b. Height and wind analyses Data were input at 12 levels: 1000, 850, 700, 500, 400, 300, 250, 200, 150, 100, 70, and 50 mb.

The number of 12-bit coefficients output is as follows for each of the quantities: phase of heights, phase of winds (U and V handled together), amplitude of heights, and amplitude of winds: (7 in vertical) x (25 N-S) x (24 E-W)

The zonal mean values are given separately.

Descriptors for the vertical functions are also given. Since March 1973 a best choice of vertical functions is made each day from the global raob data. The choice of functions changes little from day to day.

Initially the first guess was persistence. In areas far from observed data, the methods that are used hold the persistence values rather rigidly (even from summer to winter). On 14 September 1972, the northern hemisphere forecasts were used as a guess north of 18 N, still persistence elsewhere.

The guess became the output from Stackpole's 50 latitude-longitude, 8-level primitive equation model in October 1972. It worked correctly starting 15 November 1972.

When this analysis program became the operational package (starting in September 1974), the guess was Stackpole's 2.50 latitude-longitude, 8-level primitive equation model.

We have noted that average analyzed 150 mb winds at Gan Island in the Indian Ocean for July 1973 show light westerly winds where the station showed the normal easterly winds. This is probably due to some combination of: lack of observed data, a poor guess from the coarse resolution forecast, something relating to the VTPR data, or the relative weighting of winds vs heights in the tropics. The analysed wind data were about 250°/15 m s . The Gan observed monthly mean data was 0790/22 m s NMC received data for 19 days during the month. 26

Chapter 3

The observed surface data were first used on about 30 April 1972. VTPR satellite sounding data were available starting 22 November 1972. These data were observed to improve the analyses considerably in the southern hemisphere (even the zonal means changed). On each analysis iteration, the heights for the VTPR soundings are recalculated, based on the analyzed pressure-height near the surface. Thus, surface data and rawinsonde data act to improve the reference level information for the use of the infrared soundings.

The analysis program uses +6 h of VTPR data for the large scales and only +3 h for the smaller scales.

Counts of the number of VTPR soundings for two random 12-h periods in May 1973 were 117 and 256 in the northern hemisphere, 159 and 222 in the southern hemisphere.

On 14 May 1973, forecases from these analyses were first used to serve as a guess temperature structure for the operational workup of the VTPR soundings. This procedure was dropped after about three months because a program bug apparently jacked the guess up by the height of the mountains in the conversion from pressure sigma surfaces to heights and back. This made pulses over Antarctica, and over mountainous areas, which were carried along by the guess and may have caused good data to be thrown out. They went back to the old guess for VTPR which was a blend of the northern hemisphere forecasts, tropical forecast, and a simple southern hemisphere analysis.

T. Flattery noted (May 1973) that his 50 mb analyses were rougher than the operational analyses because he was not using as much smoothing.

c. Temperature and moisture analyses

Thickness temperatures are calculated from the height analyses. These thicknesses are used to calculate temperatures at the mandatory levels. The temperatures, in turn, are the guess for a reanalysis of the temperature for surface through 500 mb using temperature data. The surface temperature is entered at its elevation in such a way that it can be interpolated from the two surrounding mandatory levels. This analyzed temperature starts on about August 1973. There is now (January 1975) some 27

Analyses from NMC

doubt as to whether the analyzed temperatures are recorded for 850-500 mb.

Humidity data are input at the levels 1000, 850, 700, 500, 400, and 300 mb. I believe that the first guess is persistence.

Data volume in the analyses

The number of bits in wave form in one analysis cycle is:

Bits - 60 bits per word (100 words + 4 x 845 words + 100 words + 4 x 400 words + 200 words) - 3.25 x 105 bits per global analysis If stored on a 2.5° grid point mesh, the volume is blown up by a factor of about 30. d. NCAR 2.50 Grid of global analyses

Because of its complexity and because machine time necessary to use the Huf-Puf analyses in wave form is very high, NCAR is preparing an archive of these data in 2.50 latitude-longitude grid point form.

For each analysis time there are 12 levels of height, temperature, U, V grids (1000, 850, 700, 500, 400, 300, 250, 200, 150, 100, 70, 50 mb), six levels of humidity (1000, 850, 700, 500, 400, 300 mb), and surface temperature and tropopause pressure. This is 56 global analyses per time or 224 hemispheric grids per day, each with 1032 x 60 bits. Volume = 1.39 x 107 bits per day.

The 50 mb temperature grids are said to have problems because they are derived from thickness temperatures and thus represent an extrapolation. I 29

Chapter 4: Cloud, Humidity, Rain, Moisture, and Water Data

In this chapter, we will discuss only a portion of the available data. The chapters on ETAC and NCC cover various sets of surface synoptic, daily summary, and hourly rainfall data. Chapter 10 discusses the average monthly surface station rainfall data. The satellite chapter indicates the brightness data that are available. Note that the Nimbus-5 data include cloud pressure and amount. Estimates of total clear column water vapor amount may be derived from the satellite VTPR data.

1. Dew Point and Nephanalysis Data from AFGWC

Daily analyses are available at NCAR on the NMC octagonal grid for the following levels:

Dew Point: 850, 700, 500, 400 mb

Nephanalyses: 1013 (total clouds), 850 mb (low), 600 mb (middle), 400 mb (high). The period is 1 September 1963 - 20 November 1969, twice daily. Only total clouds are available until 15 April 1964, when the layered clouds were added.

2. Layer Humidity from NMC B-3 Tapes (at NCAR)

These are 1000-500 mb average relative humidity (3 March 1968 through December 1972, 00 and 12Z, type 44). Starting in January 1973, there are three layers of relative humidity.

3. U.S. Navy Moisture Analyses

The U.S. Navy has surface, 850, 700, and 500 mb moisture grids available from about 1965. See Chapter 14.

4. Tropical Nephanalysis Data

Period February 1965 through January 1971 (at NCAR) and continuing. J. Sadler of the University of Hawaii has prepared daily cloud cover grids for the equatorial strip, 27.5°S to 30°N, with data each 2.5° of latitude and longitude. These data are based on the nephanalysis charts from the Satellite Service which are, in turn, based on brightness data from satellites. 30

Chapter 4

Maps of total average monthly cloudiness (30 N - 300 S) are given in Atkinson and Sadler (1970).

5. Cloud Cover Based on Satellite Brightness Data

Global cloud cover based on four years of satellite mesoscale ( 40 x 40 km) brightness data are also available. Observation time is about 1400 - 1600 local. Has mean cloud cover, occurrence frequency of (a) 0, 1, 2 octas, (b) 3, 4, 5 octas, and (c) 6, 7, 8 octas. Tapes are available at NCC, Asheville. See Miller and Feddes (1971). Other brightness data are discussed in the satellite chapter.

6. Average Clouds Based on Surface Observations

In a NASA study, the globe was divided into 29 climatic regions and monthly statistics of cloudiness were prepared for each region, based on surface observations. Data for five cloud amounts (including clear and overcast), eight times a day, and each month are given on 1740 punched cards. Included are data on cloud changes with space and time. The climatic regions are located by 140 cards. See Sherr et al. (1968).

7. Daily Stream-flow Data

The U.S. Geological Survey has prepared 12 tapes (1600 BPI) with the daily stream-flow data for the United States. The set has 310,000 station-years of data. Fof the most part, the file contains those records that have hydrologic significance (excluding ditches, drains, etc.), and the file increases by about 14,000 station years per year. A related microfiche copy of a report is available from the U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.

8. Precipitation Data from Radar

a. Automatically digitized data In October 1974, six U.S. radar sites had digitizers giving echo intensity in 20 by 1 n mi increments out to about 120 n mi. There is a scan each 12 min. Intensity in 256 levels. Thus, (180) (100 n mi) (8 bits each) or about 150,000 bits each 12 min. This can be data- compressed by a factor of four. Root-mean-square error on total rain 31

Cloud and Moisture Data

is about 13% using a 12 min scan, because of echo movement and intensity changes. These data have not been archived yet.

There will be a digitizer at each of the 60 U.S. radar sites.

b. Manually digitized radar data

Archive started 1 July 1973, for an area of southeastern United States, bounded approximately by Texas, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and Florida (these states included). For each area 40 mi on a side, a digit is encoded in each box, each hour. Codes 0-9 are for none, weak, very strong, and include some information about echo coverage within the 40 mi box. Plans are to go to a 20 mi box size. Information from D. Smith of the National Weather Service. A report has been written.

The NWS Techniques Development Laboratory (TDL) has a similar data set including all data from the Rockies eastward, starting 1 November 1973. "Additive data" includes information about lines of echoes and changes of intensity. Data for November 1973 to November 1974 are on one packed 1600 BPI tape. For the 1974 summer season, TDL is now making another file of information about all severe storm reports (obtained from the severe storms lab). Information from D. Foster, TDL (NOAA Techniques Development Laboratory).

9. Soil Moisture and Drought Data

ETAC calculates soil moisture data. See Chapter 6, ETAC. Drought index (1931 on) from the Palmer index is at NCC. I 33

Chapter 5: Miscellaneous Data Sets

1. Gulf of Mexico Oceanographic and Atmospheric Data

Period of data: October 1968 through November 1971.

The data-gathering stations were installed on six offshore oil platforms located about in an east-west line about 90 km south of the Louisiana-Mississippi coastline.

The recorded data are wind speed, wind direction, barometric pressure, time, and two wave staffs. Several hurricanes went over the network. (Available from NCC.)

2. Ozone Data

NCAR has data prepared by J. London, University of Colorado, that contain all the daily global total ozone data that he could locate and clean up. There were about 20 stations in 1957 and 80 stations in 1972. Data prior to 1957 are spotty. Oxford records go back to 1950 and Arosa records to 1932.

London has also provided gridded average total ozone data for each month from May 1957 through December 1970. The grid is global and 10° latitude by 10° longitude.

3. EOLE French Balloon Data

Data period 21 August 1971 to 23 December 1972 (satellite orbits 0065-7075).

Gives the position of drifting balloons over the southern hemisphere. Six tapes have all of the data and one tape has the data for 27 August 1971 - 5 July 1972 without correction matrices. Data at NCAR. The French prepared a movie showing balloon drift; NCAR has a print.

4. Line Islands Experiment

Surface and upper air data obtained in the Line Islands during the period February-April 1967 are discussed in NCAR TN-35, A Catalog of Meteorological Data Obtained During the Line Islands Experiment, (Zipser and Taylor, 1968). These data are also archived at NCAR. 34

Chapter 5

5. Aircraft Data for GATE

NCAR is processing the aircraft data from the GATE experiment (June to September 1974). The packed, calibrated, primary data base at NCAR from seven aircraft will be about 3 X 1010 bits, including gust probe data. A set of these data will be archived in one-minute averages on about 2 X 108 bits at NCAR. Most of the data will also be available for distribution in higher volume character formats. A copy will be available from NCC.

6. Southeast Asia Mesoscale Upper Air Data

This data set includes rawinsonde data for about 20 stations, often four times a day starting in about April 1967. The soundings usually went up to about 300 mb. This data set was being processed by the Army. Its current status is unknown.

7. Water Vapor Spectrum Lines

AFCRL has a data tape giving data for 110,000 lines of the water vapor spectrum.

8. Station Library Information

NCAR has a tape prepared by USAF ETAC showing the location and elevation of WMO surface and upper air reporting stations. Elevations of raob stations are checked by downward hydrostatic checks. When WMO data are corrected, this fact is indicated. The tape has all WMO stations regardless of receipt. New tapes are made each month, but NCAR does not usually obtain the updates.

9. Data from National Hail Research Experiment (NHRE)

There are now data from the NHRE experiment for the years 1972, 1973, and 1974. The operational periods were:

1972: 1 May - 29 Jul (22 hail days) 1973: 1 May - 9 Aug (6 hail days) 1974: 13 May - 9 Aug (29 hail days)

The NHRE definition of a hail day is somewhat arbitrary.

Rawinsondes

There were four, five, and two raob stations for the three summers. Each 35

Miscellaneous Data Sets

generally took three or more soundings during every day of the operational period.

Surface Observations

There were hourly and special surface observations at the upper air stations for the hours 0800 to 1800 local time.

Mesoscale Network OBS

In a 70 by 70 km region in northern Colorado, there were about 30 stations (running 24 h per day) with strip charts showing pressure, temperature, humidity, wind and rain. These sites also had hail pads. Most of the rainfall charts have been digitized, as have some of the other charts.

Precipitation Network

In addition to the 30 mesoscale stations, there were about 90 stations with recording rain gauges and hail pads and 200 stations with regular rain gauges or hail pads or both.

Radar Data

There were up to seven radars in operation. The scan data were recorded digitally, and the magnetic tapes processed to produce simulated radar scope pictures on microfilm. In 1974 there were 40 days with microfilm output. In addition, a limited number of direct photographs of the radar scopes are available.

Aircraft Data

These data include digital data from penetrations of clouds and from flights around the clouds.

For further information contact NCAR.

10. Data at the National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL)

NSSL concentrates on obtaining mesoscale data (surface, upper air, and radar) during the period of about 15 April to 15 June. Radar data are obtained for the whole year. The upper air mesoscale rawinsonde data network has included as many as ten raob stations in an area 100 by 100 n mi. The surface mesoscale network in the same area often had about 64 stations. 36

Chapter 5

11. Data at the Illinois State Water Survey (ISWS)

Hourly rainfall data for an east central Illinois station network from 1956-1967 (49 stations in summer, 25 in winter), are on cards. They have Saint Louis Experiment rainfall data starting June 1971 to last five years, for June, July, and August. ISWS has the upper air sounding data from the Saint Louis Experiment. They have surface 1009 cards (daily rain, maximum and minimum temperatures, etc.) for about 50 stations in Illinois, about 1901-1971. Data are also at NCC. 37

Chapter 6: ETAC. Environmental Data Sets at USAF Environmental Technical Application Center

1. Introduction

This gives some information (as of January 1975) about the data sets held by the Air Force Environmental Technical Applications Center (ETAC), headquartered in Washington, D.C. ETAC will move to Scott AFB, Illinois in July 1975. The text sometimes refers to Offutt AFB, Nebraska, which is the location of the Air Force Global Weather Central (AFGWC). Appendix 1 gives an area breakdown and report counts of many of the major sets of data. Most of these data sets are saved at Asheville, North Carolina, where they can be easily accessed by ETAC or by NCC. A subunit of ETAC is located at Asheville. Some of these same data are also described in Chapter 7 (NCC). Some of the analysis data are described in Chapter 2. Major W. Buchan and Ralph Russell of ETAC have been a tremendous help in providing most of this information and helping to resolve the various questions that have arisen.

In this writeup, some data sets are referred to by Pnnn numbers, even though ETAC has since dropped this numbering scheme.

2. Surface Data -- Synoptic Code and Airways

Appendix 1 discusses the availability of surface synoptic data and airways code data in TDF 13 or TDF 14 formats. Between 1940 and about 1965 the data were usually punched onto cards from hard copies and finally were incorporated into TDF 13 and 14 which are arranged in station sequence. From about 1965 to 1970 the data were generally received on magnetic tape, decoded and manually edited. From 1971 on the data have been taken as decoded and checked by AFGWC, with additional quality control done only as required for specific projects.

a. Surface synfile (synoptically ordered file)

This is an ETAC decode of data from Carswell (data from communications circuits) with some data still from other sources. For example, some overseas circuits were recorded before they could be communicated to the United States. This data set is called COLFAC data. The file started 1 June 1964 (2, 3, 5, 6 August 1964 are missing). Then almost no data are missing up to June 1973. 38

Chapter 6

Years Usual No. of Days/Tape 1964/65 7 1966 6 1967/68 5 1969 4 1970 3

Only identical duplicates have been eliminated. Airways and synoptic reports are included (but not combined, as Offutt does). Surface ship observations are also in this set. There are consistency checks against wild data but no checks for consistency with time (662 tapes up to 15 January 1972).

Captain Fenix (ETAC) thinks the quality is very good from 1966 on but is less sure about 1965. In January 1972 there were about 9300 active stations in the world. These are stations which normally report at least once per day. Many stations give three-hourly data, some six-hourly, and only once or twice per day.

The number of active stations was higher than in the tapes from Offutt or NMC.

b. Surface synfile from AFGWC

These surface data are the decoded data from Offutt. Thus duplicates have been eliminated and airways and synoptics combined. A copy of these tapes are saved at NCC, called the surface Datsav. Loose binary pack. Average length, 1200 bits each; 8.4 X 106 bits per day; 70,000 observations per day (but synoptics and airways at the same times combined to one).

c. Archive at NCC of these surface synoptic files

NCC has the COLFAC decode tapes from January 1967 through May 1973. Starting in June 1973 they have the tapes decoded from AFGWC. They pull off eight synoptic and ship observations per day to use in other files. 39

Data at USAF/ETAC d. Sfc stafile (surface station file)

Data are in order by station, then date. One month for a number of stations on a tape. The ships are at the front of the tape (block 00) until November 1971, then at the end of the tape. Starting January 1965 from COLFAC data (a above). This station-ordered file has all of the data in the associated synoptically ordered set plus some hand inserted data from decode or library rejects at the end of the month. Has 546 tapes up to December 1971. e. Sfc stafile from the surface synfile decoded by AFGWC

Starts January 1971. One month of data for a number of stations on a tape. Ships at end of the number sequence each month. Was about 13 tapes per month, now 18. Synoptic and airways reports combined. About 8.4 X 107 bits per day.

f. ARPA surface data

This is an improved set of global surface synoptic and airways data starting January 1965. From January 1965 to June 1971 this set has data from TDF 13 synoptics and TDF 14 airways as well as the COLFAC data in d above. From July 1971 through May 1973 it has data from COLFAC and AFGWC decodes (d + e above). Starting June 1973 it is solely the AFGWC decode. The AFGWC decode saves wind gust data, the COLFAC decode did not. This ARPA set contains synoptics, hourlies, specials. Rainfall is included if reported. Synoptics and airways at the same hour are combined.

This is a station-ordered file by years: One year of first station, one year of second, etc. Permanent ships have block 99 and a station number. The roving ships are in a separate file. The Navy FNWC ship file is probably somewhat better than this one. An exact synoptic file version of this set is not being prepared, but a above is very similar and b above should be the same in recent months.

The volume increases from about 65,000 observations per day in 1965 to about 80,000 observations per day now (February 1975). Average 1200 bits each, 8.4 X 107 bits per day. 40

Chapter 6

ETAC plans to concentrate on saving the most recent ten years of data.

3. Upper Air Data

As in the case of the surface data, ETAC has decoded earlier data that were saved by the communications system in order to get a better decode. In recent years the AFGWC decode has become the only source.

a. P210 Upper air COLFAC data in synoptic file.

Only identical duplicates eliminated. Not hydrostatically checked yet. Data are fairly continuous from 2 November 1964.

Years Usual No. of Days/Tape 1965/66 7 1967 10 1968/69 8 1970/71 6

In January 1972 ETAC received data from 1600 active upper air stations. Raob and pibal stations that reported any data were counted. This is more than AFGWC or NMC were obtaining then. This set includes permanent ships, moving ships, and aircraft reports, but not dropsondes (375 tapes to 31 December 1971).

b. Upper air synoptic data from Offutt (called Hydro tapes).

Starts 27 April 1966. From 1966 to 1968 there are usually about 6 days per tape. Data to 1 November 1969. The raobs had a radiation correction applied until about August 1968; the corrections were applied only to the higher mandatory levels and not to the corresponding significant levels. After this date there is some gap in the data set, and then it is in packed binary rather than in BCD, and it does not have the radiation corrections applied. NCAR has some of these data.

c. Later upper air synoptic file from AFGWC.

These upper air Datsav tapes from Offutt started in 1970. ETAC says the coverage and quality of the COLFAC is normally better where they overlap in time, but by the time the COLFAC decode stopped, the AFGWC decode was nearly as good. Has land raobs and pibals, and ship and 41

Data at USAF/ETAC

aircraft data. Usually three tapes per month, about 4700 observations of all types per day. d. Archive at NCC of these upper air synoptic files.

NCC has the COLFAC decode tapes from January 1967 through December 1972. The data before 1968 are in a different format and, like the later COLFAC data, have not been hydrostatically checked; the data set, however, has been used with success. Starting January 1973 the tapes were decoded at AFGWC. These are all in the NCC tape set 9601. In addition NCC makes a selection-merge of data from the AFGWC and NMC tapes to produce a file of raobs in TD 5600 format (started in July 1971). e. P240 Upper air station file, from P210 COLFAC.

Only one month for a number of stations on a tape. Has land raobs and pibals, and ship and aircraft data. Starts January 1968. At end of each month a few stations that fail decode or library checks are inserted in this set that are not in the synoptic set. Has 191 tapes January 1968 to December 1971, and continues. f. P370 Upper air stafile from AFGWC.

September 1970 on. Much of the first of this data set has been thrown away because the set from COLFAC data (P240) is better. ETAC does not really use this until January 1973. They noticed a slight drop in quality when they shifted to the AFGWC data in January 1973, and then a gradual improvement. Data are hydrostatically checked at GWC. One month of data for many stations on a tape.

g. ARPA Upper air data.

This will start with January 1968. It is the COLFAC set P240 through 1972, then the AFGWC set P370. It is all in the AFGWC Datsav format (loose binary, variable length blocked). The data from COLFAC will also be hydrostatically checked. The other raob TDF sets will not be used in the preparation of this. Work on this set is starting at ETAC OL-A in Asheville. They have received 300 tapes of data for January 1968 to December 1972, and will receive about 72 more through December 1974. They hope to have the set of data through 1974 finished by September 1975. 42

Chapter 6

It will then be in Datsav format on about 322 tapes. It will be in station order within years: first station for a year, next station, etc. Includes land raobs and pibals, and ship and aircraft data.

4. Satellite Soundings

Temperature retrievals from the IR radiances from the military satellites are being saved as received from AFGWC. The radiances are not saved yet. See Chapter 13 for more information.

5. TDF 13 Surface Synoptic Data

See Appendix 1 for a global breakdown. Each observation is variable length with 65 standard characters and an estimated average of 15 more characters. Thus total volume (excluding block fill characters) is: (107,231,000 observations) (80 characters each) = 8.58 X 109 characters.

6. Analyses from AFGWC

a. Northern hemisphere analyses

Analyses from AFGWC at Offutt (on the NMC northern hemisphere octagonal grid). A more detailed listing of the available height, temperature, cloud, and moisture analyses is given in Chapter 2.

Multilevel heights 1 Jan 1962 - 20 Aug 1970, continuing Multilevel temperatures 1 Jan 1962 - 20 Aug 1970, continuing Multilevel nephanalyses 1 Sep 1963 - 20 Nov 1969

b. Tropical analyses

Tropical analyses from Offutt starting August 1970. Winds and temperatures for 40°S - 400 N. Levels: surface and 850, 700, 500, 400, 300, 250, 200, 150, 100, 50 mb; this now (February 1975) goes to 10 mb. The analysis guess was 6 h persistence, but this was blended with the northern hemisphere forecast from 20 to 400 N, and with a southern hemisphere forecast when available from September 1971. The result was then blended with 10% climatology to produce the guess that was used. Each level was analyzed independently with no additional methods to 43

Data at USAF/ETAC

provide more vertical consistency. Two tapes per month. (1 August 1970 to 15 January 1972 uses 32 tapes.) c. Southern hemisphere analyses

These analyses are for 15 levels from 1000 to 10 mb and start in January 1972. d. Upper-air analysis data base

The later years of the AFGWC analysis data are restructured in the following ways for this data base, so that they can be more easily used with the 3-D nephanalysis: This data base is maintained in two parts, northern hemisphere and southern hemisphere. Each of the hemispheric disks is divided into 64 boxes, as in the 3-D nephanalysis data base. Within each box there are 64 grid points in an arrangement of eight rows and eight columns. The data elements for each point are pressure and temperature of the surface level; D value, temperature, and wind components for 15 levels above surface; dew point temperature of the surface, 850, 700, 500, and 400 mb levels.

Data are maintained for the 00Z and 12Z hours. The sequence of the file is YR-MO-DA-HR-BOX-POINT-ELEMENT. Each hemisphere-year-month is a separate subfile within the data base.

The period of record for the northern hemisphere begins with January 1971; for the southern hemisphere it begins with January 1972. e. Monthly averages of analysis data

Year-month averages of the analysis data will start with January 1971 for the northern hemisphere and January 1972 for the southern hemisphere. These will give means and standard deviations of height, temperature, U, and V for the levels 1000 through 10 mb. Moisture will be included through 400 mb. f. Three-dimensional nephanalysis data base

1) The 3-D nephanalysis data base is formulated into two parts, the northern hemisphere (3DNEPHNHA) and the southern hemisphere (3DNEPHSHA). Each of the hemispheric disks is divided into 64 boxes. Within each box there are 4096 grid points in an arrangement of 64 44

Chapter 6

rows and 64 columns. Figure 6 (la and lb) shows the arrangement graphically.

Twenty-two parameters are reported at each grid point. The first seven are cloud types (3), weather, maximum tops, minimum bases, and total coverage. The remaining 15 are percent cloud amounts for 15 layers of variable thicknesses. The first layer goes from the surface to 150 ft above the ground. The top of successive layers are 300, 600, 1000, and 2000 ft AGL, and 3500, 5000, 6500, 10,000, 14,000, 18,000, 22,000, 26,000, 35,000, and 55,000 ft MSL. The horizontal resolution is one-eighth NMC mesh or about 45 km at 600 N. The analysis procedure uses satellite, aircraft, and conventional data. See Coburn (1970) for a description of the procedure.

3DNEPHNHA is reported every three hours at 00, 03, 06, 09, 12, 15, 18, 21Z. The general period of record began in August 1970. Initially 32 boxes were reported; additional boxes were added in 1971 and 1972. Sixty boxes are reported currently (boxes 1, 8, 57 and 64 are not reportable since they are off the disk). Figure 6-1 shows the beginning period of record for each box in the northern hemisphere. The data base is kept in BOX-TIME sequence.

3DNEPHSHA period of record begins in May 1974. These data are not currently processed into box-time files but are maintained in synoptic sequence.

Volume: There are 5.905 X 105 bits per box analysis 1.726 X 109 bits per box year

2) Low, middle, high cloud file

This is a condensed version of the 3-D nephanalysis and has about one-fourth the volume.

3) Histogram file

This file keeps histograms of cloud frequency from 3-D nephanalysis by month, level, and time of day. There are 6.5 X 109 bits per hemisphere. 45

Data at USAF/ETAC

g. AFGWC Boundary-layer model (BLM) grids

BLM analyses began in August 1970 at AFGWC for the U.S. window, 00Z and 12Z. The European and Asian windows were added later (see table below). Mesh size is one-half NMC (100 n mi). The levels are: surface, 50, 150, 300, 600, 900, 1200 and 1600 m. Parameters are: U, V, W wind components, temperature, specific humidity, specific moisture (vapor plus liquid), relative humidity, and D-values. Only levels 1, 2, 5, and 6 were available until April 1973. When the data are prepared at AFGWC hourly forecast values are also available, but these are dropped from the data tapes before transmission to ETAC. See Hadeen (1970) for a description of the boundary layer model.

Area Start Date # Points Degrees U.S. Window Aug 1970 29 X 27 45N 137W, 62N 53W, 17N 107W, 23N 70W European Window 18 Jul 1974 29 X 35 73N 55W, 45N 91E 32N 06W, 22N 48E Asian Window 18 Jul 1974 29 X 35 44N 111E, 72N 110W 21N 153E, 32N 155W

7. Other Data Sets at ETAC

a. Astrogeophysical data

ETAC has been accumulating AFGWC-processed solar/geophysical data since January 1972. The original set contained 23 parameters; five more were added in July 1974. The parameters include sunspot counts, flare data, ionosonde data, and maximum and minimum observable radio frequency for the ionospheric layers (120 magnetic tapes have been accumulated through December 1974).

b. Long-term precipitation means from charts

Monthly data on an I,J grid. For Europe and Asia, not for North America. On a 60 mi grid. Probably based on rain data for about 1950 to 1965.

c. Soil moisture

Calculated from precipitation, etc., in P200. Only available for selected areas. One tape for a month. Saved for only a few months. 46

Chapter 6

d. Airfield summary data

ETAC has published worldwide airfield climatological summary data in 23 volumes, covering all of the world's runways over 3000 ft in length (about 4500). In some cases a "closest station" had to be used rather than one right at the airport. Monthly mean snowfall is included. Wind rose data are not given, but the frequencies of days with winds over 17 kt and over 27 kt are given. These data are also on about 60 magnetic tapes at ETAC Washington. Total 100°E Boxes Beginning P.O.R. Reporting 2 3 4 5 7 11, 12, 13, 14, 18, 19, 20, 21 1 Jan 1971 OOZ (32 boxes) 22, 23, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 42, 43 45, 46, 47, 51, 52, 53, 54 7 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 44, / . \~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 03, 04, 05, 17, 25, 33 21 Mar 1972 12Z (38 boxes) 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 170" f ' i I I 4oo------4 + -0' w P 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40, 50, 59, 60, 61, 62 20 Apr 1972 12Z (43 boxes)

41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 24, 32, 40, 48 16 May 1972 15Z (47 boxes)

49\ 50 51 52 53 54 55 ,/56 02, 06, 07, 09, 10, 15, 16, 41 15 Feb 1973 09Z (60 boxes) 49, 55, 56, 58, 63 57/ 58 5 60 6o1 6 63 64X NOTE: Boxes 01, 08, 57, 64, do not contain data as 80°W they are off the Equator. Fig. 6-la. 3DNEPHNHA Projection Map of Numbered Boxes.

80°W Geographic Location

X-: 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 02, 09, 10, 17, 18, 19, Western Pacific 03, 04, 05, 11, 12, 13, South East Asia 9 II 12 13 14 15 \16 06, 07, 14, 15, 16, 24, Indian Ocean 25, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35, Central Pacific 22 23 24 '17 I 1819 20 21 20, 21, 28, 29, 36, 37, Polar Region 1/II 22, 23, 30, 31, 38, 39, Europe/Africa 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 41 42, 49, 50, 58, 59, Eastern Pacific ,.._170-1 i- - + -- i W E 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, United States 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 46, 47, 54, 60, 61, 62, Atlantic/South America South Atlantic 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 32, 40, 48, 55, 56, 63, tj P3 rt 49\ 50 51 52 53 54 55 /56 Fig. 6-1. Locations of 3DNEPH grid boxes. The period of record for the northern hemisphere is shown. C) 57 58 59 60 61 62 3A 64m Southern hemisphere data start in May 1974. ci cn lvv-t100°E I'l I Fig. 6-lb. 3DNEPHSHA Projection Map of Numbered Boxes. I 49

Chapter 7: NCC. Data at the National Climatological Center

1. Introduction

NCC, in Asheville, N.C., is the main data archive in the United States for meteorological data. It is under the Environmental Data Service (EDS) of NOAA. In this writeup, we will only consider some of their main data sets. Analyzed and observed data from NMC flow into NCC. Data from the Air Force AFGWC go to ETAC in Washington, D.C., and, finally, most of it goes to the ETAC unit in Asheville. Some of the Navy FNWC data also goes to NCC. There is a Navy unit at Asheville. When data are punched by civilian or military sections at NCC, they become part of a common data pool. Data on tape or cards from various foreign or United States sources also become a part of the pool, although there is bound to be somewhat less knowledge of data sets that were not locally created. Much of the satellite data also now goes to NCC in Asheville, but the plans are for it to be stored at NESS. A number of the sets of NCC data will be treated outside of this section of the text. Also some of the sets listed may be superseded by the same data in better condition in a reformatted set. For the U.S. first-order stations, there were many station moves from city locations to airports during the period 1935-1939. Then between about 1955 and 1965 many of the instruments were moved from shelters on airport roofs to remote reading locations above the grass in the middle of the airport. Only about five of some 300 first-order stations were not moved in the period from 1935 to 1970. Information about published climatic data can be found in Selective Guide to Published Climatic Data Sources (NCC, 1969). The LCD (Local Climatic Data) NCC publications provide information about the station histories.

2. Listings of Data Holdings

Appendix 1 gives a broad view of the data holdings within some of the sets of observed surface and upper air data. The information for this appendix was prepared by ETAC in December 1974. Appendix 2 gives a data listing prepared by NCC and NCAR in 1975.

3. Rawinsonde Data

The U.S. sondes used during the approximate period 1963 to 1972 could give 50

Chapter 7 mixing ratios (in moist air and sunny skies) of 12 g/kg rather than the correct 20 g/kg. The humidity element absorbed too much direct sunlight and gave a relative humidity appropriate to this elevated temperature and not to the cooler actual temperature reported by the temperature element. The archived raob data do not include any stratospheric radiation corrections made after data receipt. See Mclnturff and Finger (1968) for suggested corrections as a function of instrument type, pressure level, and solar elevation angle.

Canadian data are not now (January 1975) available at NCC past September 1971.

a. Rawinsonde mandatory and significant level data (TDF 5600)

Since 1971 the U.S. rawinsonde data have been saved in this format, which includes significant levels. Some of the new data are converted to the older formats and vice versa (2000 characters per raob).

b. Raob mandatory level cards (Deck 645) January 1961 - June 1971

The Deck 645 raob mandatory level cards were punched for Canadian stations, for U.S. stations, and for selected other stations with bilateral agreements. The mandatory levels are for each 50 mb in the lower troposphere. There are about 33 levels in the normal sounding. These data are thus more extensive and better checked than the data transmitted by teletype. The wind direction is given to the nearest degree. Data are on 59 7-channel, 556 BPI tapes at NCC. Received on 32 9-channel, 1600 BPI tapes at NCAR. Volume: 9.4 X 108 characters.

c. Rawinsonde data -- mandatory levels (TDF-54) January 1928 - December 1971

ETAC has put many of the available U.S. and foreign mandatory level data onto tape in TDF 54 format. This has 800 characters per raob and provides for up to 40 levels. Data at constant pressure levels, except in early periods when they are at constant heights. The U.S. data mostly start in 1946; Canadian data start in about 1955. The earlier U.S. constant height raobs generally started about July 1939. The constant pressure data include Deck 541 (1946-1948), Deck 542 (1949-1952), Deck 544 (1952-1955), Deck 545 (1956-1960), and parts of Deck 645 (1961-1971). These data are in a common set of units. 51

Data at NCC

Area: Worldwide, including ocean weather stations Volume: 5,155,000 observations from 1412 stations, 800 characters per raob, on 535 reels of 9-track tape d. Northern hemisphere rawinsonde (January 1949 - June 1971 on)

Area: Northern hemisphere Rawinsonde observations going as high as 10 mb, 600 stations, on magnetic tape e. Rawinsonde data - Northern hemisphere Scherhag set (March 1954 - December 1962)

Data from 31 northern hemisphere stations, once a day The data are on magnetic tape f. Dropsondes, Ptarmigan-Arctic (Deck 610) June 1951 - November 1959

Volume: 24,000 observations on two reels of Fosdic film (Also, there are other decks of dropsonde and reconnaisance observations.) g. Monthly means of rawinsonde data (about 1950 on)

NCC and NCAR have tapes of these data which are being cleaned up. These data can be found in the NCC publication, Monthly Climatic Data of the World. h. Raob signal levels (Deck 606) January 1945 - May 1963

Area: Worldwide land and ships, mostly U.S. Nearly all of these are for only the seasonal months January, April, July, and October. After 1952, this set will be mostly redundant with the data in Deck 505.

Volume: 5,000,000 significant levels (about 397,000 observations) on 431 reels of Fosdic film. i. Radiosonde significant levels (Deck 505) July 1952 on

Area: United States, Canada, Mexico, Caribbean Sea, Antarctica, South America, North Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Islands. Canadian data are mostly from 1957 on.

Volume: 20,000,000 significant levels (about 1,450,000 observations) on 125 reels of 9-track tape. 52

.apter 7

4. Winds Aloft Data

The mandatory level rawinsonde observations will include wind data for many stations that are not in these sets.

a. WBAN winds aloft (TDF-53) January 1918-December 1964

Global coverage Volume: 5,119,000 observations on 500 reels of 9-track tape

b. Foreign winds aloft (TDF 52) January 1922-December 1966

Global coverage, not including North America Volume: 3,853,000 observations on 150 reels of 9-track tape

c. Winds aloft WBAN January 1945-August 1965

From 1400 worldwide stations

From rawinsonde and pilot balloons (Weather Service, Air Force, Navy, and Canadian stations.)

The data are on Fosdic film

d. Upper air winds (Deck 508) March 1951-February 1959

For 950 to 10 mb, United States, Canada, Puerto Rico, Canal Zone Volume: 275,000 observations on 25 reels Fosdic film

e. Upper air winds, Eurasian (Deck 500) January 1951-February 1958

Area: Asia, Europe, Greenland, North Africa Volume: 115,000 observations on ten reels Fosdic film

f. Winds aloft, Canadian (Deck 685) July 1955-July 1971

Area: 70 stations in Canada

These data are on magnetic tape. They are also included in TDF-53 through 1964.

5. Rocketsonde Data at NCC (January 1975)

NCC has all of the U.S. data and a portion of the foreign data on about 24 tapes. The data for U.S. stations for 1961 through 1968 are on 12 tapes in an earlier format. The main effort started in 1969; this tape format includes data 53

Data at NCC

for U.S. and foreign stations. The U.S., South American, and Spanish stations are on one tape each four months. (In January 1975, data are available through 1972; 1973 should be ready in two months.)

There are three delayed data tapes. One is from Russian land stations with some data back to 1961. Another similar tape contains Russian ship data, and another has some of the Australian and Japanese data. NCC is attempting to obtain more of these data.

The January 1970 and 1972 issues of the High Altitude Meteorological Data Publications from NCC have inventories of the data. The January 1973 issue will contain another inventory and will be published about July 1975.

6. Surface Synoptic Observations

Most of the smaller sets are not listed here. See Appendix 1 for coverage of land synoptic observations.

a. Surface synoptic observations (TDF-13) January 1901 on

Area: worldwide land (not including the United States)

Volume: 64,000,000 observations on 1300 reels of 9-track tape

b. Surface synoptic observations, Norwegian January 1951-December 1956

Volume: 280,000 observations on two reels of 9-track tape

Surface synoptic observations, Greenland

Volume: 107,000 observations on two reels of 9-track tape

c. Surface marine synoptic observations (TDF-11) January 1854 on

See Chapter 17 for a more complete discussion.

Area: worldwide ocean (grouped by 100 latitude-longitude squares)

Volume: 43,000,000 observations on 375 reels 9-track tape

7. Airways Data

a. General

NCC has hourly observations from about 300 to 400 U.S. first-order stations on tape for the period January 1949-December 1964. A number of 54

Chapter 7

stations go back to 1930. Starting in January 1965, only eight observations per day have been punched.

Worldwide U.S. military stations were still punched each hour through December 1970 and are on tape. The punching of the military data stopped when the receipt of the teletype data was considered good enough.

The tapes from ETAC-AFGWC have about 30,000 hourly airways and special reports per day. These are for all stations received on the teletype circuits, not just the first-order stations.

In 1977, NCC will get hourly information plus specials directly from about 1000 stations. They will be a primary node in the communications system.

b. Airways surface observations (TDF-14) January 1940 on

Area: worldwide land, mostly United States, 1800 stations. The U.S. stations came from Deck 1440 and generally start in July 1948.

Volume: 166,000,000 observations on 2800 reels of 7-track, 556 BPI tape through 1973.

c. Hourly surface observations (Deck TD-9753,928) January 1965-December 1970

Area: North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans

Volume: 315,000 observations on two reels of 9-track tape

8. Daily Surface Data for United States

a. Daily data from U.S. Cooperative Stations and First-Order Stations (at NCC)

Daily data for about 12,000 stations are punched and checked at NCC (Deck 486, punched from Form 612-3, formerly 1009, and First-Order Summary of the Day from MF 1 10B). The data include at least daily precipitation and most stations report maximum and minimum temperatures. Evaporation data are included from 500 stations. The State Climatologists assisted NCC with data checking until their positions were eliminated in 1973. Data for the current year are on four tapes per month: three for the United States, Caribbean, Alaska, and Hawaii; and one for delayed data. 55

Data at NCC

Once a year, between March and June, the previous year's file is combined onto 20 reels. The data through about 1970 are organized on tapes by long station time series within each state.

Through cooperative agreements with universities and state agencies, some records as early as 1879 are included. Approximately 600 stations have 30 or more consecutive years of data. These long-term records are usually from suburban areas. Some states have no data prior to 1948. The general beginning date for this file is 1948. Data prior to October 1963 were placed on Fosdic film for retention, but by July 1975 all of these will be placed on tape. The volume of observations in CD 486 on tape is 110,000,000 card images (80 characters each) on 700 reels of 9-track tape and covers the United States, Caribbean, Alaska, Hawaii, Pacific Islands, and a very small number of Canadian stations. b. Summaries and climate division data

The world records data (year-month mean surface) are on tape at NCC and NCAR; they are discussed in the NCAR section. c. Surface observations - monthly means of 1009 (Deck TD 9924, 932)

January 1891 on

Area: United States, Caribbean, Pacific Islands

Volume: 4,000,000 observations on 30 reels of 9-track tape d. Surface observations -- monthly summaries and daily data (TD 9716) 1 January 1960 on

Area: United States, Pacific Islands, Puerto Rico

Data for first-order stations, including some monthly summaries by hours. From airways Deck 1440 (hourly or three-hourly data). Summary of winds by speed categories, etc. Published in LCD (Local Climatological Data) summaries.

Volume: 4,000,000 observations (80 characters each) on 22 reels of 9-track tape.

e. Station climatology

A tape containing station climatologies is also available. A new two- volume publication of the station climatologies may be purchased from NCC. 56

Chapter 7

f. Climatic division data -- monthly summaries (Deck 475) January 1931 on

For the 400 climate divisions in the United States, this deck gives year- month means of temperature and precipitation.

Volume: one tape

g. Daily and weekly data for climatic divisions (about 1965 on)

Includes daily maximum and minimum temperatures, by U.S. climatic divisions. Heating and cooling degree days were calculated from this.

9. Other Daily Surface Observations

a. Summary of day observations (TDF-34) January 1885 on

Area: worldwide land (mostly United States)

Volume: 20,000,000 observations on 900 reels of 9-track tape

b. Summary of day observations (U.S.) (Deck 331) January 1934-December 1944

Volume: 90,000 observations on eight reels of Fosdic film

c. Summary of day observations (TDF 30)

NCC is gradually putting many summary-of-day observations into this format. Now all summaries for first-order stations (Deck 345) and some of Deck 486 have been converted. TDF 34 will also be converted.

d. Summary of day, Canadian Arctic (Deck 335) January 1955-December 1967

Area: Canadian Arctic

Volume: 24,000 observations on one reel of tape

e. Surface daily winds, ocean station vessels (Deck 328) January 1948- December 1972

Area: North Atlantic, North Pacific

Volume: 25,000 observations on one reel of 9-track tape

10. Rainfall Data In addition to the sets below, rainfall data are also given in the airways data, the surface synoptic data, the radar data, the daily summary data, and the monthly mean data. 57

Data at NCC

Rainfall data taken from the surface synoptic reports are often somewhat questionable. They are subjected to a variety of coding practices which might not be taken into account. If the rain group is not reported, one cannot be certain that there was no rain. In a recent survey of the teletype data, the rainfall data for Russia and China appeared good; over parts of southeast Asia they were poor (and could be either too high or too low). The rain data can even be poor in the TDF-13 deck of surface synoptic observations.

a. Hourly precipitation data (Deck 488) July 1948 on

Area: North America, United States, Honduras, Mexico, Swan Island, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Bahama Islands. Volume: 14,000,000 observations on 150 reels of 9-track tape

b. Seven-day U.S. rainfall (Deck 487) January 1906-December 1935

Area: United States

Volume: 342,000 observations on 29 reels of Fosdic film

c. Australian monthly and annual precipitation (Deck 990) January 1900- December 1964

Volume: 7000 observations on one reel of Fosdic film

11. Miscellaneous Sets of Surface Data

a. Drought analyses.

NCC has Palmer index data from about 1931 and nearly up to date. There are also some crop moisture index data.

b. Freeze data, United States (TD 9712, 948) January 1931 on

Volume: 80,000 observations on one reel of 9-track tape

c. Soil temperatures (Deck 860) January 1967 on

Area: United States, Puerto Rico

Volume: 200,000 observations on one reel of tape 58

Chapter 7

12. Solar Radiation

a. Solar radiation, hourly and daily (Deck 470) September 1923-June 1952

Area: United States, Canada, Pacific Islands, Iceland

Volume: 370,000 observations on 31 reels of Fosdic film

b. Solar radiation sum of day (Deck 480) July 1952 on

From about 160 stations in the United States, Canada, Caribbean, and Pacific Islands. Canadian data stopped December 1959. Corrective measures are being taken on the set. Values may vary from a few percent high to 20 to 30% low.

Volume: 650,000 observations on four reels of 9-track tape

c. Solar radiation hourly (Deck 280) July 1952 on

Area: United States

Volume: 2,500,000 observations on 20 reels of 9-track tape. Work is proposed to clean up this set more fully and to calibrate at least some of the stations in it.

13. Data from Bomex Experiment

Period of experiment: May through July 1969

a. Bomex marine observations

Ship and land synoptic observations eight times daily; Caribbean, 2,000,000 observations

b. Bomex rawinsonde observations

Rawinsonde ship observations, 8 to 15 daily; Caribbean, 2500 soundings

c. Bomex aircraft reconnaissance flights

Area: tropical Atlantic and Caribbean

Volume: data from 79 aircraft flights on magnetic tape

d. Bomex boom data

In Caribbean: Data each 30 sec on air and water temperatures, wind, humidity, and precipitation. 59

Data at NCC

Volume: 2,000,000 observations on magnetic tape

14. Cyclone Positions

a. Tropical cyclone positions

This NCC set has about 70,000 12-hourly positions up through about 1971 (12,000 in the North Atlantic, 20,000 in the North Pacific, and 10,000 in the Indian Ocean). Some of the data include the central pressure and maximum winds. Some six-hourly positions are given. Data from a number of sources are included. For example, data are included from Chin's (1972) Tropical Cyclone Climatology for the China Seas and Western Pacific from 1884 to 1970. After about 1947, data from reconnaissance aircraft were often used to position the storms. Since about 1960, satellite pictures have been available. Chin's book includes central pressure and peak winds (NCAR has a copy).

b. Extratropical cyclone positions (1899 present)

For the period 1899-1939, there are once-a-day low pressure centers with central pressure. For June 1965 to the present, there are six-hourly positions, with central pressure only given at 12h. On tape.

15. Tower Data - Cedar Hill, Texas (December 1960-December 1962)

Wind and temperature data at 12 levels, 30-1420 ft, near Dallas. Observations each 40, 280, or 580 s.

Volume: 256,000 observations on five reels of 9-track tape.

16. Data Sets Stored Elsewhere that are Related to NCC Data

a. In the section on NCAR data holdings, a number of sets are discussed which originated partly or totally at NCC.

b. Maximum and minimum temperatures, daily precipitation data

Data at the Extended Range Forecast Laboratory (NMC), based on information from R. Gelhard, September 1971.

The Extended Forecast Laboratory has tapes based on daily card data for 108 stations in the 48 contiguous states. The period of record is 60

Chapter 7

1947-1965; the data were from NCC. Their tapes contain cleaned-up data (and no missing values) of maximum and minimum temperatures and total daily precipitation. The Techniques Development Laboratory added about 32 U.S. and Canadian stations, and Gelhard thinks that these were also cleaned up.

The Extended Forecast Laboratory put the original cards (Gelhard thinks WBAN-3 cards) on tape and edited them; the original records were used to fill in the many missing values and to correct many errors.

c. Station data

A number of states have tapes that have much of the past station data. A program should be started to identify such data unless they merely duplicate NCC holdings without additional cleanup, etc.

d. The Bonneville Power Administration, in cooperation with several other federal and state organizations maintains extensive sets of surface data on magnetic tape for several western states and for British Columbia.

17. Ozone Soundings from Balloon Ascents (January 1963 through May 1969) AFCRL Ozonesonde Network The first eight months of data are in one format on 11 tapes for 11 stations; not much data on each tape. The rest of FAIRBANKS SHULE the period is on two tapes. Bedford has data for 68 months with 451 observations. The next best station is Goose Bay with CHURCHILLS\ SEATTLE e ^ S GOOSE BAY 53 months and 178 observations. The data have been summarized by Hering and PT. MUGU FT. COLLINS GREEN BAY BEDFORD Borden (1967). 0 J 61

Data at NCC

18. Coastal Observing Stations

There is no combined set of coastal station observations. Some Weather Service stations such as Miami Beach record water temperatures on WBAN-10 forms, but they are not punched because there is no room for the data in the card format. Until recently there has been little standardization in Coast Guard station practices. The WMO synoptic code includes a code group for water temperature data, so if the code is used and if NMC or AFGWC decode the data, then the water data should be available with the rest of the synoptic data at NCC. Such sets of global synoptic code data start in 1965.

19. Atmospheric Turbidity Data

Starting in 1971 (and punched through October 1973 as of March 1975), NCC has taped data for about 60 global stations measuring turbidity. Most of these stations are in the United States. The data are published in the annual publications by NCC, Atmospheric Turbidity and Precipitation Chemistry Data for the World.

The earlier data are being prepared by the Environmental Protection Agency at Research Triangle Park and will then be sent to NCC. See Flowers et al. (1969) for information about turbidity over the United States.

20. Data from GATE Experiment

The data from the June-September 1974 GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment are being archived at World Data Center-A at NCC. A GATE data catalog has been prepared by NCC with the assistance of CEDDA. The data include ship surface and rawindsonde data, ship radar data (digital and picture), satellite data (digital and picture), boundary-layer data, aircraft data, radiation data, and oceanographic data. The snyoptic-scale and global data will also be available. These data are being prepared by the GATE National Processing Centers and Subprogram Centers and will be sent to NCC when the data processing is completed.

A number of WMO publications about GATE are available. People ordering from all countries except the United States should write to the WMO in Geneva, Switzer- land. Orders from the United States should be sent to WMO Publications Center, UNIPUB Inc., P. O. Box 433, New York 10016. I 63

Chapter 8: Upper Air Observed Data

Section A: Upper Air Observed Data in Synoptic Order

NCAR has upper air data in synoptic sequence starting in May 1958. The first five years were from MIT. Since about 1962, the synoptically filed data are from real time teletype data decoded by the numerical weather centrals. These data include significant-level information. In fact, more significant-level data have been transmitted over teletype than were post-punched for U.S. stations at NCC until procedures changed in 1971. The data coverage on the NMC tapes became global (as received operationally) in June 1966.

1. From NMC

Data Period: 4 March 1962 - current.

NCAR has tapes containing the upper air data received synoptically at the weather centrals. Figure 1-2 shows NMC data coverage on typical days in 1968 and 1974. This plot was computer-made by scanning one of the time periods on a tape from NMC. (The coverage became global in June 1966.) Data from 4 March 1962 to 31 December 1972 are on 377 tapes. For earlier years up to 44 sounding times (22 days) are stored on each tape; in 1972, about 15 sounding times are stored per tape. Previous to 1 November 1969, only the 00Z and 12Z soundings were archived; since 1 November 1969, 06Z and 18Z records have also been kept for a few months, the former in the 00Z file and the latter in the 12Z file. To obtain these data from 4 March 1962 to 31 December 1972, NCAR read 1,845 B-3 tapes from NMC. The tapes have the upper air data received within about 10 h of 00 or 12Z. Prior to 1973, the aircraft data were deleted on the tapes for NCC, but NCAR retained these data. Starting on 1 January 1973, there is a format change to a character code. NCAR receives the data on four tapes per month and is normally within about six weeks of being up to date.

The NMC tapes include aircraft wind reports, wind data from the cirrus blowing off from cumulonimbus clouds ("blowoff winds"), wind data from the drift of clouds seen on ATS film loops, atmospheric temperature soundings calculated from satellite infrared soundings, and "bogus" data put in by analyses to help the objective analysis programs. See the satellite data chapter for more details.

For the GATE period (June-September 1974), tapes are available that contain the six-hQurly data. 64

Chapter 8

2. From AFGWC

Data Period: 24 July 1966 - 28 August 1969 (many missing).

NCAR has 1,620 sounding times (00, 12Z) of these data through 28 August 1969. These are now on 101 tapes, usually 18 sounding times (9 days) per tape. See the section on data sets at ETAC for more information about these data. Time periods covered with only minor skips are:

Days Days Day Mo. Yr. thru Day Mo. Yr. Missing Day Mo. Yr. thru Day Mo. Yr. Missing

24 7 66 29 7 66 6 6 67 5 7 68 17 14 10 66 2110 66 75 12 7 68 15 1 69 6 10 11 66 16 11 66 18 20 1 69 6 5 69 4 9 1 67 17 1 67 54 9 5 69 1 6 69 2 22 1 67 2 2 67 5 6 6 69 14 6 69 4 4 3 67 12 3 67 60 20 6 69 1 8 69 5 10 4 67 17 4 67 27 24 8 69 28 8 69 23 3 5 67 18 5 67 15

"Missing" gives the approximate number of days of data missing in the gap from the previous date. Each sounding time usually has about 620 rawinsondes (of these about 330 give wind by height as well as wind by pressure). There are 280 wind soundings with no raob, and 450 to 700 aircraft reports. The original set of data at ETAC is more complete (see chapter six).

3. At FNWC

The section on data at FNWC describes the upper air data that are available on their tapes. NCAR now only has a small amount of these data.

4. Northern Hemisphere from University of Missouri, MIT, NCC

Data Period: May 1958 through April 1963.

Rawinsonde data for this five-year period were obtained from Prof. Ernest Kung of the University of Missouri (OOZ and 12Z data are in the set). The data originated on 60 tapes at Prof. Starr's General Circulation Laboratory at MIT. Kung did some additional cleanup work on the data. Most of the original data were 65

Upper Air Observations from NCC, Asheville, and have been further processed under NSF grants.

The data are mandatory levels with information each 50 mb in the lower levels when available. The volume was 39 9-channel, 1600 BPI tapes, but has been reformatted without loss of data to 20 tapes of OOZ data and five tapes of 12Z data, all recorded at 7 channel, 800 BPI.

5. Aircraft Data

J. Sadler, at the University of Hawaii, has gathered and punched several years of aircraft wind data for tropical areas, including data for a number of aircraft routes not received by NMC. T. N. Krishnamurti, at Florida State University, has gathered aircraft data for the GATE period and for other selected periods, such as June-August 1972.

6. Printed Upper Air Data on Microfilm

A selection of the data is available in printed form from NCC in the Northern Hemisphere Data Tabulations. These tabulations were printed through December 1963. Since that time, they have been produced on one reel of microfilm per month. The table below compares the data available on tape from the Weather Centrals with the amount of printed data.

From Numerical Weather Centrals N. Hem. Data Tabs 00 plus 00 plus Daily 00 plus 12 plus Daily 06Z 18Z Total 06Z 18Z Total Rawinsonde 750 820 1570 591 154 745 Winds aloft 650 650 1300 65 0 65 Aircraft 800 800 1600 0 0 0 SIRS or VTPR 80 60 140 0 0 0 Surface synoptic 40,000 0 2160 2160 66

Chapter 8

Section B: Upper Air Station Daily Time-Series Observed Data

NCAR is still in the process of obtaining all available mandatory level rawinsonde data for stations south of about 300 N. There are now about 1.6 million soundings in this set (on about 48 tapes). The primary data source has been NCC, with additional data from England, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, Singapore, and Mauritius. Data will soon be sent from Brazil. NCAR has just received (January 1975) tapes from NCC with U.S. and Canadian stations (mandatory levels -- usually 35 levels per sounding) starting in 1961. A microfilm inventory may be borrowed from NCAR.

See the ETAC and NCC chapters (6 and 7) for discussions of the most complete sets of time-series data. 67

Chapter 9: Surface Synoptic Observed Data

1. Introduction

These surface observations are usually taken once each 3 or 6 h globally. The code form for a surface synoptic report from land station is:

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) SYNOP IIiii Nddff VVwwW PPPTT NCLhCMCH

(6) (7) (8) (9) TdT ajpjp (6P P P P ) (7RRjj) (8N Ch h ) ddapp oo0 o s s s

(10) (9S S s s ) P P P P

1) Block and station number 2) Total cloud, wind direction and speed 3) Visibility, present weather, past weather 4) Sea level pressure in tenths of millibars, temperature 5) Cloud types 6) Dew point, pressure tendency 7) 6-group: Station pressure in tenths of millibars 8) 7-group: Rainfall 9) 8-group: Cloud layer 10) 9-group: Special phenomena such as snow depth, state of sea, etc.

2. Filed in Synoptic Sequence

a. NMC has been saving these data since January 1973. They use a smaller library in the data decode to restrict the data to less than half of what is possible.

b. At FNWC the Navy has also been saving the data and uses the most compact format. This set does not include rain. See Chapter 14 for a breakdown of number of reports by time of day. In 1974 the average volume was:

Surface ships 3857 reports/day = 0.9 X 106 bits/day Land stations 28,297 reports/day = 5.1 X 106 bits/day 68

Chapter 9

c. Chapter 6 describes the surface synoptic data sets that have been decoded at either ETAC or AFGWC. These are the only sets that contain data from airways hourly reports (specials are included) as well as the synoptic code data. In 1974 they contain about 50,000 synoptic reports per day and 30,000 separate airways reports that have not been combined with a synoptic.

d. NCAR has these data for 19 February 1967 through 25 April 1967, for December 1967, and for the summer 1974 GATE period. We are now obtaining a more comprehensive data set.

3. Filed in Time-Series Order

a. See Chapters 6 and 7 on ETAC and NCC. Note the table for TDF-13 in Appendix 1 and the listing for surface synoptic data in Appendix 2.

b. NCAR has only a trivial amount of these data. 69

Chapter 10: Climatological Year-Month Surface and Upper Air Data; Tree Rings

We will discuss the surface and upper air data that are available in averages by single months or longer. Some tree ring data are also discussed. The availability of monthly mean grid point data is discussed elsewhere.

1. Monthly Mean Rawinsonde Data

We are cooperating with NCC to make a set of about 75,000 global mean monthly rawinsonde reports available (CLIMAT reports). The southern hemisphere climatology project made extensive use of these data. Error detection and correction work on the northern hemisphere reports is not yet completed.

NCAR has made monthly summaries of about 2,000,000 daily rawinsonde soundings. The output includes momentum transports, etc. Calculations have not been made on U.S. raobs yet.

GFDL obtained about nine years of rawinsonde data from NCAR that had been picked up by NMC from communications circuits. A. Oort at GFDL is having these put into time-series sort and screened for errors; calculations of year-month means, variances, and co-variances are being made.

2. Monthly Mean Reports from Surface Stations

NCAR has about 887,000 monthly mean reports from surface stations with global coverage. In the period from 1731 to 1860 the number of stations increased from 1 to 84. From 1870 to 1900 the number increased from 138 to 438. In the decade 1961-1970 there were 1722 stations; of these, 541 were in the southern hemisphere. In the total period there were about 487,000 reports of average monthly sea level pressure, 458,000 reports of station pressure, 821,000 reports of temperature, and 887,000 reports of rainfall. (See Table 10-1 for a general inventory.) These data include the World Weather Records data (mostly from NCC, but six months punched at NCAR), and Clayton's (Smithsonian) Weather Records. The latter were punched at NCC under contract with John Wolback of Harvard College Observatory. Volume: two binary tapes, or four in BCD format.

Another data set contains monthly rainfall data from 200 Pacific Island stations. Many of the periods of records are longer than 30 years. Ronald 70

Chapter 10

Taylor of the University of Hawaii has provided NCAR with this data set. Data listings are given in Taylor (1973).

The University of Wisconsin is punching data from some of the U.S. forts. These should give some long records.

3. Atlas of Mean Surface Temperature and Pressure by Months 1881-1960

J. Fletcher (NOAA-ERL), Boulder, Colorado, has a copy of a Russian atlas showing monthly surface temperature and pressure for the northern hemisphere, January 1881 - December 1960. During 1975, Russia may be able to provide the United States with grid point data for these charts.

4. Tree Ring Data for Western America 120' I/10' I00

Tree ring data were collected for about \ 5 3 C50'- ® 2 150 sites in western America. The investi- 6 gators tried to sample at least ten trees to define each site. The data from the best / , site in each area were used to define 49 1 1 stations (Fig. 10-1). The starting years 40' 2 16 of the oldest six stations are 800, 1107, 8 2937

1194, 1263, 1270, 1298 A.D. For the other 3 stations the starting times were: years 1304 to 1368: 8 stations 1415 to 1485: 13 stations 1508 to 1592: 19 stations 1612 to 1631: 3 stations

The period of record usually ends in 1964. . ..MI LES \ The data are published in Stokes et al. / i/o' (1973). Fig. 10-1. Network of 49 tree ring stations (from Stokes et al., 1973).

5. North American Climate Data to 10,000 Years

R. Bryson at the University of Wisconsin will soon have 10,000 years of decadal mean data for eight stations over the eastern half of the United States 71

Year-Month Data, Proxy Data and Canada. From the pollen data, they hope to provide objective estimates of snowfall to + 20%, rain within 10%, growing season + 5 days, and mean temperature + 0.5°C.

6. Data Bank of Early Climatological Sources

The Center for Climatic Research at the University of Wisconsin has established a catalog of references containing information of past weather conditions. Some sources are original, whereas others are summaries or analyses of original data. The data bank was begun to help extend climatological records back in time and to provide quantitative, although perhaps discontinuous, information of past environments. These data may provide sufficient environmental information to enable a better understanding of temporal and areal relationships between given events and the environment.

Resources are organized by location (latitude and longitude, country, and in some cases smaller scale political divisions). References are punched on computer cards and may be queried by location or time (years before 1950), or both, thereby yielding a list of the appropriate references, including parameters contained in the source, the frequency of observations, and the length of the record. 72

Chapter 10

Table 10-1

Monthly surface climatological station data. Number of available monthly averages of sea level pressure, station pressure, temperature, and precipitation for a global network of surface stations. Data are included through 1973. The explanation of the symbols follows:

RECS NO, OF LOGICAL RECORDS IN THE DECAOE (STATION/YEARS) S NO.OF STATIONS IN THE DECADE SSLP NO.OF STATIONS IN THE DE3ADE WITH SEA LEVEL PRESSURES MSLP NO.OF MONTHS OF SLP IN THE DECADE SP NO.OF STATIONS IN THE OECADE WITH PRESSURES MP NOOF MONTHS OF PRESSURE IN THE DECADE ST NO, OF STATIONS IN THE DECADE WITH TEMPERATURES MT NO OF MONTHS OF TEMPERATURE SR NO. OF STATIONS IN TH- DECADE WITH PRECIPITATION MR - NO.OF MONTHS OF PRECIPITATION

DECADE RECS S SSLP MSLP SP MP ST MT SR MR

1971-1980 4334 1544 1399 41389 1436 420 14 1540 46089 1515 45064 1961-1970 14136 1722 1554 134791 138 2706 1716 151374 1692 147623 1951-1960 17946 1867 1308 144950 1137 123461 1797 200290 1817 206636 1941-1950 8003 899 582 58211 575 59412 856 88319 879 92584 1931-1940 6849 729 309 31159 428 46056 638 69593 722 80159 1921-1930 6152 647 222 25377 375 42348 538 60150 639 72105 1911-1920 5585 584 134 15351 341 38489 476 53507 550 62292 1901-1910 4955 537 120 12708 322 35353 436 46897 501 54708 1891-1900 3945 438 86 9035 263 28443 347 36995 406 43107 1881-1890 3040 342 58 5830 205 20710 274 28136 313 33241 1871-1880 1949 245 40 3620 122 10195 173 15180 228 21429 1861-1870 1058 138 17 1713 36 3290 75 7031 123 11090 1851-1 60 718 84 10 864 20 1663 48 4550 71 6972 1841-1850 456 55 6 549 7 766 29 3055 43 3945 1831-1840 296 36 2 240 5 600 22 2308 25 2021 1821-1830 231 26 2 240 5 600 17 1896 15 1295 1811-1820 158 21 2 240 5 480 14 1344 9 764 1801-1810 125 13 2 240 3 264 10 1200 5 503 1791-1800 113 12 2 240 2 240 10 1108 3 360 1781-1790 115 12 2 240 2 240 9 1080 4 372 1771-1780 57 7 2 240 2 240 6 564 1 120 1761-1770 34 6 2 132 2 156 4 264 2 142 1751-1760 16 2 1 72 1 72 1 72 1 120 1741-1750 10 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 120 1731-1740 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 36

TOTAL DATA COVERAGE 80284 2554 2073 487491 1976 457798 2473 821002 2516 886808 73

Chapter 11: Global Climatological Grid Data

1. Global Climatology to 100 mb

NCAR has one tape of climatological data for each hemisphere. The tapes have long-term mean data for each 5° latitude-longitude point, and for each month. Data are sea level pressure, surface air temperature, and height and temperature for 850, 700, 500, 300, 200, and 100 mb. Dew points are given for surface, 850, 700, and 500 mb. Calculated geostrophic winds are included for each level. The tapes also include some other data. The northern hemisphere data are based on Crutcher and Meserve (1970), and the southern hemisphere on Taljaard et al. (1969). The southern hemisphere tapes, available microfilm, and motion pictures are discussed in Jenne et al. (1974).

2. Climatological Data Prepared by RAND

Tapes are available from RAND having seasonal data for the surface, 850 mb, and 400 mb. Data on sea level pressure, geopotential height, temperature, moisture, and geostrophic winds were interpolated from the tapes above (southern hemisphere and northern hemisphere Climatology projects) to a grid 4° latitude by 5 longitude. Data on sea surface water temperature, cloudiness, precipitation, evaporation, albedo (surface and planetary), solar radiation absorbed, long-wave radiation, radiation balance, sensible heat flux, heat balance, and observed winds were included from other sources. Various charts are shown in the report by Schutz and Gates (1971), one of four reports and three supplements in which these seasonal data are documented.

3. Stratospheric Climatology

A climatology based on the German data has been prepared. Figure 12-1 shows the data input to this climatology. Two atlas volumes (Labitzke, 1972; and van Loon et al., 1972) are available.

A tape with the climatology is available, as described in an NCAR Technical Note (Jenne et al., in preparation). This note also describes the contents of a set of data maps, cross sections, and graphs on about 5,000 frames of microfilm. The contents of a motion picture based on these data are also described. Some of the data available on magnetic tape and in the displays are: 74

Chapter 11

a. Long-term means of heights at 100, 50, 30, 10 mb (17 to 14 years) and of temperature for five years (and for 15 years at 100 mb).

b. Cold and warm winter temperature and heights.

c. Geostrophic winds calculated from the height grids in a and b.

d. Standard deviation of the year-month height, temperature, U, and V winds. 75

Chapter 12: Stratospheric Data

1. Introduction

We will describe NCAR's stratospheric grid point data from NMC, the Free University of Berlin, and the USAF. A climatology of the lower stratosphere has been prepared based on the German data (see section 8 below).

2. IGY Northern Hemisphere Stratospheric Data

See Chapter 2 section 7.

3. Height and Temperature Analyses from AFGWC (Air Force)

All are twice daily analyses on the NMC octagonal grid. This set is continuing but has not been updated at NCAR since early 1965:

100 mb H - start Apr 1959 100 mb T - start Jan 1962 50 mb H,T - start Jan 1962 30 mb H,T - start Jan 1962 10 mb H,T - start May 1963

4. Daily Height and Temperature Analyses from NMC - --I --- :- -- . - .

Octagonal grid.

100 mb H,T - start Feb 1963 70 mb H,T - start Apr 1969 50, 30, 10 mb H,T - start Jun 1964

5. Daily Height and Temperature Analyses Prepared in Germany 1-

Since May 1973, the Free University of Berlin has been punching the daily height and temperature analyses at 50 and 30 mb and putting them on tape. NCAR has a selection of earlier daily grids from Germany.

6. Weekly Constant Pressure Grids at 5, 2, and 0.4 mb

The grid point values were from the National Climatic Center (NCC) based on selected NMC weekly maps for the western northern hemisphere for January, April, July, and October 1964, 1965, and 1966. The maps were based largely on rocket 76

Chapter 12 data. The area covered is 10°N to the pole and 0°W, 5W --, 220°W, but only 40W - 190W at 0.4 mb. The selective digitizing was paid for by Marshall Space Flight Center. The weekly maps were drawn at NMC during the period January 1964 December 1968.

Hemispheric analyses at 5, 2, 0.4 mb

Starting in January 1972, hemispheric analyses at these levels have been prepared by the upper air section at NMC (contact: F. Finger). The analyses are prepared as follows:

The VTPR channel-two radiance correlates very well with 100-5 mb thickness. This is added to the operational 100 mb height analyses, which gives an estimated 5 mb height. These heights are then adjusted to the heights and winds from rockets (and a few raobs) at 5 mb. From SCR (channel B34), which is mailed from Oxford, England, they obtain a guess temperature at 5 mb which is then adjusted to observed data.

In a similar way, 2 mb analyses are obtained from a correlation of VTPR channel one with 100-2 mb thickness, and a SCR channel B12 correlation with 2 mb temperature. These guesses are then adjusted to the observed data.

For 0.4 mb, the correlation of SCR channel B12 with 10-0.4 mb thickness is used. This thickness is added to the operational 10 mb height, which does not now involve the use of satellite data. This guess is adjusted to the 0.4 mb rocket data. A temperature analysis is produced without direct assistance from satellite data.

If satellite data are not available, the heights from 10 mb are built up by first analyzing the 5 mb temperature, making a thickness from the 10 and 5 mb temperatures, adding it to the 10 mb height, etc.

The maps for January 1972 - June 1973 will be published in about April 1975.

Karen Labitzke (Free University, Berlin) is using satellite data from W. Smith, NESS, to help in making 5 and 2 mb analyses for 1969, 1970, and 1971.

Tape data

MIT (R. Newell) has digitized the 5 and 2 mb data for January - December 1972, for 20°N to the pole, each 10° latitude and longitude. NCAR will have a 77

Stratospheric Data

copy of the data, including both height and temperature.

AFCRL (Alan Cole, January 1975) has plans to digitize all of these maps to aid in the preparation of the U.S. standard reference atmosphere.

7. Stratospheric Analyses from Germany

These grid data were tabulated in Germany from hand-analyzed maps; the card punching was divided between Germany and NCAR. Latitude-longitude points at intervals of 10 were punched for 10 N to the pole. Figure 12-1 shows the earlier mean grids and the year-month analyses that were available for the preparation of the longer term climatology described below. A tape of the year-month data is available as described in Jenne et al. (in preparation). Additional year-month data were received in 1974 (see Figure 12-1). Some of the German daily analyses have been punched in Germany or Japan and sent to NCAR, but they have not been processed yet.

8. Stratospheric Climatology

NCAR and Germany have prepared a climatology of northern hemisphere 100, 50, 30, and 10 mb heights and temperatures, based on German analyses. Many year- month analyses are also available in this set. A motion picture based on this climatology is available from NCAR. See Chapter 11 for more information about these data.

9. Rawinsonde Data

NCC, ETAC, and NCAR have a large sample of the world's daily rawinsonde data in both station and synoptic order on tapes.

10. Global Monthly Thickness Data

NCAR has tapes of global monthly thickness data for 100-50, 50-30, and 30-10 mb for May 1969 through April 1970. These data are based on retrievals made at NESS from SIRS-A monthly mean radiance data. Various data and retrieval problems are inherent in this set. Comparisons have been made with German thickness data where possible. 78

Chapter 12

11. Rocketsonde data at NCC

See the information under NCC data holdings (Chapter 7). GERMAN STRATOSPHERIC DATA AVAILABILITY ( --- I I I I I I I { I I I 1 - 1 1 1 i 'I I I I I I E{= YR-MO'{*~~~~ HEIGHT<-

pmb YR-MO TEMP. -.

10._MEAN HEIGHT_

|.. -O-< YR-MO HEIGHT

mb , YR-MO TEMP. - ,

MEAN HEIGHT '~~~IO)^~~~~0 <..YR-MO HEIGHT

nb YR-MO TEMP._

MEAN HEIGHT 50 YR-MO HEIGHT

p~~~~t)~~Ymb ___YR-MO TEMP..

\r~r\ < 10------> _ YR-MO HEIGHT > mb WvMO MEAN TEMP. bmD <-> YR-MO TEMP...... _ I I I I I I

1 1 1 1 YEAR 15051 5253 54155 56 57 58 59 6061 162 63 64 65 66 67 68 69170 71 72 Fig. 12-1. Shows the year-month grids and the earlier long-term mean grids that were available for use in this climatological study. The indicated data are year-month grids except where noted. Dashed lines show year-month grids that were more recently acquired. The first 18 months of data in the 50 mb height mean were from Muench (from Jenne et al., in preparation). I 81

Chapter 13: Satellite Data

1. Introduction

In this section we will briefly describe a number of the U.S. satellites that have contributed data sets that are important in the study of meteorological and oceanographic problems. The principal locations of the data are the National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC), Goddard Space Flight Center; the National Environmental Satellite Service (NESS), Suitland, Md.; and the National Climatic Center (NCC), Asheville, N.C. Assume that NCAR does not have the data unless otherwise stated.

Stoldt and Havanac (1973) of ETAC have compiled data on the meteorological satellite and instrument programs of the United States, U.S.S.R., United Kingdom, and France. The compendium includes references to the various data catalogs and to scientific papers.

NSSDC hopes to update this compendium in 1977. In early 1975, they will publish a four-volume catalog of satellite experiments. One of the volumes will cover experiments in meteorology and oceanography.

Figure 13-4 shows the data periods for various satellites.

Table 13-1, taken from the compendium, shows where some of the data may be obtained. NSSDC maintains catalog listings that give information about the data availability from the various experiments on each satellite. They also keep track of data sets and publications associated with approximately 7000 rocket launches. Table 13-2 includes information about the satellites and the experiments from the compendium and from NESS. In the cases of disagreements in the dates given, the latest termination dates are used.

Hoppe and Ruiz (1974) at NESS have published a catalog of operational satellite products.

In April 1974, NESS and EDS (Environmental Data Service) prepared a Satellite Data Archival Plan which covers the data produced by NESS. This plan discusses the archival of pictures, microfilm, movie film loops, and magnetic tapes. A Satellite Data Services Branch (of NCC under the EDS) has been located with NESS in Washington. Requests for satellite data may be directed to them. The archival location of the satellite data will gradually be moved from Asheville to Washington. NESS has published a monthly magazine (Environmental 82

Chapter 13

Satellite Imagery) with global coverage of daily visible and IR pictures.

The Academy of Sciences publication, U.S. Contribution to the Polar Experiment (Polex-North) (1974), includes a discussion of various types of satellite data.

The book on Climatology from Satellites (Barrett, 1974) contains more information about data from satellites, and shows many charts based on information from satellites.

2. Satellite Brightness Data from NESS (Vidicon tubes) (Written October 1973)

Data Period: 1 January 1967 thru 31 August 1972

a. NCAR has 5 latitude-longitude daily global brightness data on one tape in packed binary format, data set DS 670. The orbit numbers are listed in the format.

These data were prepared at NESS from the mesoscale brightness data tapes noted below. These mesoscale tapes have a gray scale with only five levels.

The data are derived from vidicon tubes, which tend to drift in calibration. Some of these problems have been taken care of (adjustments made to make key points uniform); but, for example, the data have to be used with caution in looking for long-period changes in global brightness.

b. Copies of the mesoscale brightness data tapes having a grid of 512 X 512 points per hemisphere (a resolution 8 X 8 that of the NMC grid) are kept at NCC. There is one grid per day which is valid at about 1400 local time (sun-synchronous satellites). The original tapes had 16 levels in the gray scale, but these tapes have a gray scale with only five levels. At each grid point there are 48 bits, giving frequency counts of the number of the associated 64 points within the original 4096 X 4096 grid that have each of the five brightness levels.

Volume for each hemispheric grid is 1.26 X 107 bits. Volume per day is 2.52 X 107 bits.

Tape volume at NCC is about one tape per three days for the period

1 January 1967 through 31 October 1972. NCAR has a limited number of these tapes. 83

Satellite Data

c. D. B. Miller processed the mesoscale tapes for 1 January 1967 through 31 December 1970. He related the brightness levels to cloudiness in order to prepare tapes of cloud frequency data for each month of the four-year period. Adjustments were not made for changes in satellite calibrations that were noted after the vidicon data were originally saved. The tapes are at NCC; an associated cloud atlas is available (Miller and Feddes, 1971).

3. Archive of NESS Scanner IR and Visible Data (Written November 1974)

a. This describes NESS procedures for archiving scanner IR and visible data from NOAA-2 since 1 January 1973. (It was received starting in November 1972, but was not archived until January 1973.) The high resolution grid is 2048 X 2048 per hemisphere (32 times the NMC grid resolution). There are eight bits per visible or IR sample. During the daytime pass there are both visible and IR data, but only the IR at night. There are three tapes per day: one for northern hemisphere visible and IR data, one for southern hemisphere visible and IR, and one for the global nighttime IR. These three tapes are now being combined onto one 1600 BPI 9-track tape per day.

b. Mesoscale version of the above: For a 512 X 512 grid for each hemisphere there are 48 bits of data saved each day for each grid point. The 48 bits are broken into six bytes (eight bits each) with the following data:

1) Average minimum visual data; this is the average of the four smallest (darkest) values from the 4 X 4 cluster. 2) Average visual data. 3) Average maximum daytime IR; average of four largest (warmest) values. 4) Average daytime IR. 5) Average maximum nighttime IR. 6) Average nighttime IR.

Volume per day = 2 hemispheres X (1.26 X 107 bits/hemisphere) = 2.52 X 107 bits/day

c. Larger scale averaged data. Starting with June 1973, NESS is averaging the data onto a 125 X 125 grid for each hemisphere (the pole is the center point, data average is centered about each point) of the average 84

Chapter 13

visible, the day IR, and the night IR. From these NESS is also calculating the albedo, the absorbed solar radiation, and the total outgoing long-wave radiation (about 106 bits per day). Thus, there will be a gap in the larger scale averaged data from September 1972 through May 1973. T. Gray says that there was some trouble with the digital data for January - May 1973, even though the analog data were all right.

4. LRIR Data (low resolution infrared)

Recently these have been FPR data (flat-plate radiometer). a. These are from a flat-plate radiometer.

The approximate dates of LRIR data availability are as follows:

ESSA-5 9 May 1967 - 30 Sep 1967 ESSA-7 3 Sep 1968 - 22 Jun 1969 ESSA-9 1 May 1969 - 15 Apr 1970

The tapes (about 30) are at NCC and at NESS (see S. Brown).

b. Tapes of the FPR data are at NESS (see Phillips and Rubin, 1972):

ITOS-1 23 Mar 1970 - 19 Jul 1970 NOAA-1 4 Feb 1971 - 27 May 1971

Volume: 1320 X 24 X 24 bits/day = 7.6 X 105 bits/day

5. Other Satellite IR Data

a. Tapes with 5 latitude-longitude average IR data are available for the TIROS 7 period of about June 1963 - June 1964; the sampling was poorer for the following year. Window channel.

b. ITOS - about June 1970 to April 1971

The daily global IR is available on 2048 X 2048 grids for each hemisphere. About two days per tape per hemisphere; thus, about one tape per day. Daily values for day and night.

The data are very noisy and badly calibrated. Gray thinks it would take more time to summarize than it is worth. The tapes show erroneous warm and cold strips of water in the Gulf Stream, etc. 85

Satellite Data

c. NOAA-1 19 April 1971 to 10 July 1971.

The 5° IR data are at NESS and NCAR.

d. Note from Table 2 that MRIR (medium resolution infrared) instruments were on Tiros 2, 3, 4, 5, etc.

e. Some of the IR data have been gridded and processed into average heat budget data for the periods shown below. Total IR, albedo from top of atmosphere, and net radiation assuming a solar constant are included. T. Vonder Haar at Colorado State University (CSU) has these data on tape and he and J. Ellis have just published an atlas (Vonder Haar and Ellis, 1974).

Jul 1964 - Nov 1965 Experimental Vonder Haar (C.S.U.) monthly average 15 May - 15 Jul 1966 Nimbus 2 Raschke and Bandeen (GSFC) 15-day average Dec 1966 - Jan 1967 ESSA-3 McDonald (NESS) 1968 - Apr 1969 ESSA-5 NOAA/NESS Not final May 1969 - Jan 1970 Nimbus-3 Vonder Haar and Ellis Ten 15-day periods

6. Moisture Data from NESS

Since about July 1973, NESS has been preparing data on total precipitable water (from VTPR), but has not archived it. (We would like to see it saved.)

Since about July 1972 NESS has been preparing estimates of relative humidity for two layers over the Pacific Ocean, Western Atlantic, and Gulf of Mexico. The layers are surface to 700 mb and 700 to 500 mb. The estimates are made from cloud pictures. The data are not archived. Surface bogus reports are saved, and contain estimates of present weather and cloud amount.

7. Cloud Drift Winds and Movie Loops

The winds derived by NESS from satellite cloud pictures are included on the upper air data tapes from NMC. Some of the winds have been estimated by looking at single pictures showing the cirrus plumes blowing off of the tops of cumulonimbus clouds. 86

Chapter 13

More reliable winds have been derived from clouds at various levels with the advent of the geostationary satellites in the ATS and SMS-GOES series. These take a "picture" about each 20 to 30 min. A number of these pictures for 3 or 4 h are put together into a motion picture film loop in which great care has been taken to position each frame properly by using physical landmarks. A person watches these clouds move forward and then drop back, on a digitizing table as the film loop is shown. From this, he obtains end-point locations, and then winds can be calculated. The cloud heights (and thus wind levels) have been estimated from cloud types, and the associated climatological knowledge of the operators. Starting in July or August 1974, SMS infrared data have been available to provide 24-hour cloud viewing and to help the operator estimate the cloud height. Starting in May 1972, the picture-pair method has been used in deriving the low-level winds. Correlation methods are used to obtain the winds; the operator compares this with film loop data and usually rejects about 7% of the picture-pair calculations. Efforts are now being made to implement computer vector derivation for various levels using various temperature intervals in infrared. Movie loops: Starting with June 1969, the movie loops are available at NESS. The data locations and dates are as follows: Satellite from which the data are obtained: ATS-1 (Jun 1969 - Sep 1972), over the Pacific Ocean at 151°W ATS-3 (Jun 1970 - on), at 45°W to 95°W SMS-1 GOES (May 1974 - on) is at about 75 W since late Nov 1974 (was at 400 W during GATE, June - Sep 1974)

Cloud wind data: Starting in June 1969, the movie loop winds have been on the NMC upper air data tapes. NESS tries to produce one wind for each 5 latitud2- longitude square, and for each cloud layer when possible. Some cirrus blowoff winds were also on the tapes until October 1974. Starting in August 1974, NESS is also making a separate archive of these cloud wind data.

The NSSDC compendium on meteorological satellites (Stoldt and Havanac, 1973) lists various motion pictures that have been produced, some from the movie loop pictures, and some from one-per-day maps. 87

Satellite Data

8. Solar Proton Monitor Data

These data were processed at NESS and archived at the Space Environmental Laboratory, NOAA, Boulder, Colorado 80302.

Periods: ITOS-1 8 Mar 1970 - 14 Mar 1970 23 Mar 1970 - 19 Jul 1970 NOAA-1 5 Feb 1971 - 27 May 1971

VolumeVol [125000 . bt0 X min X [12 viewing hi 13.2 min J h day

1.36 X 106 bits/day

See Phillips and Rubin (1972).

9. General Information about Satellite SIRS and VTPR Data

In the SIRS (from Nimbus) and VTPR infrared sounding data, there are eight channels which receive infrared radiation from different pressure bands in the atmosphere (surface to about 10 mb; other experiments include higher data). The amount of radiation emitted varies with the temperature and, thus, an approximate temperature vs pressure sounding through the atmosphere can be constructed from the temperatures in the eight layers. The pressure weighting functions of the eight channels overlap each other somewhat, so that the eight pieces of information are not entirely independent. It is clear that one cannot expect a sounding with high resolution information in the vertical. Problems can also arise from un- detected clouds or dust. Data from rawinsondes are used to "calibrate" the channel radiances.

The NMC Upper Air Branch has noted that the VTPR Q channel radiance correlates well with the 100 to 2 mb thickness and that the next channel correlates well with the 100 to 5 mb thickness (correlation coefficients over 0.95, standard deviation is about 250 to 300 m). For the 100 to 10 mb analyses, they stopped using the VTPR retrieved temperatures in December 1970 because of problems.

There are differences of up to 2% in VTPR radiances between the ascending orbits and the descending orbits. For example, this discrepancy is equivalent to a 100 m thickness difference 100 to 2 mb, or 1 C in the mean temperature. Some of 88

Chapter 13 this error is probably real diurnal variation, but most of the error is likely due to unremoved calibration changes with spacecraft temperatures.

The NMC Upper Air Branch has compared all raobs with all retrieved VTPR soundings within 1° of latitude. Figure 13-2 shows the result of this comparison for a given month. This problem is also discussed in Finger et al. (1973).

10. VTPR Satellite IR Sounding DATA from NESS (as of November 1974)

a. Started about October 1972

b. Archive I: Each VTPR spot (binary format) II: Clear column radiance (binary) III: Retrieved soundings (BCD format)

These three archives are all together on the tapes sent by NESS to NCC. Tape volume is about ten tapes each three weeks. Practical limit of information in the vertical is up to 10 to 20 mb.

c. The retrieved soundings are also in the NMC archived data (available at NCAR). The NMC tapes had about 400 to 550 soundings (average 525) each 12 h in December 1972. These include data during every hour in the day. On about one-fourth of the sounding times the VTPR data are missing on the NMC tapes.

The average counts in August 1974 were still about 1000 per day (400 in northern hemisphere, 600 in southern hemisphere).

Figure 13-3 shows the coverage of these data.

11. Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP, formerly DAPP)

Starting 25 February 1973 (but July 1973 missing), picture transparencies of the 2 n mi resolution IR data have been saved at the University of Wisconsin. They also have IR pictures of the 1/3 n mi data for northern hemisphere land masses.

The nighttime pictures that show city lights, the aurora, etc., are archived in the NOAA EDS center in Boulder, Colorado.

The IR sounder data contain six C02 channels with peak response at about 30, 70, 150, 400, 600, and 1000 mb. There is a channel for surface temperature and one for total water vapor content. These sounders are calibrated for each 89

Satellite Data scan line. There is about a 20 C change in calibration during an orbit. The NOAA satellites have only been calibrated once per orbit. In about July 1975, the Air Force hopes to add a 7-channel moisture profiler and a measurement for total ozone (03). They are also planning for microwave systems. The clear column radiance data have not been saved, but the retrieved soundings are saved on the AFGWC archive tapes. (Information from Major Wilkes and Captain St. Onge, January 1975.)

12. Sea Surface Temperature Data from NESS

Starting 1 December 1972 NESS (John Leese) has been sending one tape per month to NCC with these data.

To obtain the sea level temperature data, the clear sky radiance data must be corrected for the amount of water vapor in the column. The corrections are usually about:

1 to 30 C high latitudes 3 to 6 C mid-latitudes (30-500 N or S) 1 to 12°C tropics

NESS does not trust the data too much until September 1973. In March 1973 and July 1973 there were calibration problems. Until 31 May 1973, there was only a latitudinal moisture correction. Then they used a latitude-longitude climatological correction until September 1973. Sometimes they still use a climate correction when they are fighting other calibration problems such as changes between NOAA-2 and NOAA-3 satellites. Now they usually derive the total column moisture from the VTPR data, and use this to make the temperature correction.

Each day they receive about 1100 ship observations from Navy/Monterey (100 from southern hemisphere). R. Brower, NESS, then prepares ship vs satellite statistics for 14 ocean regions. Comparisons:

a. Average ship observations vs average satellite observations is within + 0.5°C b. The RMS of differences between ship and satellite observations within a distance of 1 latitude is 1.5 C c. The RMS of differences between shig observations and Navy analyses based mostly on ship observations is 1.4 C 90

Chapter 13

In places there can be an incorrect 3° change in temperature continuity as one crosses the equator. The reason is that although the VTPR retrieval process is the same for both hemispheres, the objective analyses now only work with data from their own hemisphere. Thus sometimes the northern hemisphere analysis may have to go a long distance for data because of clouds, but the southern hemisphere analysis near the same point may have data that are close.

Tapes: Starting 1 June 1974, a 256 X 256 once-daily grid of SST for each hemisphere is being saved.

Starting September 1973, a 64 X 64 grid of monthly mean SST (including count of observations near each point) is also being saved.

Starting 1 December 1972, one tape per month is sent to NCC. (We believe that it would help to know what corrections for water vapor have been applied to the radiance temperature data.)

13. SCR Sounding Data from Nimbus-4 Satellite

(Information from Jack Chiu, Control Data Corporation, February 1974; A. Belmont, January 1975)

Data Period: April 1970 through April 1971

A. Belmont's group at Control Data obtained tapes of the SCR radiance soundings from Nimbus-4. Along the orbital tracks which went from 80 N to 80 S, they averaged the radiance data for each 5° of latitude (fewer degrees at high latitudes) and for each of the six SCR channels which have peak responses at about the 1, 10, 50, 100, 200, and 1,000 mb levels. The averages were made in a straightforward way, without checks for clouds or odd values. The six average radiances were then used to obtain five inverted temperatures at 1, 10, 50, 200, and 1000 mb. About 5 or 6% of the soundings were rejected in the retrieval process but the radiances are still saved on the output tapes. These data rejections probably were due to bad radiances or to cloud radiances getting into the averages. Some cloud effects are no doubt still in the data. On 17 March 1971 the two lowest channels went bad most of the time, so there are very few retrieved soundings after that (but the radiances are saved). The channels started working again two or three months later. One output tape (not ready yet) has all of the averaged radiances. Between April and December 1970, there are 91

Satellite Data about 50 missing days, and other whole orbits are missing. The other tape has 168,722 retrieved soundings for the year. The number of possible soundings for the year would be about (380 days) (13 orbits per day) (70 per orbit) = 345,000.

In the output format, time and location are packed into one 60-bit word, the temperatures are one word each, and the six average radiances are packed into two words. There are 40 such logical records per physical record. The archive tapes for the first year should be ready in about March 1975. Control Data is now (January 1975) hoping to obtain funds to process the second year of data; they have the tapes from NASA. The group in Oxford has published portions of the second year of data.

14. Nimbus-5 Data

(Information from W. Smith and H. Woolf, NESS, 20 September 1973)

Data start February 1973.

Outputs are:

a. Global surface temperature analyses b. Global stratospheric radiance analyses (including the SCR data) c. Global multilayer temperature analyses d. Vertical soundings: Quantity Resolution (km) T (P) 400, 150 q (P) 400

W precipitable H 20 400 T surface (from 3.7 and 11 pm windows) 400, 150 P , N Cloud pressure and amount 400

FT Total outgoing IR flux 400

The tapes have about 1100 soundings (called ITPR soundings) per day. The retrieval of the temperature soundings uses neither raob data nor first-guess analyses from NMC. The microwave data help in defining clear column radiances, and even improve the retrievals in clear regions. These data are not used in NMC analyses and do not get into the NMC data tapes. However, during special DST (Data Systems Test) periods, they are put onto the NMC DST archive tapes, and 92

Chapter 13 used in the DST analyses. The above data are on about one tape each two weeks and are sent to NCC. Data start February 1973 and include the SCR data.

On Nimbus-F we will also have visible reflected data, and the resolution will generally be 150 km.

15. Ozone Sounding Data from Satellites

a. Data from an orbiting geophysical observatory satellite (OGO-4), back- scattered ultraviolet. Period August 1967 through January 1969. Five months of the data have been processed. They hope to process the rest in late 1975.

There are about 12 orbits per day, eight scans for each 10° of latitude, twenty 10° latitude bands per orbit, about 100 spectral bands (2500 to 3400 A), 15 bits each measurement. This gives 2.9 X 106 bits per day or about 1.6 X 109 bits for the 18-month period.

In order to obtain this data they have processed 300 data tapes to output five tapes. There are about 600 tapes that have not yet been processed. The basic tapes are at LASP. (Information March 1974 from Julius London, Laboratory of Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado.)

b. Ozone data from Nimbus-4 are being processed by Heath's office at NASA- Goddard. The data start in April 1970 and are still being taken (January 1975). At first it was buried in about 13 tapes per day, later on about 4 tapes per day. The first year about 60% of the potential data was obtained, second year about 85%, and the third and fourth years (with power problems) only about 50% could be gathered.

The raw radiance data for the period April 1970 through April 1972 are available on 20 tapes.

The ozone results (total and vertical distribution) are available for April 1970-March 1971 (one month per tape). The second year is being worked on.

(This information from Arlin Krueger and Donald Heath, NASA, January 1975.) 93

Satellite Data

16. Ice and Snow and ESMR Microwave Data

a. The ESMR microwave data from Nimbus-5, starting in December 1972, has a nadir resolution of about 25 km. Maps are made about once a week. The maps help to distinguish between open water, types of sea ice, and fresh snow. They are not affected by clouds, and do not depend on the availability of visible light.

CSU has the data tapes for the period 22 December 1972 through 26 February 1973. Each tape file is one orbit and there are about 15 files per tape. There are usually about ten orbits per day with data. We do not know of anyone who has gridded these data.

b. NESS has produced a northern hemisphere ice and snow chart each week since about 1967. The charts are saved at NESS. The daily satellite pictures are the basis for this manual product. The ESMR weekly pictures are available to this group but have not been used much as yet. This map is digitized on a standard NMC 47 X 51 grid and is archived in the NMC data base. These charts were also digitized (total ice area per chart) by the Kuklas at Columbia University in preparing their ice trend charts for the hemisphere.

NESS also prepares a weekly ice chart for the Great Lakes (since about 1967). Starting about March 1973 they have prepared weekly charts of the Bering Sea, the Beaufort Sea, and the Chukchi Sea.

c. From late 1967 through late 1972 NESS saved global five-day minimum brightness data on 512 X 512 grids. During some periods it was a ten- day minimum. These were "end-to-end" five- or ten-day periods. Paul McClain has found that clouds can still be some problem for the five-day period, but usually are not a problem for a ten-day minimum. A new set of global ten-day grids has been produced since 1 December 1974. These are overlapping grids, made each day. A similar grid is also made from IR data.

d. The Navy group at NMC obtains the satellite pictures from NESS and ESMR pictures from NASA in order to aid in drawing ice coverage charts for both polar areas. 94

Chapter 13

e. A Navy group at FNWC is experimenting with the direct use of the ESMR digital data.

17. Satellite Data for the GATE Experiment

During the period June-September 1974, a number of tapes of high-resolution satellite data were saved and are at NCC, Asheville. There are 5986 tapes of SMS data and 1830 tapes from ATS-3. A GATE data catalog is being prepared by NCC with the assistance of NOAA's Center for Equipment Development and Data Analysis (CEDDA).

18. SEASAT Satellite

SEASAT is scheduled for launch in about June 1978. The major instrumentation on this satellite will be as follows:

a. Compressed pulse radar altimeter. Measures the satellite to ocean distance by +10 cm and measures wave heights from 1-20 m with an accuracy of 0.5 m or 10%. Sees only the subsatellite track. This instrument will also be on GEOS-C in early 1975. Given this surface height, one can "see" intense currents, tides, wind pile-up, and storm surges.

b. Coherent synthetic aperture imaging radar. Combined with the pulse radar data, this allows one to calculate wave frequency vs amplitude in 15 spectral intervals of waves between 50 and 700 m in length. Swath under satellite 400 km wide. One spectrum each 24 h for each 50 by 50 km square globally. Also, 18 directional intervals of waves. Wave-height error +0.5 or 1 m, or 25%.

c. Microwave wind scatterometer. To measure surface wind speed in the range from 3 to 50 m/s with an accuracy of +2 m/s or 10%. Swath 1200 km under satellite. Wind direction 0-360° to an accuracy of +200. Will produce a wind for each 100 X 100 km grid in the open oceans, and 10 X 10 km in selected coastal areas.

d. Scanning visible and IR radiometer (SR). Same sensors as flown on ITOS (see section 5b above). 95

Satellite Data

19. ERTS Data

The Satellite Data Services Branch (of NCC in Washington) assists users of ERTS-1 data by answering questions about the products available and helping with the placing of orders. Coverage of each ERTS-1 photograph may be seen in browse files located across the country. NOAA and the Department of Interior have 40 files at the NOAA data centers and many other locations. The Department of Interior is supplying ERTS-1 data for the geologic and geographic community through the EROS Data Center.

The NOAA Browse Files have 16 mm microfilm (with reader) consisting of one channel of the Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) and one channel of the Multispectral Scanner (MSS), standard catalogs identifying each image, data user's handbook giving additional ERTS System information, list of products available, prices of these products, and detailed ordering procedures. We feel all of the material is necessary for the requester to make a proper evaluation of the data and subsequently to order only those products that he requires.

The preferred way to place an order is for the user to visit one of the browse files and select the frame he wishes to order by viewing the 16 mm microfilm. The microfilm will not have the definition shown by the larger prints but should enable one to see whether clouds are covering the point of interest at the time of the photograph. If it is impractical to visit one of the browse files, browse file microfilm or catalogs can be purchased. Write to the NOAA Satellite Data Services Branch explaining your needs. 96

Chapter 13

GATE ARCHIVE DATA FOR YR/MO/DY/HR 74 7 25 0 ALL LEVELS OF DATA CODE O=BOCUS X=CLOUD WINDS 377 CLOUD WIND 0 BOGUS RPTS

90T- '" 60o i .~~~ _.v,...... :,..,::. .,-.'

,...... L. . _ 1 ......

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.....'") '4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' 0. .1 ::,::.__ 1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~j...i·...'-v::...... · C--·. · 4 :

-5. ..

.···rI --- ·lr-r I .··- I i i i i t ··..~~

-9§ - I 4 _ .- - - i +.- i - t It 1so -*I0 0 0 'O 60 I 1O0 ISO 1lO Fig. 13-la

GATE ARCHIVE DATA FOR YR/MO/DY/HR 74 7 25 6 ALL LEVELS OF DATA CODE =BOOCUSX=CLOUD WINDS 206 CLOUD WIND 0 BOGUS RPTS

' ...... '...... 60-

,-¥.:9, ______. * "''".__ £'? . ' Fig.'"* 1''- * "

. . _,,,,.. *__,,i_.' ._._ ,..---,, _ ':--

.-.n» rI 2oI, - I, . ..., -..... ?'

F~~~~~i 13lg .

Fig. 13-lb Fig. 13-1. Shows the location of cloud drift winds produced from satellite data for two typical periods during GATE. 97

Satellite Data

VTPR MINUS RADIOSONDE TEMP COMPARISONS Jan. 4 - Feb. 18, 1974 LAT.

18S18N 18-30 N 30-40N 40-50N 50-60N 60-70N 10 lO0--___o ... _ 0 0 20 4- 30 50 70 100 150 MB 200 250 300 400 Op 500 0 700 -2 850 QI7 -4 1000 +2 0 Fig. 13-2. Comparison of VTPR retrieved temperature with radiosonde data for 4 January - 18 February 1974. Comparisons made for satellite data within 60 n mi of raob data (from F. Finger, NMC). 98

Chapter 13

GATE ARCHIVE DATA FOR YR/MO/DY/HR 74 7 25 6 ALL LEVELS OF DATA 204 NIMBUS CODE N NIMBUS V=VTPR 306 VTPR

Fig. 13-3a

GATE ARCHIVE DATA FOR YR/MO/DY/HR 74 7 25 12 ALL LEVELS OF DATA 222 NIMBUS CODE N=NIMBUS V=VTPR 299 VTPR

Fig. 13-3b Fig. 13-3. Shows the receipt of VTPR and Nimbus sounding data in the archive tapes for typical time periods during the GATE experiment. Note that although the Nimbus data are not routinely sent to NMC, they were sent during the GATE period. 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 .1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 . . I I !---- Explorer 7 Tiros 1H --- I Tiros 2 Tiros 3-- I --4Tiros 4 Tiros 5---- 1 .-... Tiros 6 Ti ros 71 --- -I I Tiros 8 Nimbus 1H 1--- Ti ros 9 Tiros 10H I-- .ESSA 1 i...... IESSA 2 Nimbus 211 I' '----- ESSA 3 I----! ..---- ..ATS 1 ESSA 41--- F------.1 Dodge ATS 2H I iESSA 5 ...... ------...... ATS 3 I .-- .. I ESSA 6 ESSA 71--- 1...... -- ESSA 8 )I---- * ESSA 9 Nimbus 31 - - I i - ;IITOS 1 F------Nimbus 4 '-- i NOM 1 § ERTS 1

1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

Fig. 13-4. Launch and termination dates of satellites (from Stoldt and Havanac, 1973). 13 Table 13-1. Sources for Meteorological Satellite Data, July 1972 (from Stoldt and Havanac, 1973).

Photographic Magnetic Tape Nonstandard m3 Satellite Sensorl Film Strips Paner Prints Diital An:loo G;rid Print Mans Pnorm~qt . -- -J - - _ _ .-. -- -. I&. I- 1 -6-" L- I.u U AAL plr-1 , U -J4 L rt (D ATS 1 SSCC NCC NCC NCC, UW tlUW UW (See pp. A.5 to A.13) ATS 2 AVCS NADUC 2 2 . ATS 3 MSSCC NCC,NADUC NCC,NADUC NCC,UW UW UW,NAC (See pp. A.5 to A.13) ATS 3 IDC NCC NCC

Cosmos 144, Dual Vidicon SHC SHC,NESS 3,NCC4 156,189,206 Scanning HRIR SHC SHC SHC,NESS3 ,NCC4 and 226 Actinometer SHC SHC,NCC 4

Dodge Dual Vidicon APL APL

e 8 ERTS 1 MSS ERDC ERDC RBV ERDC e ERDC 8

ESSA 1 Vidicon Camera NCC NCC ESSA 2,4,6,8 APT NESS 5 ESSA 3,5,7,9 FPR NESS ESSA 3,5,7,9 AVCS NCC NCC NCC NCC 6,WAB (See pp. A.5 to A.13) Explorer 7 Thermal Radiation NSSDC

ITOS 1 FPR NESS NOAA 1 AVCS NCC NCC 0 SR NCC NCC r,

Meteor 1 IDual Vidicon SHC SHC,NESS 3 ,NCC 4 through 12 Scanning HRIR SHC SHC SHC,NESS 3 ,NCC 4 I Actinometer SHC SHC,NCC4 Nimbus 1,2 AVCS NCC NCC Nimbus 3,4 IDCS NCC NCC NCC Nimbus 1,2,3 HRIR NSSDC NSSDC NSSDC NSSDC Nimbus 2,3 MRIR NSSDC NSSDC NSSDC NSSDC Nimbus 4 THIR NSSDC NSSDC NSSDC NSSDC Nimbus 3,4 SIRS NESS,NSSDC 7 Nimbus 3,4 IRLS NADUC (printouts from Nimbus 3,4 IRIS NSSDC individual experiments) Tiros 1 TV Camera NCC NCC through 10 Tiros 2,3,4,7 Scanning Radiometer NSSDC NSSDC Tiros 3,4,7 Low-Resolution Omni- NSSDC NSSDC directional Radiometer 1 See glossary for an explanation of acronyms and abbreviations. 2 Color only. 3 Paper prints are maintained for one year then discarded unless of unusual interest. 4 Derived products, nephanalyses, composites, etc. 5 Photographs taken over the United States only. 6 5-, 30-, and 90-day average brightness charts. 7 Radiances at NSSDC; deduced temperature profiles at NESS. * Primary source for the general public. 101

Satellite Data

Table 13-2

A listing of satellites and major sensors. Data from each sensor often do not extend over the whole lifetime of the satellite. The launch and termination dates are included in the table. The table includes the operational lifetime, the orbital inclination angle to the equator, and the average altitude when available.

Tiros 1 01 Apr 60 to 19 Jun 60 79 days, 480, 742 km Television Camera System

Tiros 2 23 Nov 60 to 27 Sep 61 69 days, 480, 676 km Widefield Radiometer Scanning Radiometer Television Camera System

Tiros 3 21 Jul 61 to 23 Jan 62 108 days, 48°, 764 km Low-Resolution Omnidirectional Radiometer Widefield Radiometer Scanning Radiometer Television Camera System

Tiros 4 8 Feb 62 to 12 Jun 62 125 days, 48°, 777 km Low-Resolution Omnidirectional Radiometer Widefield Radiometer Scanning Radiometer Television Camera System

Tiros 5 19 Jun 62 to 5 May 63 320 days, 580, 782 km Television Camera System

Tiros 6 18 Sep 62 to 11 Oct 63 388 days, 580, 698 km Television Camera System

Tiros 7 19 Jun 63 to 3 Feb 66 1580 days, 580, 649 km Low-resolution Omnidirectional Radiometer Scanning Radiometer Television Camera System

Tiros 8 21 Dec 63 to 1 Jul 67 1258 days, 580, 753 km Television Camera System Automatic Picture Transmission (APT) System 102

Chapter 13

Tiros 9 22 Jan 65 to 15 Feb 67 995 days, 96°, 1640 km Television Camera System

Tiros 10 2 Jul 65 to 3 Jul 67 732 days, 99°, 797 km Television Camera System

ESSA 1 3 Feb 66 to 8 May 67 162 days, 98°, 769 km Vidicon Camera System

ESSA 2 28 Feb 66 to 16 Oct 70 1691 days, 101°, 1384 km Automatic Picture Transmission (APT) System

ESSA 3 2 Oct 66 to 9 Oct 68 241 days, 101°, 1436 km Advanced Vidicon Camera System (AVCS) Flat Plate Radiometer (FPR)

ESSA 4 26 Jan 67 to 6 Dec 67 110 days, 102°, 1381 km Automatic Picture Transmission (APT) System

ESSA 5 20 Apr 67 to 20 Feb 70 998 days, 1020, 1387 km Advanced Vidicon Camera System (AVCS) Flat Plate Radiometer (FPR)

ESSA 6 10 Nov 67 to 4 Nov 69 725 days, 1020, 1445 km Automatic Picture Transmission (APT) System

ESSA 7 16 Aug 68 to 19 Jul 69 338 days, 1020, 1448 km Advanced Vidicon Camera System (AVCS) Flat Plate Radiometer (FPR)

ESSA 8 15 Dec 68 - operational 1020, 1436 km Automatic Picture Transmission (APT) System

ESSA 9 26 Feb 69 - operational 1020, 1465 km Advanced Vidicon Camera System (AVCS) Flat Plate Radiometer (FPR)

ITOS 1 (Tiros M) 23 Jan 70 to 18 Jun 71 510 days, 102 , 1455 km Flat Plate Radiometer (FPR) Scanning Radiometer (SR) Advanced Vidicon Camera System (AVCS) Automatic Picture Transmission (APT) System 103

Satellite Data

ITOS-D (NOAA 2) 15 Oct 72 - standby 102°, 902 mi Scanning Radiometer (SR) Very High Resolution Radiometer (VHRR) Vertical Temperature Profile Radiometer (VTPR)

ITOS-F (NOAA 3) 6 Nov 73 - operational 1020, 935 mi Scanning Radiometer (SR) Very High Resolution Radiometer (VHRR) Vertical Temperature Profile Radiometer (VHRR)

ITOS-G (NOAA 4) 15 Nov 74 - 102°, 1457 km Scanning Radiometer (SR) Very High Resolution Radiometer (VHRR) Vertical Temperature Profile Radiometer (VTPR)

ITOS-H, I, J Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometers (AVHRR) Tiros Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) Data Collection and Platform Location System (DCS)

NOAA 1 (ITOS A) 11 Dec 70 to 19 Aug 72 251 days, 102°, 899 st mi Flat Plate Radiometer (FPR) Scanning Radiometer (SR) Advanced Vidicon Camera System (AVCS) Automatic Picture Transmission (APT) System

ATS 1 7 Dec 66 - operational 4.35° 22,237 mi (151 W) Spin-Scan Cloudcover Camera (SSCC) Meteorological Data Relay System (WEFAX)

ATS 3 5 Nov 67 to 12 Dec 74 2.71° 22,233 mi (450 W-950 W) Multicolor Spin-Scan Cloudcover Camera (MSSCC) Image Dissector Camera (IDC) Meteorological Data Relay System (WEFAX) Omega Position and Location Equipment (OPLE)

ATS 4 10 Aug 68 to 17 Oct 68 Image Orthicon (Day/Night) Camera 104

Chapter 13

ATS-F Geosynchronous Very High Resolution Radiometer (GVHRR)

ATS-G Atmospheric Sounder Visual/Infrared Imager

Nimbus 1 28 Aug 64 to 22 Sep 64 Advanced Vidicon Camera System (AVCS) Automatic Picture Transmission (APT) System High-Resolution Infrared Radiometer (HRIR)

Nimbus 2 15 May 66 to 17 Jan 69 Advanced Vidicon Camera System (AVCS) Automatic Picture Transmission (APT) System High-Resolution Infrared Radiometer (HRIR) Medium-Resolution Infrared Radiometer (MRIR)

Nimbus 3 14 Apr 69 to 22 Jan 72 High-Resolution Infrared Radiometer (HRIR) Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer (IRIS) Satellite Infrared Spectrometer (SIRS) Medium-Resolution Infrared Radiometer (MRIR) Image Dissector Camera System (IDCS) Interrogation, Recording, and Location System (IRLS)

Nimbus 4 8 Apr 70 - 1000, 1090 km Temperature-Humidity Infrared Radiometer (THIR) Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer (IRIS) Satellite Infrared Spectrometer (SIRS) Backscatter Ultraviolet (BUV) Spectrometer Image Dissector Camera System (IDCS) Interrogation, Recording, and Location System (IRLS) Filter Wedge Spectrometer (FWS) Selective Chopper Radiometer (SCR)

Nimbus 5 late 72 Infrared Temperature Profile Radiometer (ITPR) Selective Chopper Radiometer (SCR) 105

Satellite Data

Nimbus-E Microwave Spectrometer (NEMS) Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer (ESMR) Temperature-Humidity Infrared Radiometer (THIR)

Nimbus-F Estimate Jun 75 Tropical Wind Energy Conversion and Reference Level Experiment (TWERLE) High-Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HRIRS) Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer (ESMR) Limb Radiance Inversion Radiometer (LRIR) Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) Pressure Modulated Radiometer (PMR) Scanning Microwave Spectrometer (SCAMS) Temperature-Humidity Infrared Radiometer (THIR)

SMS-1 17 May 74 - operational 1.950, 22,300 mi Visible/Infrared Spin-Scan Radiometer (VISSR) Meteorological Data Collection and Transmission System

SMS-B Visible/Infrared Spin-Scan Radiometer (VISSR) Meteorological Data Collection and Transmission System

ERTS 1 Jul 72 Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) Camera System Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Data Collection System (DCS)

ERTS-B Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) Camera System Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Data Collection System (DCS) I ~ ~ ~ 107

Chapter 14: FNWC. Meteorological and Oceanographic Data at Fleet Numerical Weather Central

Section A: Daily Analyzed Data

1. Introduction

We will present a partial listing of the taped data at the Fleet Numerical Weather Central at Monterey. The data are on a 63 X 63 northern hemisphere grid unless otherwise stated. This grid is a superset of the NMC grid; it includes the whole northern hemisphere. The North Pole is in the middle and 80 W is down. The southern hemisphere version of this grid has the South Pole in the middle and 80 W is up. Forecast grids and fields easily derived are not included. Also, grids of less general interest and grids for limited areas are not listed. The grids are generally available twice a day unless otherwise indicated. FNWC is preparing a Technical Note on climatology which will give more detailed information. FNWC now (January 1975) has 257 microfilm cartridges of filmed CALCOMP charts. These include daily charts and mean charts.

GRID DATA

2. Coverage of Surface Data

SFC COVER 00-06-12-18Z Mar 1965 - Apr 1972

3. Sea Level Pressure

PS 00-12 (or once Nov 1945 - Dec 1966 a day) PS 00-06-12-18Z Jan 1963 - current

These include manually inserted bogus data to put tropical storms into the grids. The sea level pressure grids for November 1945 through March 1955 (daily at 15Z) and April 1960 through June 1962 (1200Z) were digitized with a curve follower at NCC under Navy contract. The Navy then used the points along the contours, and used the high and low centers in their objective analysis program that is used on current data. Output maps were compared against the original charts. The April 1955 through March 1960 data were the ESSPO data from NCAR. In the Navy sea level pressure data set, the ESSPO grid points have been run 108

Chapter 14 through the Navy analysis program as data.

4. Surface Air Temperature

T AIR 00-12Z May 1965 - current

Data in Analyzed (twice-daily coverage) Air Grids - 5. Main-- Stack of Upper _

Height and temperature grids. D 1000 Nov 1945 - current Height, "D" Value (mb) T 1000 Jun 1962 - current Temperature D,T 925 Aug 1969 - current D,T 850, 700 Nov 1961 - current D 500 Nov 1945 - current T 500 Nov 1961 - current D 400 Mar 1963 - current T 400 Jul 1963 - current D,T 300 Nov 1961 - current D,T 250 Aug 1969 - current D 200 Mar 1963 - current T 200 Jan 1964 - current D,T 150 Aug 1969 - current D,T 100 Jan 1968 - current D,T 50, 30, 10 Aug 1969 - Apr 1972 Data coverage Jul 1963 - Apr 1972 distribution of input data

Source of the 500 mb data: The Navy got the AROWA set of hand digitized 500 mb data for November 1945 through December 1952. They used these grid points in their objective analysis program. The maps for January 1953 through March 1955 were digitized at NCC with a curve follower and objectively analyed at FNWC. These maps usually had contours to about 8°N. April 1955 through March 1960 was the ESSPO set of data in which the grid point values were manually read off. This set was cleaned up by NCAR. In the Navy data set, these points were then put through their analysis program. The April 1960 through 1962 data were from AFGWC. 109

Data at Navy FNWC

6. Moisture and Cloud Grids

N Clouds Jan 1968 - current Total cloud cover E Air May 1965 - current Surface air vapor pressure TP 850, 700, 500 mb Apr 1964 - current Dew point depression

Surface weather is used in the dew point depression analyses.

7. Derived Surface Wind

DD WW Nov 1945 - current Surface wind direction VV WW Nov 1945 - current Surface wind speed

These grids were derived from sea level pressure data; the procedure also used stability data inferred from temperatures when available. These winds are used in the stress and heat flux calculations. Values south of about 20 N are less accurate.

8. Heat Flux

THF Sep 1970 - Apr 1972 Total heat flux

This is really a one-hour forecast output from the primitive equation model. It includes short and long wave radiation, sensible and latent heat. The model uses its own two-layer derived clouds for these calculations. It also includes use of the temperature at 10 m, temperature at the surface, and vapor pressure at 10 m.

Q HE May 1965 - current Latent and sensible heat Q SMR Aug 1969 - current New short wave radiation QN May 1965 - current Total heat flux including radiation

The Q N grid is based on a 24-h mean flux and 24-h mean clouds (from a precipitation model). It includes the 24-h means represented by Q HE and Q SMR. The THF grids are instantaneous values and are made in the forecast model.

Tests were made in about 1969 to see if the heat flux is close to zero averaged over a year's time. In some basins the flux would have implied mixed depth temperature changes of up to 4 C over the year. 110

Chapter 14

9. Temperature at Depth (daily grids)

T sea Nov 1961 - current Surface water temperature TS, 100, 200, 300 ft Nov 1965 - current Temperature at depth TS, 400, 600 ft Jan 1966 - current Temperature at depth TS, 800, 1200 ft Nov 1965 - current Temperature at depth TS, THM Jan 1966 - current Temperature at top of thermocline POTMLD Apr 1965 - current Potential mixed layer depth (top of thermocline); mostly derived.

10. Waves

CD Nov 1945 - current Wind wave plus swell direction CH Nov 1945 - current Wind wave plus swell amplitude SD, SH, SP Nov 1945 - current Swell direction, height, period WD, WH, WP Nov 1945 - current Wind wave direction, height, period

11. Surface Currents

U, V, CURR Feb 1968 - current U and V surface currents

The surface current is defined as the average current down to the depth of the thermocline; it is derived from a permanent flow component based on the local temperature structure (sometimes modified to include salinity effects), and includes the effect of integrated wind stress.

CURSTRM and CURTRANS are redundant with U, V and are available from July 1971 on. See FNWC Tech Note 71-1, Numerical Analysis of Ocean Surface Currents, Larson and Laevastu, 1971.

12. Tropical Grids

These are from 400 S to 600 N, on a 2.5° mesh. The grid is 144 X 49 points. These analyses have been saved since early 1973. The fields are sea level pressure, swell and wave data, temperature at 850, 500, and 300 mb, U and V wind 111

Data at Navy FNWC at the surface, 700, 400, 250, and 200 mb. A variational calculus scheme is used in the analysis program.

13. Global Sea Level Pressure Analyses and Water Temperature

In August 1974 the Navy started archiving global sea level pressure and water temperature analyses on a 2.5 mesh.

14. Southern Hemisphere Analyses

Archives of the SST analyses started 1 July 1973. Made on the Navy grid 63 X 63 points (800W is up). We believe that some satellite data are used in these analyses. There is also an analysis of sea level pressure. Southern hemisphere surface air temperature analyses are not yet being made (as of February 1975).

In August 1974, FNWC started archiving 63 X 63 analyses of height and temperature in the southern hemisphere at the following levels: 1000, 925, 850, 700, 500, 400, 300, 250, 200, 150, 100 mb.

Section B: Observed Data RAW DATA

15. Synoptic Surface Observations (October 1966 - current)

Four synoptic reports per day for available northern hemisphere (southern hemisphere after December 1970) land and ship stations are received between observation time and observation time +3 h (average 4000 reports each synoptic time). Identified by WMO station number or ship identifier and latitude and longitude to nearest tenth of a degree.

16. Synoptic Upper-air Observations (October 1966 - current)

Two synoptic reports per day for available northern hemisphere land and ship stations are received between observation time and observation time +9 h (average 500 reports each synoptic time). Identified by WMO station number or ship identifier and latitude and longitude to nearest tenth of a degree. 112

Chapter 14

17. Recent Surface and Upper.____ Air Synoptically Filed Data (as of October 1973)

A binary pack of the synoptic data starts 24 November 1970. A sample tape included 3 through 11 January 1973 (nine days) on one 7-channel tape, 556 BPI. Contains both surface and upper air data. The tapes contain the following approximate counts of data:

OOZ 03 06 09 Other hours (1-11)

Surface ships 670 85 500 70 90 Surface land 4350 3400 4750 3600 UA mandatory 1000 UA significant 840 UA aireps 1450

12Z 15 18 21 Other hours (13-23)

Surface ships 650 60 470 50 95 Surface land 5000 3100 4300 3000 UA mandatory 950 UA significant 800 UA Aireps 1450

The upper air report counts are high because transmissions are not combined and all duplicates are not eliminated.

18. Special Marine Observations (Mid-1962 - current)

Bathythermograph (BT) soundings (estimated 435,000 total) for the northern hemisphere. Converted by computer from original transmission codes to a single format and corrected where possible. (Refer to Samples, 1966.) Also see section on average ocean temperatures at depth (C 20 below).

19. Expendable Bathythermograph Soundings (Mid-1966 - current)

Estimated 195,000 total observations for the northern hemisphere. XBT traces digitized and converted to a packed binary format (format unpublished; available from FNWC, Monterey, California). 113

Data at Navy FNWC

Section C: Average Ocean Temperatures at Depth

20. Average Ocean Temperatures at Depth prepared at FNWC

(Written 22 January 1973.)

FNWC at Monterey has prepared long-period monthly summary information for 19 levels of global ocean temperature at depth data for 2 latitude-longitude squares (no salinity data). Data input was through 1971.

The 19 levels are:

a. 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 600, 800, 1200 ft b. 400, 500, 600, 800, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 4000, and 5000 m

The summarized parameters at each 2 square are:

a. Number of reports b. Mean value c. Standard deviation d. Minimum temperature e. Maximum temperature

The summary data are available at FNWC on one tape.

Note that the input data are concentrated along normal shipping lanes, and there are many squares that had few, if any, reports to summarize. The project report (Lewit, 1972) says that in the surface layer of the southern hemisphere these data have been combined with averages from surface ship data which provided a fairly complete set of sea surface temperatures. Salinity information is not available in this data set.

Available observed data

The ocean sounding data available by October 1971 were used:

a. XBT reports digitized at FNWC 60,000 XBT data b. XBT reports digitized at NODC 30,000 XBT data c. Mechanical BT reports (mostly Pacific) digitized at Scripps (by Mrs. M. Robinson under contract to FNWC) 105,000 XBT data 114

Chapter 14

d. Nansen casts from NODC (some go back to 1901) 333,000 FOHIRS data e. Synoptic BT reports received operationally by FNWC (1962-71) 435,000 4 D data

Removed Bad Orig # Packed Orig Dupl Because Reports Type Tap TaTapes Reports Removed No Temp Removed Remaining

XBT 13 E185000t9 184426 6749 FOHIRS 70 33 E347000+t 340043 4D 50 12 E433000 43273 382999

Totals 965,041 50,022 1452 6098 907,469

tThese estimates are based on data in this table and are probably more accurate than the figures previously listed.

The bad reports were removed because they were over land, or were found to be in error by comparison with a previous climatology; about 500 reports per month were removed for these reasons.

Some reports were also removed when so many soundings were taken at one place and at one time that they would cause a bias. None of the report editing was done on the original master tapes, but edited report tapes with data limited to the 19 levels are available; cards were punched for the reports that were rejected or questionable for various reasons. The cards are also available.

The number of thousands of remaining reports for January through December was 59, 66, 77, 83, 95, 96, 95 (July), 99, 75, 64, 60, and 39. The XBT data have been position checked by checking the ship track continuity.

21. Northern Hemisphere Ocean Temperature Analyses

Meteorology International, working with FNWC, has processed all available (at FNWC) ocean depth sounding data through 1973 to make Northern Hemisphere Analyses of temperature variation with depth. They have long-term means by months and analyses for a number of year-months. Data from a previous long-term mean surface temperature climatology were also used by the analysis method. The analyses are made on the 63 X 63 grid. 115

Data at Navy FNWC

Two sets of analyses have been made. One gives temperature at depth for

seven levels: surface, 200, 400, ..., 1200 ft. The other gives temperature analyses vs the top of the main temperature change layer (thermocline): top of thermocline, 100 ft below it, 200 ft below, gradient in layer above (not over 100 ft above), gradient to 100 ft below, gradient 100-200 ft below, gradient 200-300 ft below. These will be combined, using a vertical profile blending scheme, into a set to give the most complete description of temperature with depth to 1200 ft. In the analyses, each sounding (station) has been used in such a way that the thermocline gradient is preserved, even though different stations in one area have different thermocline depths. Methods are used to preserve Gulf Stream gradients, and features near or across land barriers (such as in the Panama area).

Analyses are available for:

a. Monthly, all years b. Monthly, 1964 and earlier c. Monthly, 1965 through 1967 d. Year-months, 1968 through 1972.

By the end of 1975, the method will probably be used for daily depth temperature analyses at FNWC. The guess will be the previous day's analysis. At first it will not be adjusted by the convergence caused by surface stress. Bad BTs can be rejected. Each BT is looked at (along with newer data) for three days to keep improving the decision of bad vs good. The analysis methods are described in Weigle and Mendenhall (1974).

W. Weigle is considering the possibility of including salinity analyses. They also will probably make changes to handle multiple thermoclines in a better way (information from W. Weigle, February 1975). The analyses could also be made for the southern hemisphere if funds were available.

Deep Ocean Salinity and Temperature

These are poorer quality global analyses of deep ocean salinity and temperature that were adapted from various atlases: 400, 600, 800, 1000, ..., 5000 m. 116

Chapter 14

Section D: Average Analysis Data

22. Long-term (Normal) Monthly Grid Statistics Produced at FNWC

Parameter Grid Mean SD Diurnals Inclusive Period

Sea Level Pressure N/H 63X63 x x x 1964-1969 Z850 11 x x 1965-1973 Z700 t x x 1965-1973 Z400 x x 1965-1973 Z300 it x x 1965-1973 Z250 it x x 1965-1973 Z500 x x x 1946-1969 TS 100 ft depth t, x 1965-1972 TS 200 ft it x 1965-1972 TS 300 ft x 1965-1972 TS 400 ft it x 1965-1972 Air temperature x 1968-1973

The statistics were formed from the daily gridded analyses produced at FNWC with data at each grid point required to meet a criteria of within four standard deviations of the mean plus a variable factor of up to 100 m, depending on level.

Other long-term grid means available that have been obtained either by digitization of atlases or from averages of station data (1° or 2° latitude-longitude), or from a combination, include salinity and temperature from the surface down to 5000 m (including a thermocline level) for the northern hemisphere. The sea surface temperature is available for the southern hemisphere.

23. Monthly and Half-monthly Grid Means for Each Year at FNWC

a. Monthly grid means and half-monthly means routinely produced at FNWC for the northern hemisphere include:

Sea level pressure and anomaly since January 1946 Heat flux (total) September 1971 Short wave radiation (net) September 1971 Sea surface temperature and anomaly November 1961 117

Data at Navy FNWC

Sea surface temperature and anomaly (125 X 125) January 1972 TS 100, 200, 300, 400, 600, 800, 1200 ft and anomalies September 1971 Surface wind speed September 1971 Potential mixed layer depth anomaly September 1971 Z500 mb and anomaly September 1971 Wave height September 1971 Air temperature September 1971 Vapor pressure September 1971

Note: Grids are 63 X 63 unless otherwise indicated.

The above grids are quality controlled by visual inspection of the plotted charts. (Information from James Zuver, FNWC, December 1974.) b. Other monthly means The following monthly grid statistics for the northern hemisphere were derived from once daily analyses (ocean areas) for the period from January 1946 to March 1974, northern hemisphere only:

Wave height--mean, SD, maximum, minimum Combined wave height--mean, SD, maximum, minimum Wave period--mean, SD Wave direction--modal U, V surface wind components--mean Wind direction--modal Wind speed--mean, SD, maximum, minimum c. Microfilm maps

FNWC has a microfilm of the monthly mean charts. I 119

Chapter 15: NODC. Data at the National Oceanographic Data Center

1. Introduction

The National Oceanographic Data Center in Washington, D.C., is acknowledged to have the most complete set of ocean station data that exists anywhere in the world. In this section we will only include some of the major data bases at NODC. For more information, see:

1974: User's Guide to NODC's Data Services, Revised February 1974, National Oceanographic Data Center, Washington, D.C.

NODC also has a publication C-3: Inventory of Archived Data (revised 1969), which shows the global distribution of oceanographic data available at NODC. A summary (prepared by NODC) of the principal data bases follows:

NODC Fact Sheet (20 January 1975)

Data Bases and Volumes

Station data geosort (processed as of 30 June 1974) . . . 534,920 stations BT data digitized geosort (as of 31 March 1974) . . . . 751,306 observations XBT data digitized geosort (as of 31 July 1974) . . . . 145,635 observations BT analog prints ...... 820,000 observations Biological data digital ...... 13,000 stations Biological papers stored for retrieval (as of 1 January 1975) . . 20,541 Surface current data (H1-9,N193,J118 historical files). 3,375,000 observations

Station Data Geographic Distribution (See publication C-3 for definition of area)

North Atlantic ...... 38 percent South Atlantic ...... 4 percent North Pacific ...... 33 percent South Pacific ...... 4 percent Indian ...... 3 percent Arctic ...... 17 percent Antarctic ...... 1 percent

2. Oceanographic Station Data File (SD) (as of 30 June 1974)

Period: 1893 - present Depth range: 0 - 11,999 m 120

Chapter 15

Types: 535,000 Nansen casts 5000 STD stations (low vertical resolution) Volume: 34 tapes, 1600 BPI, 1,284,000,000 characters This volume is duplicated in cruise sort and in area sort. Growth: About 35,000 stations per year Quality: The temperatures are usually accurate to about +0.02-0.05 0C

NOTE: There are about 20,000 STDs that went down to 5000 m which took about six observations per meter. These will be condensed to a lower resolution set and included in the above file.

3. MBT (mechanical bathythermograph)

Digitized from MBT slides. Gives temperature vs depth. May have bias of +1-4°C. With bias ignored, these are probably accurate to +0.2°C.

Period: 1941 - present Depth: 0 to 285 m Report Length: Maximum 324 bytes, estimated average 275 bytes Volume: 756,306 observations, 31 March 1974, or about 2.08 X 108 bytes (packed decimal) Sort: This data volume is available in cruise sort and in area sort. Growth: Phased out. Only possible foreign digitized data. Growth less than 5000 per year.

NOTE: NODC has a backlog of 240,000 of these (of which 160,000 are usable). These are being digitized at Scripps (for $3 each) at the rate of 15,000 per year. Funding is provided for calendar year 1975. The work will stop before completion unless additional support is provided. Approximately 3,000 observations are ready to be included in the next NODC tape update as of January 1975.

4. XBT (expendable bathythermograph)

These expendable bathythermographs are usually accurate to within about +0.2°C. This file includes data from instruments dropped from ships and from aircraft. 121

Data at NODC

Period: 1966 - present Depth: 0 to 1830 m Report Length: Maximum 1304 characters, estimated average 700 characters Volume: 145,635 records, 31 July 1974, or about 1.02 X 108 characters Sort: This volume is available in either cruise or area sort. Growth: About 25,000 per year. Also, the Navy will soon give NODC a copy of 116,000 additional observations. Backlog: NODC has a backlog of about 30,000 of these and will need about $100,000 to digitize them.

5. Ocean Weather Station Data from the permanent ships and special projects.

U.S. vessels occupying Ocean Weather Stations (OWS) Alpha, Bravo, Delta, and Echo in the Atlantic and November and Victor in the Pacific took once-a-day MBTs (XBTs when they became available). During selected short periods, a crew would be available to take once-a-day Nansen casts. Ships on OWS Bravo took once-daily Nansen casts in about 1972-1974. Canadian ships on OWS Papa in the Pacific have generally taken once-daily Nansen casts. Weather station data are in the regular files, but are flagged when they are from a weather ship that is within +10 latitude and longitude of its standard position.

NORPAX is instrumenting (December 1974) three commercial ships to obtain United States to Japan depth x-sections from soundings each two weeks.

6. Surface Temperature and Salinity

NODC has about 200,000 observations, with about 120 characters each, covering a 50-year period. Each observation includes the temperature and salinity within the top few meters.

7. Surface and Seabed Currents

One file of ship drift data from the Naval Oceanographic Office has 1,934,000 records on six reels (95% of the observations are for the period 1904-1945, with some later data to 1972). The other, from the Netherlands, has 1,260,293 records on four reels (period 1853-1931). About 80 characters per observation. There 122

Chapter 15

is also one tape of drift bottle and seabed drifter data, with about 85,000 observations, mostly in the North Atlantic. Growth is about 2,000 observations per year.

8. Data from Current Meters and from Selected Drifters

These data are from current meters at different levels and from drifters at various depths. The data have not yet been gathered together into a more unified set. A significant amount of current meter data has been taken in the continental shelf area of the United States. 123

Chapter 16: Sea Surface Water Temperature Grid Data

1. Navy Sea Surface Temperature Grids

Twice-daily grids from 6 November 1961 through January 1972 are available at NCAR (on five tapes). The grid is a 63 X 63 grid that includes all of the Northern Hemisphere and is a superset of the NMC octagonal grid. This data set will be updated.

Southern hemisphere grids are available starting in July 1973. See Chapter 14,which describes data at FNWC.

Year-month grids are also available for April 1962 through March 1967.

Long-term monthly means with 14-20 years of data are available. These means used the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries grid data where available (Pacific Ocean).

2. NMC Sea Surface Temperatures

These start on the northern hemisphere octagon grid starting in January 1973.

3. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries SST Grid Data

Year-month grids of Pacific Ocean Data for the period January 1949 through December 1962 are at NCAR. These 168 grids are for the area north of 200 S. The project was described and the associated maps have been published in an atlas (Eber et al., 1968).

4. Long-term Mean Sea Surface Water Temperature

Maps of global mean monthly sea surface temperatures were prepared and then digitized at intervals of 2.5 and 5.00 latitude-longitude. The maps were based on various atlas sources. NCAR TN-54 (Washington and Thiel, 1970) describes this project and shows small maps based on the digitized data.

5. Sea Surface Temperatures

The Fisheries group at Scripps has been preparing monthly averages of sea surface temperature by 2 latitude-longitude squares. Since this is just an average of the raw data, it avoids the smoothing of gradients seen in objective analyses. They produce maps of the temperatures and of anomalies vs long-term 124

Chapter 16 mean and vs the last year's temperature. These are published as the Monthly Fisheries Advisory by the National Marine Fisheries Service at Scripps. This effort has been going on for about ten years along the Pacific coast and is now expanded to the whole North Pacific.

6. Half-monthly Pacific Ocean Grids Prepared by NORPAX

NORPAX is preparing (March 1975) grids for each half-month, starting in 1899 for the Pacific Ocean, 300 S to 600 N. Grids are for each 1° latitude-longitude square. Note that many squares will not have any data. Based on the historical marine decks from NCC. They are calculating the mean and variance for sea surface temperature, air temperature, total cloud cover, U wind, V wind, total wind speed, direction, and heat flux. Values are included if they are within +2 standard deviations of the long-term mean calculated from the whole period of record. See Chapter 17 for a discussion of the basic data used.

7. Satellite Data

See Chapter 13 on satellites for information about other sea surface temperature grids. 125

Chapter 17: World Surface Ship Data

1. Introduction

Although the surface ship data have been listed in the chapter on NCC data, their current status and importance to many problems are such that more details will now be given. This discussion will primarily refer to the ship logs that are punched after the ships have returned home and not to the similar reports that are broadcast from the moving ships.

2. Projects that Aid in the Development of this Data Set

First we will mention the projects which are being utilized in the development of this data set. Then we will make some recommendations on a data flow plan that would provide for the orderly addition of more old data, and file updating with new data.

a. Appendix 2 includes a listing of some of the ship data subsets that are included in the total set of ship data.

b. For the 1860-1960 period, there has been a recent project (under NSF's program, International Decade of Ocean Exploration) to gather all the cards from bucket-temperature ships. Three countries receive the data:

Germany--Atlantic Ocean Holland--Indian Ocean, etc. United States--Pacific Ocean

For this project a number of old ship logs have been punched. (Germany has punched about 5,000,000 old observations.) Each of these three countries will put the data into an international exchange format with common units where possible. Data groups such as current weather, visibility, and wave heights may be dropped in the final format, but it now appears that the countries may have another tape series that includes these data, plus data from nonbucket-temperature ships, and all other data in best checked form. NCC now (February 1975) estimates that it will be one or two years before all of the new data from this project are available. 126

Chapter 17

c. The data since 1960 are being gathered by nine countries, each allotted specified regions. The United States (NCC) gets copies of all of the data. Data have been received through about 1970 (January 1975).

d. The practice in the United States is as follows: We recruit a number of ships for which the ship logs are sent to Asheville. The observations were punched (usually four or eight observations per day) and put through a computer program in which reported ship positions were compared against a time series of positions. For budget reasons, U.S. card punching terminated after March 1973. Data for April and May 1973 are now (May 1975) being punched and it appears that the new punching program will continue.

In 1961, the United States was punching about 30,000 to 50,000 ship cards each month. When a U.S. ship was located in the area of responsibility of another country, copies of the edited data were sent to that country.

3. Recommendations Concerning the Data Flow and Checking

a. The basic data should keep the data for individual ship tracks together. It would not be split into regions. Another data set would be prepared (from the basic set) in which the data are ordered by area and time. Because of the cost of conversion, this latter set would be updated less frequently than the basic set.

b. It is current practice for several different countries to take the responsibility for collecting all marine punched cards for their own ships and for the ships of a few other nations. The smaller or less involved country just punches the time-series ship data or perhaps just sends the ship logs to the nation accepting the responsibility. The responsible country should then make computer checks for the consistency of the data along the ship tracks. The originating country might then be involved in making the checks necessary to punch correction cards.

c. All data should go through ship position and data parameter checks before being added to the data set. When we asked R. Quayle at NCC if he thought that the punched ship data had many position errors in it, he noted that in at least one older data set, a number of ships were shown 127

World Surface Ship Data

in the Sahara Desert. In time-series form, it is easy to check ship position, temperature and pressure (using pressure change, too) for reasonable continuity. If, for example, it is discovered that the ship barometer is 3 mb off between specified dates, that is also easy to correct in the computer.

Until all data have been through a ship time-series check, a bit in the format could be used to indicate whether the data had been checked in this way.

d. Inventories at the national and international levels need to be prepared to identify what ships and time periods are in the global set, and what are outside. Then as more old or new data are punched and checked, they can be accumulated on update tapes to become a part of the main set. The U.S. NCC can identify more than three million U.S. ship observations that are not part of any computer data set.

4. Aspects of Data Management

a. The ship number and nation of origin should be in the tape record so that the data can always be sorted back into ship time-series order. Future computer systems will make it feasible to make certain additional data checks on the whole set of ship observations if the ship numbers are available on the records. For example, the pressure reading from each ship could be compared to that from every other ship whenever a pair of ships are relatively close to each other. In this way, biases in the sensors could be detected.

b. The format of the tape ordinarily will not be the same as the cards. If the ship number is ever dropped from each card, a header card in front of each ship track should be used to make sure that the number is retained in the tape record.

c. The original units should be indicated in the taped data.

d. Data groups, such as weather and waves, should be carried along if they have been punched. 128

Chapter 17

e. Data from the nonbucket-temperature ships should be carried along if they have been punched. One bit could specify that the water temperature is a bucket temperature.

f. At a later time, a copy of the data should be put into a compact, packed binary format to save tape volume, reproduction cost, and processing time.

g. We should plan a data flow so that we do not have to add duplicate un- checked observations to a clean data set in order to obtain some additional reports that were not originally included in the clean set.

5. Status of the Data Sets Based on Ship Logs

NCC has the most complete set of these observations. They have about 375 tapes, containing approximately 43 million observations. This data set contains several subsets and will have even more when other data are incorporated. There is considerable duplication between the sets. The data are generally in time sort within 10° X 10° Marsden Square location.

The Navy (Monterey) bought this set and has packed it in binary onto 100 tapes, dropping significant clouds and ice accretion. They use four 60-bit words for each observation. They obtained 16 tapes with the permanent ship observations (not in the above set) and they obtained 60 tapes to update the files to June 1970. NCC summarized the wave height and temperature data for a marine atlas (Meserve, 1974).

NORPAX has condensed the North Pacific Ocean data onto 19 tapes (1600 BPI). The Navy-NORPAX tapes still contain some problems from a few subsets on the original tapes in which units were converted twice (can be identified and removed).

NCC is further cleaning up all of the original data which are now on 375 tapes. The Atlantic Ocean is done and the Indian Ocean is about half done (January 1975).

6. Synoptic File of Ship Observations

Tapes with synoptic observations (including ships) are created by NMC, Navy FNWC, AFGWC, and AF ETAC. These are data received in near-real time from the teletype networks. 129

World Surface Ship Data

7. An Evaluation of the Global Telecommunications System (GTS) as a Marine Climatic Data Source (condensed from a report by R. Quayle, NCC)

GTS observations derived from the Air Force Global Weather Central were compared to original shipboard manuscript observation forms. For the observations taken at regular synoptic times by U.S. ships at sea:

* About 39% were transmitted via GTS * About 31% were received in decodable form - About 14% were received with no transmission errors * About 8% were received with no transmission errors and no observational errors

Analysis of the observation counts shows that about 85,000 observations per month are received via GTS. Under the marine punching program, NCC was punching about 50,000 observations per month and receiving a similar number in exchange. It is now abundantly clear that one data set is not a subset of the other. A great many observations are received via GTS from foreign ships with unofficial instrumentation. Also, some GTS observations are received for which the log books have been lost. The result is that GTS coverage is quantitatively superior in some areas (near the U.S.S.R. coast, some places in the southern hemisphere, etc.) compared with the exchange data. For thoroughly comprehensive data coverage both sources would be desirable, with the GTS serving as an alternate source, customer budgets permitting.

The lower quality of the GTS data is also a problem for many climatic users. Thus, we recommend that the U.S. ship log punching programs be restarted. I 131

Chapter 18: Geographical Data

NCAR has two sets of global 1° resolution elevation data. One of these also has water depth and ice thickness. Elevation data for each 5 min are also available for North America and Europe. A set of 50 global mean elevation data is included on the climatology tape for the southern hemisphere. Over the United States, elevation data are available for horizontal resolution of 208 ft.

1. Average Elevation Data from USAF, by 1°, 30 min, and 5 min squares

NCAR has a tape containing mean elevation data for 1 latitude-longitude squares for 30 min squares (global), and for 5 min squares. The 5 min data coverage is for Europe, a portion of North Africa, and North America (but not for Alaska or parts of the Northwest Territories). The data coverage is shown on a map in the writeup sent out with the data.

The data, received on seven tapes from the Air Force Aeronautical Chart and Information Center (ACIC), have now been blocked and merged onto one tape. The first 76,161 cards contain the 10 and 30 min data. The complete tape, including the 5 min data, has 163,978 cards.

ACIC writeups describe the method of obtaining the data and the format of the card images.

2. Average Elevation, Depth, and Ice Data from Scripps

This 1° latitude-longitude set of global data gives the elevation of the earth's rock surface; thus, these are the data giving the depth, height of land, and base of ice caps. It also gives the ordinary elevation above sea level. This set was updated with corrections by L. Gates and A. Nelson at Rand in 1973.

3. Ten-Minute Elevation Data for the World

The Navy (FNWC) has a set of terrain data by 10 min latitude-longitude squares. For each square there are data on the minimum elevation, average elevation, and the maximum. There are also ridge orientation, percent of square covered by water, terrain characteristics (flat, mountainous, swamp, etc.), and percent urbanization. Ocean depth data are not given. 132

Chapter 18

Data for the northern hemisphere are on two binary tapes at FNWC. There are 96 bits for each 10 min square. The southern hemisphere is nearing completion (April 1975).

4. Estimated Surface Elevation Data and Sea Water Surface Temperatures are

available for the last ice age.

5. Elevation Data--High Resolution (information as of June 1973)

Data at a horizontal resolution of 208 ft (not available at NCAR).

The Army Map Service (Washington, D.C.) has digitized contour maps for the United States, and for parts of Europe and Asia. They mainly used maps with a scale of 20,000 ft = 1 in. On the digitized maps the contours can be off by about 2% -- +400 ft in the horizontal and 100 ft in elevation.

The data are grouped together for 1° longitude by 1 latitude blocks (one tape each). An elevation is given for each 208 ft in the horizontal. There are about 900 tapes for the United States.

Manager of the data set:

Gerald Kniskern, Director, DMATC 6500 Brooks Lane Washington, D.C. 20315 Attn: Code 40320 Phone number: (202) 227-2374

6. Continental Shelf Depth and Map Data

The National Ocean Survey is working on a project to digitize the hydrographic survey charts giving depth, obstruction, etc., for the continental shelf of the United States. NCC is digitizing 2700 past charts. About 10,000 points are read from each chart. Currently (March 1975) NCC has finished the East and Gulf Coasts and is working on the West Coast and the Gulf of Alaska. The ocean survey input data has been in digital form since 1964. NOS will merge the older data with the newer data to make a data base that will be used to make nautical charts that are mostly prepared by computers. The map scales will vary from 1:10,000 to l:millions. The high-resolution maps usually will have depth contours at sea level, 3, 6, 12, 18, 30, 60 ft, etc. 133

Geographical Data

At present NOS has no plans to make depth data available on a lower resolution grid mesh, such as one point each kilometer. I 135

Chapter 19: Data for Assessment Studies

Section A: Crop Data

1. James McQuigg (University of Missouri and NOAA) has yields of U.S. wheat crops by states for 70 years. By about September 1975, he will have state yields of corn, soybeans, flax, grain, sorghum, and rice. He will gradually obtain a supply of U.S. crop yield data by counties and Canadian crops by crop districts.

The yields for small areas of the United States are really estimates. They are based on acreage planted and estimated yield made by measurements from a few small sample areas in fields. The estimates of the national crop yield for a given year are usually improved for about five years. The final estimate is usually within about 2% of the year-end estimate made during the crop year.

Studies have shown that yield data can be closely approximated from calculations made from daily rainfall and from maximum and minimum temperatures. Using these data, the Canadians came within 1.6 bushels per acre of the measured average wheat yield over three provinces (about 20-25 bushels per acre). Such calculations can also be used to make up-to-date crop estimates that are more timely than estimates from samples.

A U.S. Department of Agriculture (1951) book, Fluctuations in Crop and Weather, has crop data from 1866 to 1948.

2. U.S. county and crop district data have been gathered by the Agriculture Department's Statistical and Research Services (SRS) division for 1968 through 1973. McQuigg has been contacting individual states for additional data.

3. The U.S. Department of Agriculture publishes information about crop acreage, yield per acre, and production for the United States and for selected crops in other countries:

1973: Agriculture Statistics, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Government Printing Office

4. The U.S. Department of Agriculture is preparing a tape with crop statistics for the world, by individual countries. The grains are nearly done. Time period is 1950-present, except that data for most African countries do not start until 1960. 136

Chapter 19

5. The Food and Agriculture Organization (of the United Nations) in Rome publishes data giving acreage for various crops, yields per acre, and total production for each crop and for each country: World Crop Statistics, Area, Production and Yield 1948-64 (1967). It is sometimes hard to tell what the data for some countries mean. In some economies that are basically at a subsistence level, the crops reported may be only the cash crops for export.

6. LACIE (Large area crop inventory experiment)

This program was initiated by NASA in cooperation with the Department of Agriculture and NOAA. The objective is to demonstrate techniques for assessing wheat production, using NASA-ERTS and NOAA satellite information plus conventional climatological surface data. Other crops will be included later. The 1975 year will concentrate on the U.S. Great Plains area and a few foreign areas. They may build a data base of daily maximum and minimum temperatures, rainfall, and planted acreage by crop districts (areas about one-tenth of a state in size). (Information obtained February 1975.)

Section B: Air Quality Data

7. Air Quality Data

The National Aerometric Data Bank of the Environmental Protection Agency archives various types of air quality data as obtained from various states and cities.

See Chapter 7 section 19, atmospheric turbidity data.

8. Data from Los Angeles Reactive Pollutant Program

Data are for a variety of smog conditions during September-November 1973. Surface and inversion layer measurements of chemical and some meteorological parameters are included. The idea was to look at aerometric measurements within a moving air parcel. Data will be on about six tapes at NCAR and at the National Technical Information Service (NTIS). See Appendix 4 for more information about NTIS. 137

Data for Assessment Studies

Section C: Census and Economic Data

9. Data at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL)

LBL has the 1970 census, census surveys 1968-1973, census cause of death, and the 1949-1969 census of agriculture. It has a number of data sets of economic factors to aid in economic modeling: U.S. personal income by category and county (1929-1970), county business patterns, census of manufacturers, 1947-1972 GNP by industry, employment data, water use, etc. They also have data on transportation, commodity trade flow, etc.

Their 16 December 1974 listing of data sets showed 53 data sets, which varied in volume from 2.5 X 103 characters to 5.3 X 109 characters. Other sets are outputs from models.

Many of LBL's data sets are from NTIS. I 139

Chapter 20: Selected Information About Data Sets Here and in Other Countries

1. Federal Data Centers in the United States

A directory of federally supported information analysis centers, compiled by the National Referral Center (1974), lists 108 centers. Each is covered by about half a page of text giving the name of the center, the staff, address and phone number, mission, scope of operations, data holdings, and services.

2. WMO Catalog of Data for Research

The WMO published a Catalogue of Meteorological Data for Research (1972). The listings were prepared in about 1968 in the various countries. The listings for the United States were neither entirely up to date nor inclusive of our total holdings in 1968.

3. ENDEX System for Data Set Information

NOAA has put information about a number of data sets into a computer data bank. The information can be retrieved by a system called ENDEX. The ENDEX system does not get around the need for organizations to prepare booklets describing their data set holdings. See Appendix 4 for more information about this service.

4. World Survey of Oceanographic Products and Methods

This survey includes descriptions of analyses and forecasts of a variety of parameters related to the oceans, as well as the methods used in their preparation. It gives the situation as it was in 1973, the year in which the visits to oceanographic and selected meteorological centers in 13 countries were made. Most of these visits were made by Dr. T. S. Murty of Canada; he prepared the text which was edited by A. Wood. It should be available in mid-1975 (see Murty and Wood, 1975). Some of the items discussed are sea surface temperature products, ice products, sea condition, water level, storm surge, surface current, subsurface parameters, data, facsimile broadcasts, and codes. 140

Chapter 20

5. Data Sets in Canada

a. More details about the following data sets are given in the Guide to Data Holdings (Inland Waters Directorate, Canada, 1973):

Physiographic data Streamflow and water level (about 2450 stations) Groundwater Glaciology The Great Lakes Water Quality Sediment

b. Cards have been punched and taped which include the following Canadian data (contact the Atmospheric Environment Service of Canada for more details):

Hourly surface observations Surface synoptic data (usually only 12Z is punched) Hourly precipitation data Summary for the climatological day and monthly summary (some back to 1841) Rawinsonde standard level data Rawinsonde significant level data Surface ship observations Daily sunshine Soil temperature Evaporation Air pollution data Agrometeorological data

6. Information About Data Holdings in Other Countries

I will mention only three of the countries that have made listings of data holdings:

a. England has a Catalog of Machineable Meteorological Data (British Meteorological Office, 1974). b. Australia has published a booklet about its data sets (Bureau of Meteorology, 1970). Australia has saved numerical analyses of H, T, U, V for the sector 80°E - 1700 W, 100 S - 600 S starting in 1969. The levels are 1000, 850, 700, 500, 300, 250, 200, and 100 mb. Fully hemispheric analyses for the same levels (not 250 mb) are available starting in 1971. Moisture analyses are made through 500 mb. c. The Philippines has a List of Meteorological Data Transferred into Computer Usable Forms (Philippines Weather Bureau, 1973). 141

Chapter 21: Selected Aspects of Data Set Preparation

1. Introduction

In this chapter we will discuss some of the considerations that are desirable when preparing sets of data. We will also give some examples of the volume of Various data sets. The volume is small enough that if the sets of conventional data are prepared on magnetic tape, even the current level of technology makes it relatively easy for copies of the sets to be made.

Because of a formerly poor technology for exchanging data, the assumption has been made in world data set planning that "local data" such as rainfall data from reasonably dense surface networks would only be used within the country of origin. If each country or block of countries is encouraged to prepare their various data sets in computer form, they can now be easily exchanged as necessary. Selected derived sets of data should be prepared in order to provide support for various climatology, energy, and agriculture studies. An example is daily average maximum-minimum temperatures and rainfall for the various climate regions of each country. Catalogs for the data sets are also needed.

2. Considerations Necessary in Planning Each Set of Data

In this section, we will discuss various aspects of data set planning that should be considered.

a. Data Formats

The formats for the data sets should be chosen so that they are easy to use, and so that they make efficient use of the storage media. For efficiency, short logical records (reports) must be blocked together to make larger blocks of data that are 3000-5000 characters in length. If the short logical records are of widely variable lengths, then a variable length blocking scheme should be used to conserve storage space. In such a variable blocking scheme, the first characters (or bits) of each report are used to give the length of the report. The blocks of data (physical records) are usually best left with variable lengths and not padded to be of equal size (as is done in some systems). Very long logical records should be segmented so that each section is not more than about 5000 characters in length. Some of the sets of data, such as 142

Chapter 21

satellite data and most grid point analyses, will only be available in binary packed form; other sets can often also be more efficiently kept in binary packed form. However, many people still are not familiar with the methods used, and this can lead to some difficulty in sharing data. Computer routines and concepts are, however, available which make the use of binary data very easy on most binary machines. These comments should not be taken to suggest binary packing for all sets, but the various trade- offs should be considered in choosing a format. The floating-point word structure of any one computer should generally not be used for data exchange. When selecting a data format, several different formats should be considered so that the relative data volume, computer time, and complexity for each possible choice can be evaluated.

Additional information on the blocking of short reports and on the binary packing of data is given in Jenne and Joseph (1974).

Observations of a given type should normally be in a common format in the final data set. If data exchange between several organizations or countries is involved, one should consider the amount of time necessary to define common formats and the relatively small amount of time necessary to reformat the data. For long-term programs, involving the sharing of data between many centers, common formats can save a lot of effort and can avoid the possibility of introducing errors during format conversion.

b. Content of Data Sets

Data sets should normally consist of one type of observational report or of a group of such reports that are very likely to be used together. Thus meteorological surface synoptic reports will be stored together. Rawinsonde data will be in a set. Another set might include a combination of all upper air observed data, which thus will include rawinsondes, aircraft winds, winds from cloud drifts seen by satellites, etc.

c. Quality Control

Checks should be made on data sets to ensure reasonable quality. Thus rawinsonde data can be checked for internal hydrostatic consistency. Ship tracks can be checked for reasonable continuity so that a sudden jump in latitude or to a different ocean area can be spotted. Checks 143

Data Set Preparation

for reasonable continuity can be made on other data. A desirable system would be one in which an observer submitted data to a computer, and then the computer could talk back to the observer and say, for example, "Are you sure the reported temperature of 37.6 is correct?"

The use of a data set for the calculation of statistics or for other scientific calculations often helps to uncover problems in the data. d. The Need for Low Resolution Data

When data sets represent rather high-resolution information in space or time, consideration should be given to the creation of lower resolution data sets that are averaged by space or time. Examples are sets of monthly mean station rainfall or rawinsonde data. If possible it is desirable to generate such means from the computerized daily observations to avoid manual errors of addition that may be made in the stations. Sets of satellite-mapped data shoiuld be available on a resolution of about 200 km. e. Separate the Low-Resolution Data

Low-resolution and high-resolution data of a particular type should normally not be physically stored together, because the data user then has to obtain and read a large volume of data in order to use the small amount of low-resolution data which he needs. f. Updating

It should be easy for customers of a data set to update their own set. It can get very frustrating with a large data set, if one is forced to obtain the whole set again when he only needs the last year. Thus, for example, with time series of station data there should be some tapes with updates of all stations for the last few weeks or months of data, and other tapes with blocks of data for the previous one-, two-, or three-year period.

In some data sets, such as for historical surface ship data, both old and new ship logs are often being punched. All of the newly punched data should be on update tapes for a specified period of time. 144

Chapter 21

g. Sort Order of Data Sets

For efficiency of data use, a number of data sets will have to be saved in both "synoptic" sort and in time-series sort by stations. These are needed to serve the two types of uses in which one person needs all reports over a wide area on one day, while another needs to study ten years of data from a station. However, the group creating a data set should concentrate on creating the set in one or the other sort order. The introduction of mass storage technology into major data centers and computing centers will make it easier for them to create the other sort order.

h. Station Library Data

Station histories for all global stations should be available. For example with rawinsonde data, this would at least include location, elevation, and instrument type as a function of time. In various meetings and group discussions over the last decade, this need has been discussed, but no one has found time to do the work. To be complete, it would have to be an international effort. Key portions of station histories should be available on magnetic tape; this would include the data mentioned plus the types of observations taken at the station, cross references between the different station numbering schemes that were used for the station, and other information. In current station library tapes, one should be able to distinguish between actual station changes and errors that have been corrected. It would also help if the station libraries distinguished between stations with good exposure and negligible city effects (thus good benchmark stations) and stations that are affected to differing extents.

i. Data Set Protection

The sets should be under sufficient protection that one can verify that none of the data have been lost or altered since they were prepared. This usually means that checksums and data volumes need to be kept with the data sets. 145

Data Set Preparation

After data leave the central memory of a computer for storage, they\go through many hardware and software systems before getting back into memory. In order to guard against rare data changes in these data paths, it is desirable that major data centers keep checksums with the data. Secure backup copies of most data sets must also be available.

j. Inventories of the Data Set

Information about the contents of each data set should be available in a general brief abstract and in more detail. The abstracts should be incorporated into catalogs. Some of the more detailed inventory data should be available on microfiche, microfilm, and often on magnetic tape. If the inventory is itself a data set that a user can access, then he can answer many questions for himself without spending so much time using the consulting help in a data center.

k. Documentation

A detailed description of the format and data content of each data set must be available. This should include information about the data volume as well as comments on data sources and data problems. Lip service has always been paid to the documentation of data sets, but often too little has been done because all of us are caught in competing pressures. The requirement needs to be faced in a reasonable way, but firmly enough to ensure that adequate information is available. If a documentation system is too complex and time-consuming, it will probably fail.

3. Data Volume

We will now consider the data volume in several different data sets that are currently available. Table 21-1 also includes projected satellite data volume for the FGGE period. 146

Chapter 21

Table 21-1. Typical daily global counts in 1974 of selected types of observations with satellite data volume during FGGE. With different methods (such as eight-bit characters and formats that need more characters) used to format the conventional data shown in this table, the volume can be increased by a factor of two to six or more. Assume the use of one ordinary 800 BPI magnetic tape for each 108 binary bits of data. Note that although all of the first seven types of observations would use only about one tape each three days, the satellite observations would use 1000 tapes per day if all data were saved. Bits/day Global Length (4-bit Type obs/day each char) Bits/year

Rawinsonde 1570 500 char 3.14X10 6 11.50X108 Winds aloft 1300 200 1.04X10 6 3.79X10 8 Aircraft 1600 50 .32X106 1.17X108 Satellite VTPR 1000 300 1.20X10 6 4.38X10 8 Ship synoptic 2700 70 .76X10 6 2.77X108 Land synoptic 50000 70 14.0 X10 6 51.13X108 Airways reports 30000 80 9.6 X10 6 35.06X108 2 polar satellites in FGGE 3959. X10 6 4 geostationary satellites in FGGE 96800. X10 6

Table 21-1 shows that all of the world's conventional and satellite synoptic- scale data can easily be stored on a small number of tapes each year. For example, all of the world's 570,000 rawinsonde ascents made during a year could be written onto about 12 tapes (800 BPI). If the data were in a binary packed format, it would take about 7 min of Control Data 7600 time to unpack the 570,000 ascents and have them ready for calculations. If the data are stored in a character format, the computer would need about 50 min to unpack the information. Either of these times is very good for the amount of data involved. The main point is that if the data sets are prepared, they can easily be stored and used for a number of different calculations. 147

Data Set Preparation

The high volume of satellite data shown in Table 21-1 means that until better storage technologies are available, most of the data bits will be thrown away after pictures, mean soundings, and cloud drift winds have been derived. It also indicates that averages of the satellite data should be prepared on a scale of about 250 km to meet the climate goals of monitoring the heat balance. Even if all of the high-resolution data were saved, it would clearly be impractical to process the hundreds of trillions of bits necessary to obtain heat balance data for a few years. For some satellite data, NESS is creating a low-resolution set of about 200 km resolution for brightness and IR data.

It may be less expensive to do the averaging using wide-angle sensors in the spacecraft. The heat balance data should also be sampled more than once a day, since many clouds have strong diurnal changes.

Some of the high-resolution data must also be saved for special studies. I 149

APPENDIX I

ENVIRONMENTAL DATA SETS AT USAFETAC

(As of 31 December 1974)

This listing of data sets at the Air Force Environmental Technical Applications Center was prepared by ETAC. These data represent major subsets of the data base that can be used by both ETAC and NCC. See Chapter 6 for information about other ETAC data sets. The listing in Appendix 2 presents many of these same data. Also see Chapter 7 for further information. DATA FA:ALY 13 - FOREIGN SFC SYN - (1,414 Reels, 9 track, 00 BPI)

AREA # STNS POR # OBS (THOUSANDS) I I ..# YR-MOS ' ,'' II Russia, China, Korea 4956 32-71 361,354 50,000

S. E. Asia 352 43-66 39,988 6,600

Europe, Br. Isles 1600 26-72 127,960 18,464

Scandinavia 71 01-60 4,877 706

Africa 757 41-68 63,431 5,015 Middle East 602 35-68 47,149 4,155

Indonesia 80 42-66 10,740 712

Cent. & So. America 739 30-71 65,741 4,308

North America 298 34-63 25,344 1,364

Pacific Ocean & Islands 180 39-68 18,144 3,576

Atlantic Ocean & Islands 25 05-67 2,409 217

Indian Ocean & Islands 8 48-68 586 34

Philippines, Australia, 305 45-69 39,958 11,168 Formosa, Japan & NZ

Greenland & Adjacent 74 49-71 6,473 912 ] - I TOTALS 10,047 01-72 814,154 107,231 DATA FAMILY 14 - AIRWAYS SURFACE - (1,430 Reels 9 track, 800 BPI)

AREA I# STNS POR - # YR-MOS # OBS

North American and U.S. 2372 31-74 226,278 stations abroad Europe 18 44-70 1,607 989,741

Middle East 19 50-59 1,163 523,149 U,- Korea, Formosa, Japan 29 47-69 2,40O 1,606,068

Asia 28 54-64 3,254 1,732,809

New Zealand & Philippines 36 49-69 5,397 1,524,797

DATA FAMILY 34 (Basically 1699 31-74 206,270 summary-of-day for the above TDF-14) (65 Reels) DATA FAMILY 52 - FOREIGN WINDS ALOFT (216 Reels 9 track, 800 PPI)

AREA ,STNS FOR YR-MOS 3OBS, - ]

Russia, China & Korea 245 30-43, 56-59 8,537 351,083

So E. Asia 273 50-67 21,205 1,042,138

Europe & Br. Isles 73 48-71 6,413 296,322

Scandinavia 3 49-57 240 8,975

Africa 222 33-36, 49-67 15,536 625,418

Middle East 157 44-63 12,490 812,096

Indonesia 10 57-58 160 4,475 Cen. & South America 90 35-67 5,797 136,474

Ll Atlantic Ocean Islands 31 46-71 1,740 50,677 No

Indian Ocean Islands 5 53-63 311 7,106

Philippines, Australia, Formosa, Japan, New Zealand 107 22-63 11,127 427,244

Southern Hemisphere 69 39-56 4,041 90,827 _

TOTALS 1285 30-71 87,597 3,852,835

DATA FAMILY 53 - DOMESTIC W/A (312 Reels 9 track, 800 BPI)

North America and U.S. 1662 20-67 85,331 stations abroad DATA FAMILY 54 - FOREIGN RAOB, MANDATORY LVELS ONLY (251 Reels 9 track, 800 BPI)

FOR # OBS AREA ,# # YR-MOS ii STNS I I

Russia & China & Hong Kong 348 46-63 33,725 1,598,676

So E. Asia 57 54-65 2,822 96,564

Europe & Br. Isles 33 48-64 3,010 172,022

Scandinavia 16 49-63 1,561 57,970

Africa 27 49-66 1,874 64,018

Middle East 11 51-67 832 32,509

India 22 44-51 939 24,144

Cen. & S. America 11 45-59 250 7,381

l 270 7,816 Un-3 S. Atlantic Islands 3 48-62 LO

S. Pacific Islands 5 57-62 168 4,329

Formosa, Australia, Japan New Zealand & Antarctic 88 43-65 6,122 240,740

Northern Hemisphere 60 45-67 4,839 131,378

TOTALS 681 43-67 56,412 2,437,547

DATA FAMILY 54 - DOMESTIC RAOBS (213 Reels 9 track, 800 BPI)

North America and U.S. 556 46-73 45,314 est.2,718,000 stations abroad DATA FAMILY 56 - RAOBS (Mand & Sig Levels) (323 Reels 9 track, P00 BPI)

AREA 1STN POR # YR-YOS # OBS ______--

North America & U.S. Stns abroad 153 49-69 9,642 548,065

Northern Hemisphere 51 56-72 2,244 82,786

Russia & China 319 46-67 24, 135 1,194,787

Africa 10 49-67 693 22,972

I-U Europe 35 48-71 3,390 152,591

Japan & New Zealand 10 50-69 4P0 17,057

Central & South America 14 47-70 651 15,996

Asia 63 51-68 3,331 124,929 __._ I __ I __

TOTALS 655 46-72 44,566 2,203,749 ARPA SURFACE DATA, POR JAN 65 - DEC 74. DATSAV AS Format.

# Stations # Observations (106) # Reels (9-Tk. 800 BPI) Africa 680 6.5 55 Asia 2850 55 460 South America & Antarctica 550 7.5 60 North & Central America 1375 59.5 500 Pacific 410 5 40 Europe 2885 66.5 550 8350 200 1665

ARPA UPPER AIR DATA, POR Beginning JAN 68. DATSAV AU Format.

322 UI Tapes through DEC 74 (9-Tk, 800 BPI). 120,000 obs received per month (includes Raobs & Pibals) Ln

Sample Daily Receipt Rate (SEP 74): 00Z 06Z 12Z 18Z Pibals 857 690 943 578 Raobs 820 125 801 224

Region Total Stns 1968-74 Active Stns SEP 74 Active Raob (Raob + Pibal) (Raob + Pibal) SEP 74 Ships 18 6 6 Africa 415 280 54 Asia 1027 586 350 South America & 166 87 38 North & Central America 405 260 163 Pacific 247 181 73 Europe 504 240 164 Antarctica 32 19 15 2814 1679 863 I 157

APPENDIX 2

A listing of data sets at the National Climatic Center. This covers many of the same data sets shown in Appendix 1. It is a partially updated listing based on one prepared by NCC for submission to the WMO: "Country: United States of America, Catalogue of Meteorological Data for Research, Recorded on Media for Data Processing Machines." Dated February 1969. Also published in: Catalogue of Meteorological Data for Research, WMO-No. 174, T.P. 86, dated 1972. The listings were prepared in about 1968 in the various countries. At least the lists for the USA could be made neither entirely up to date nor inclusive of our total data holdings, but they still were very useful. Most of the card decks below are now in other tape sets. The listing for the surface synoptic data is a January 1975 update showing the tape sets. Some sets listed in the original have been deleted because the data were purged. In the table below, volumes are in thousands of punched cards. PERIOD CARD CARD OF ESTIMATED VOLUME DECK NAME OF DECK RECORD STATIONS 1000,S

1300 RUSSIAN TELETYPE SYNOPTIC OBS 1946-195'8 1301 RUSSIAN TELETYPE SYNOPTIC OBS 1959-- 1311 S.E. ASIAN SYNOPTIC OBS 1949-1971 1312 VIETNAM AND LAOS SURFACE OBS 1951-1966 1313 MARINE SURFACE OBS 1949-1963 1314 SOUTH AFRICAN SURFACE OBS 1955-1959 1319 MIDDLE EAST SYNOPTIC OBS 1949-1962 152 366 1320 CENTRAL EUROPEAN SYNOPTIC OBS 1949-1969 1321 INDONESIAN SYNOPTIC OBS 1953-1962 1324 BRITISH SYNOPTIC OBS 1929-1939 58 564 1325 LUXEMBOURG SURFACE OBS 1949-1959 3 12 1326 PORTUGUESE SURFACE OBS 1948-1953 23 192 1327 NETHERLANDS SYNOPTIC OBS 1949-1959 32 672 1328 BELGIUM SYNOPTIC OBS 1949-1956 15 132 1329 THAILAND SYNOPTIC OBS 1943-1952 1330 ARGENTINE SYNOPTIC OBS 1939-1945 45 108 1331 CHILEAN SYNOPTIC OBS 1935-1945 44 120 1332 LAURIE ISLAND SYNOPTIC OBS 1905-1910 1334 INDIAN SURFACE OBS 1944-1948 1335 MALAYA SURFACE OBS 1947-1953 1336 BRAZILIAN SYNOPTIC OBS 1931-1944 99 312 1337 MOSCOW DAILY BULLETIN SYNOPTIC OBS 1932-1937 1338 DEUTSCHE SEEWARTE WETTERBERICHT 1929-1939 160 1056 1339 PACIFIC ISLAND SYNOPTIC OBS 1949-1958 47 384 1340 INDIAN OCEAN SYNOPTIC OBS 1951-1968 9 36 1341 INDIAN SURFACE OBS COMBINED POR 1944-1963 1342 FINLAND SYNOPTIC OBS 1901-1926 20 180 1343 PAKISTAN AERO OBS 1952-1960 1344 THAILAND SURFACE OBS 1954-1964 1345 INDONESIA SURFACE OBS 1955-1964 1346 FRENCH BULLETIN OBS 1950-1959 1347 KOREAN SURFACE OBS 1949-1966 1348 JORDAN SURFACE OBS 1953-1960 1349 PHILIPPINE SURFACE OBS 1946-1965 1350 ITALIAN SURFACE OBS 1951-1956 15 348 1351 NORWEGIAN SYNOPTIC OBS 1949-1955 19 144 158

PERIOD CARD CARD OF ESTIMATED VOLUME DECK NAME OF DECK RECORD STATIONS 1000,S

1352 FRENCH SYNOPTIC OBS 1945-1956 2 60 1353 GERMAN SYNOPTIC AND HOURLY OBS 1949-1957 37 804 1354 AUSTRALIAN HOURLY OBS 1945-1958 70 1335 1355 FORMOSAN SURFACE OBS 1947-1960 1356 HONG KONG SURFACE OBS 1946-1956 1357 PAN AMERICAN-GRACE AIRWAYS SFC OBS 1930-1954 40 144 1358 BRITISH OVERSEAS SYNOPTIC DATA 1949-1953 13 180 1359 SPANISH SURFACE OBS 1950-1962 17 240 1360 ICELAND SURFACE OBS 1949-1958 26 228 1361 PRESTWICK AND ENGLAND SURFACE OBS 1944-1960 2 135 1362 IRANIAN SYNOPTIC AND SUMMARY/DAY 1948-1955 1363 NORD-GREENLAND SYNOPTIC OBS 1949-1955 1364 PAN AMERICAN AIRWAYS SURFACE OBS 1937-1962 1365 ISRAEL SYNOPTIC OBS 1951-1960 1366 PACIFIC ISLANDS AND POINT ARGUELLO 1949-1967 13 204 1367 NORTH FRONT GIBRALTAR SURFACE OBS 1958-1962 1368 CANADIAN SYNOPTIC OBS 1955-1963 300 1069 1369 EAST AFRICAN SURFACE OBS 1957- 196 1 1370 GERMAN SYNOPTIC AND HOURLY OBS 1955-1958 10 168 1371 HONG KONG AERO OBS 1948-1956 3 144 1372 MEXICAN SYNOPTIC OBS 1949-1960 22 350 1373 NORWEGIAN SURFACE OBS 1957-1960 1374 CONGOLESE SURFACE OBS 1957-1961 1375 GREEK SYNOPTIC OBS 1935-1959 27 180 1376 WEST INDIES SURFACE OBS 1943-1964 12 108 1377 MACAO SURFACE OBS 1952-1961 1378 ALBANIAN SURFACE OBS 1956-1962 1379 EUROPEAN ARCTIC SYNOPTIC OBS 1952-1961 17 108 1380 COMB. INTERCEPT SYNOP/ASSOC, OBS 1946-1960 1381 SOUTH AMERICAN SYNOPTIC OBS 1949-1971 375 732 1382 CENTRAL AMERICAN SYNOPTIC OBS 1949-1968 20 60 1383 NEW ZEALAND SYNOPTIC OBS 1949-1969 31 356 1384 AFRICAN SYNOPTIC OBS 1947-1968 900 2674 1385 SWEDISH SURFACE OBS 1955-1959 38 132 1386 CANADIAN SYNOPTIC/SUMMARY OF DAY 1934-1953 47 444 1387 DANISH SURFACE OBS 1961-1971 11 297 1388 MOROCCAN SYNOPTIC OBS 1941-1951 20 180 1389 BRITISH SURFACE OBS 1942-1946 1390 JAPANESE SURFACE OBS 1953-1964 1391 WEST INDIES HOURLY SURFACE OBS 1958-1964 1392 SELECT STATIONS FROM TDF14 HOURLY 1942-1966 1393 OCEAN STATION SYNOPTIC OBS 1945-1967 1394 KOPENHAGENER SCHLUESSEL SYNOPTIC 1926-1945 874 5388 1395 NETHERLANDS HOURLY SFC OBS 1955-1966 1396 ARGENTINA SYNOPTIC OBS 1958-1967 159

PERIOD CARD CARD OF ESTIMATED VOL UME DECK NAME OF DECK RECORD STATIONS 1000,S

017 DANI.SH-GREENLAND SYNOP T I C 1949-1960 11 107 154 PRESTWICK HOURLY 1946-1960 4 192 164 CANARY ISLAND SYNOPTIC 1947-1949 3 12 203 JAPANESE SURFACE 1949-1952 150 1356 219 POLI.SH SYNOPTIC 1930-1944 17 72 223 SWEDISH YEARBOOKS SYNOPTIC 1919-1937 21 228 2.A5 WE.ST .INDIES SURFACE SYNOPTIC 1950-1964 5 116 281 USN MARINE SYNOPTIC OBS 1920-1945 206 291 CANTON SYNOPTIC 1935-1938 1 12 292 USWB 6-HOURLY PRECIPITATION 1926-1943 46 48 293 CHRISTMAS ISLAND SYNOPTIC 1921-1931 16 7 295 TURKISH SYNOPTIC 1929-1938 16 24 342 WBAN 6-HOURLY SURFACE OBS 1945-1948 500 1224 344 WBAN 6-HOURLY SURFACE OBS 1949-1956 1150 9372 376 FORMOSAN SUMMARY OF DAY 1949-1960 14 54 482 USWB FORM 1001 1937-1943 12 60

SYN SFC OCEAN STN VESSELS 128 U S INTERNATIONAL MARINE OSV,S 1962- 12 197

,YN SFC MARINF .FI SPS SHIPS 110 U S WBAN 11 MARINE HOURLY SFC 1945-1951 750 116 .l -$ MARINF 1949-1963 7152 117 U S WBAN 11 MARINE HOURLY 1952-1964 3053 118 JIAP SHIP OBS # ] _ 1933-1953 1692 119 JAP SHIP 08S # 2 1953-1961 924 128 U S INTERNATIONAL MARINE 1963- , 1700 184 BRITISH MARINE INTERNAT-IONAL 4/53-6/56 625

18 7 JAP WHALING Fi EEE OBS -- 1946-1956 - 24 188 NORWEGIAN WHALING FLEET 08S 1932-1939 24

- 1939-1955 _189 NETHERLANDS MARINE EXTENSION r 262 192 -- DEUTSCHE SEEWARTE MARINE 1859-1939 7000 193 NETHERLANDS MARINE OBS 1854-1938 6456 194 -- BRITISH- MARINE --- 1856-1953 3939 196 DEUTSCHE SEEWARTE MARINE 1949-1954 190 197 DANISH MARINE ARCTIC + ANTARC 1860-1956 28 i1 .!. ,-.._, COMMON MARINE FORMAT ALL MARINE - -- - DECKS I--~--I- --- 160

PERIOD _ CARL OF ESTIMATED VOLUME DECK# T I I L E RECORD STATION 1000,S

- _ _ -- SYN U/A CON PRES Rw STAND LEV 541 WBAN RAOBS CONSTANT LEVEL DATA 1941-1945 120 252 I ---- 542 WBAN RAOBS CONSTANT PRESSURE 1946-1949 390 1311 544 WBAN RAOBS CONSTANT PRESSURE 1949-1955 430 5448 . 545 WBAN RAOBS CUONTANT PRESSURE 1956-1960 425 5706 548 INDIAN CONSTANT PRESSURE DATA 1944-1951 22 108 -- _ 551 BRITISH RADIOSONDE 1939-1948 17 5U1 607 EAST GERMAN RAO6S 195U-1961 4 63 IIi ,, 645 WBAN RAOBS-CONSTANT PRESS LEVELS 1961- 4uO 7000 1952-1960 84 FORMOSAN RAQBS 5 - 650 . 655 NICOSIA RAOBS 1951-1963 3 48 662 AUSTRALIAN RAOBS 1943-1966 60 281 664 SwEDISH RAOBS 1949-1957 3 57 24 -- 668'' PORTUGUESE--I RAOBS 1948-1961--l 3 __

- SYN U/A CON HT WINDS P W 509 SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE UPPER/WINDS 1939-1957 80 97 513 MADAGASCAR PIBALS 1933-1936 4 12 514 RUMANIAN PIBALS 1928-1930 3 3 .... I 515 SPANISH WIND ALOFT 1952-1962 33 48 516 MALAY PI6ALS 1936-1941 7 24 5i7 JAPANEoE PIBALS 1924-1933 11 11 522 NORTHERN HEMISPHERE UPPER AIR 6/63- 750 248 - 523 NORTHERN HEMISPHERE W/ALOFT-B 1949-1964 750 1332 531 WBAN WINDS ALOFT 1945-1955 L 1200 3120 532 WBAN WINDS ALOFT 1949-1955 330 2412 535 WBAN WINDS ALOFT 1956-1964 1150 5236 550 PORTUGUESE WINDS ALOFT 1948-1961 6 36

- _5_A4 NDIAN DAILY WEA REPORT PIBALS 1.4.-1QosQ .- i.. 81 276 558 POLISH PIBALS 1926-1939 34 21 572 SAKHALIN PIBALS 1928-1945 5 9 581 KOREAN PIBALS-ALL LEVELS 193U-1 /43 14 88 584 SIAM PIBALS 1936-1939 4 7 586 PAN AMERICAN PIBALS_ II , _ _, 1935-1941 10 . . -- 15 587 INDO CHINESE PIBALS 1938-1943 16 13 589 ITALIAN PIBALi$ ,F 1 1')lln I-- 1927-1939 - ~Di---- Z.:) 590 RUSSIAN PIBALS 1915-1937 104 25 5i93 _ 0s , m- _ KOREAN PlIBAL S 1930-1942 Zj 135 595 ZIKAWEI PIBALS/SHANGHAI 1931-1937 6 8 P! p 0% 604 EAST GERMAN WINDS.. -- 1950-1 961 5 63 652 INDIAN OCEAN PIBALS 1953-1956 5 6 161

--PERIOD CARD OF ESTIMATED VOLUME nFC_ T T L E RECORD STAT IONS 1000,S_

653 SELECTED FOREIGN WINDS ALOF1 1949-1962 20 41 659 GREEK PibALS 1949-1959 9 36 665 AUSTRALIAN wINDS ALOFT 1943-1956 100 590 666 BELGIAN WINDS ALOFT 1949-1956 10 18 _673_ YUGOSLOVIA P BALS 1955-1959 11 60 677 AFRICAN WINDS ALOFT 1953-1963 46 144 685 CANADIAN WINDS ALOFT 1955-1967 75 916

SYN U/A CON PRES MAND LEV _526 SPAN!SH RAOBS 8f.../52-1961__ 5 24

SYN U/A CON PRES MAND, SIG LV 524 NORTHERN HEMISPHERE RA)IOSONDE-C 1949-1959 750 3420 525 NORTHERN HEMISPHERE RADIOSONDE-C 1960- 546 2839 _648 RAOBSMANDAT'ORY-SIG LEV SCHERHAG 1954-1962 34 -1-500

SYN U/A SIG LEV 505 RAO SIGNIFICANT LEVEL_ 1948- 260 15000 510 WORLD-wIDE RADIOSONDE 1943- 101 4518 606 RAOB ALL SIG LEVELS 9.1945-1963 _75 5172

AERO OBS MET STA 038 NORWEGIAN HOURLY SFC 1957-1960 8 280 048 NORWEGIAN HOURLY SURFACE 1951-1956 7 216 132. CANA-DAN HOURLY SFC ,,1946-1951_ .... 6 ... 168 134 CANADIAN HOURLY SURFACE 1951-1953 7 132 135 CANADIAN HOURLY SURFACE 1950-1967 36 2456 141 USAF HOURLY SFC 1937-1945 1080 17976 A142 WlBAN HOURI Y SFC-_ 1945-1948 500 860 144 WBAN HOURLY SFC OB 1948- 1800 94000

1_53. CANADI AN AIRAYS SFCI, · 1942-1949 1_S 156 BRITISH HOURLY OBS 1941-1948 12 300 157 TURKISH HOU RLY i 1950-1959 19 540 158 GERMAN HOURLY OBS GZMO 1955-1961 3 204 158 GERMAN. HOU.RLY OBS GZMO 1962- 3 52 159 KOREAN HOURLY 06S ROK 1954-1964 18 1176 15_9 KOREAN HOURLY OBS ROK_ _ __965-__ I18 _151 176 FORMOSAN SURFACE 1949-1965 17 412

OBSERVATlnNS FROM AIRCRAFT 567 AWS RECON FLIGHTS 1947-1957 5 _ WFATHE R RFCON Ft IGHTS_ 152-1955 432 570 PTARMIGAN RECON ARCTIC 1947-1952 162

PERIOD CARD OF ESTIMATED VOLUME __DEC__K T I f E _.L RECORD STATIONS 1OOS

cL1sIM TNS__SUM_ OF DAY 166 IRANIAN oYNO-PTlC/SUM OF DAY 1948-1955 16 252 _202 .JAPANESE SFC SUM OF DAY 1939-1945 41 300 334 CANADIAN SUMMARY OF DAY 1942-1958 4 10 335 CANADIAN ARCI C $TNo. SUM OF DAY 1955-1967 4 36 357 TURKISH oUMMARY OF DAY 1950-1955 19 36 358 GERMAN ZMO SUMMARY OF DAY 1951- 3 17 359 KOREAN SUMMARY OF DAY ROK 1954- 18 61 394 NEI 24-HR PRECIPITATION AMOUNT 1901-1916 27 121 401 JAPANESE SUMMA-RY OF DAY 1896-1936 43 156 403 JAPANESE SUMMARY OF DAY 1949-1952 150 160 410 DENMARK-GREENLAND SUMMARY 1906-1937 19 72 461 PHILIPPINE SUM OF DAY 1929-1938 10 37 462 PHILIPPINE SUM OF DAY 2 1907-1916 16 37 481 USWB MAX MIN TEMPERATURE 1898-1943 13 144

S CLIM STNo SUM OF DAY US WBAN 341 USAF FORM 94] SUM OF DAY 1937-1945 900 766 343 WBAN SUMMARY OF DAY 1945-1948 300 331 345 WBAN SUMMARY OF DAY 1949- 2100 5500

CLIM STNS SUM OF DAY AND MONTH 318 GERMAN SUM OF DAY AND MONIH 1879-1960 73 830

SOLAR RADIATION OR SUNSHINE 280 USwB HOURLY oOLAR RADIATION 1951- 50 1908 470 HOURLY SOLAR RADIATION AND ILLUM 1928-1952 44 372 480 USWB SOLAR RADIATION SUM OF DAY 1951- 145 444

PRECIPITATION HOURLY 488 HOURLY PRECIPITATION 1947- 2800 11964

4.86 USWB FORM 1009 1948-6/66 12000 84000 486 USWd FORM 1009 7/66 12000

SOIL TEMPERATURE 047 GERMAN SOIL TEMPERATURE 1951-1961 39 144

TIROS INFRARED 2 THRU 7 METEORLOGICAL TOWER DATA 700 CEDAR HILL MICRO-MET 1960-1962 1 250 701 ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY 1957-1963 7 116 705 AF MICROMET 10VER DATA 1963-1967 1 40 163

PERIOD I _- , II I r- CARD OF EST_ _ _ IMATLD_ _ . - - - VOL UM _- _ ._-r _ . . r- I _s - I DLCK/F T I L E RECORD STA11ONN 1000.5

FREEZE DATA 948 FREEZE DATA 1931- 5800 19

999 NORTH AMER OZONE 1963-1967 8

450 SOLAR bEOPHYoICAL DATA 1965- 5 20

DERIVED DATA

HISTORICAL SFC AND UPPER AIR SPACE ARRAYS OF DATA 621 COORDINATE PREoS DATA sURFACE 1899-1939 1066 631 NORTH HEM EXT FORECAST-DETAIL 1948-1963 3108 633 PROJECI 433-L bRID DATA 1955-1960 948

AREA MEAN OR NORMALS 475 DIVISION'L TEMP + PRECIP NORMALS 1931-1966 150 27

MONTHLY MEAN 700MB AND SFC EXFD 1947-1965

CHRONOLOGICAL ARRAY OF DATA

SFC STA CLIM ARRAYS OF NORMAL 465 DAILY TEMPERATURES NURMALz 1931-1960 150 318 490 30 YEAR NORMALS 1931-1960 3656 20

985 EXCESSIVE PRECIP. AMOUNTS 1962 2800

_ QSFCSTA CLIM MONTHLY MEAN _ 720 A-CDNS MONTHLY SURFACE METRIC 1961- 400 43 720 CDNS MONTHLY SURFACE ENGLISH 1961- 400 43 932 USWB MONTHLY 1009 MEANS 1891-1966 12000 3500

U/A CLIM MONTHLY MEAN R, RW 722 WORLD CLIMAT DATA-RAOB 1951- 400 84 _933 USWd RADIOSONDE SUMMARY 1946- 350 924

-_.T.IME AND SPA.CE .RA ------..-.--....." 623 NORTHERN HEM PRESS CNTR I RACK l 89v-193 1924-1938 36 627 _NQR THERN HEM STORM INTENSITY 12 988 N ATLANTIC TROPICAL CYCLONES 1886- I 165

APPENDIX 3

NEWS CLIPPINGS ABOUT DATA from EDS Mar. 74 from EDS Sept. 74 from EDS Apr. 73 Two New WDC-A Catalogs Solar Radiation Data Marine Climatic Data Published A Solar Radiation Data Rehabilitation Summary For 1964 Available The National Climatic Center (1) A catalog lising observational Working Group meeting, funded by has published Vol. 4. 1964, the first issue data received by World Data Center the National Science Foundation, was of annual "Marine Climatological A (WDC-A) for Gravity, Tsunami, held in June at the Environmental Summaries" for the U.S. area of re- Seismology, Longitude and Latitude, Data Service's National Climatic Cen- sponsibilitv under a cooperative and Meteorology during the period ter in Asheville, N.C., to consider World Meteorological Organization July 1, 1957, through December 31, data needs for solar energy research (WMO) program. The WMO- 1972 has been published and distrib- and technology. A solar radiation assigned zone of responsibility for the uted to the scientific community. data base and related information is United States, one of nine responsible World Data Center A, for which the already available at NCC. However, member nations, extends from longi- U.S. National Academy of Sciences the workshop determined that exten- tude 50'W to longitude 170'W and through the Geophysics Research sive rehabilitation will be needed to from latitude 50°S to the North Pole. Board and its Committee on Data In- make the past data more useful to the The 455-page volume contains terchange and Data Centers has over- nation. Some recommendations set by monthly summaries for 57 representa- all responsibility, consists of the the Working Group are: tive marine areas and three Ocean and eight WDC-A Coordination Office 1. That the Environmental Data Ser- Weather Stations. The elements sum- in subcenters at scientific institutions vice publish an inventory of solar marized are: dry-bulb temperature, various parts of the United States. radiation data available at the Na- dew-point temperature. sea tempera- new WDC-A Catalogue of Data The tional Climatic Center for all stations ture, air-sea temperature difference, is issued by the World Data Center A including National Weather Service, visibility, weather, wind direction and Coordination Office, National Acad- cooperator, university, private indus- speed, pressure, cloud, and waves. emy of Sciences, 2101 Constitution try, military, and foreign. The inven- Three hundred copies of the publi- Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. tory should show the type of sensor cation have been sent to WMO for 20418. in use and its period of record for distribution to members, and official (2) Report UAG-30, Catalogue of each station. distribution will also be made to Data on Solar-TerrestrialPhysics is a about 100 domestic and foreign orga- new publication prepared by the EDS 2. That funds be programed to catalog solar radiation data other than nizations active in marine climatolo- -administered Word Data Center A gy. Copies may be purchased by writ- for Solar-Terrestrial Physics in Boul- those archived at the NCC. Cataloging will require a thorough search of solar ing National Climatic Center, der, Colo. The catalog, which super- NOAA, radiation lilerature and requests for Federal Bldg., Ashevillc. sedes Report UAG-20 dated Septem- N.C. 28801. data sharing. ]-he price is $5.00 for ber 1972, presents WDC-A subcenter domestic and $6.25 for foreign or- data holdings in Solar-Terrestrial 3. That the NCC evaluate and make ders. Physics and in Rockets and Satellites. available simultaneous pyranometer- The catalog is arranged by the classifi- pyrheliometer data from Albuquerque cation scheme of the "Guide for In- and Blue Hill for 1- to 10-minute international Exchange of Data in Solar- tervals for the same one-year period. Terrestrial Physics." issued as STP 4. That the NCC rehabilitate the solar Notes No. 6 under the auspices of the radiation data in the specific order de- Special Committee on Solar-Terrestrial lineated by the Working Group to cor- Physics (SCOSTEP). A detailed table rect the data for digitization. calibra- of contents heads each section, ac- tion and sensor deterioration errors. companied by additional explanatory 5. That rehabilitated solar radiation text or maps indicating the location data be published in the catalog in metric of current reporting stations. Left- units and maintained in tape form and hand pages present samples of the all tapes retained (including those data and special information on data presently on hand containing the un- holdings; right-hand pages give hold- corrected data set). ings at each geographic location. Fur- ther information on data formats is 6. That solar radiation data be reha- given when appropriate. bilitated from 1954 until the new radi- Requests for the publication should ation network is established. be addressed to the National Climatic 7. That a pilot study for Albuquerque Center, Federal Building, Asheville, be initiated to test the feasibility and N.C. 28801. Attn: Publications. Sale cost of rehabilitating the total radia- price: $1.75. ion data set. 8. That a committee of experts be ap- pointed to oversee the rehabilitation effort. 166

from EDS Mar. 74

90 from Computerworld 16 Oct. 74

0 cijid7 PPrvvides D 45 ffeater esoIJrces M.30 OTTAWA, Ont. -- The Inland Waters 15 Directorate of -Environment Canada is m.t..king it easier for the general public to -0 get water resources information from its computer data bank thro.ugh a 120-page -15 guide which provides information about rane different data collection, storage and retrieval systems. Data is available, for instance, on a hydrologic square grid system which can be used to find out what geographic, meteorologic and hydrologic information is available for a certain area. Streamnflow and water levels for this hydrometric system are obtained from more than 2,400 water gauging stations. Global network of solar-terrestrial physics observatories. Over 900 observatories Such material is essential to forecast collect various types of data including geomagnetic phenomena, solar and levels and flows as specific points on interplanetary phenonmena, ionospheric phenomena, flare-associated events, rivers and lakes. aurora, cosmic rays, and airglow. Other data systems include the Ground- water Observation Well Network (Gown) containing information on.well construc- tion, instrumentation, groundwater re- data on groundwater from EDS Apr. 73 serves and geologic aquifiers. All available information on Canadian Navy Guide to Standard glaciers is stored in the Glaciology System Weather Summaries Updated in which more than 23,000 glaciers and The Naval Weather Service Environ- icefields are measured and mapped. mental Detachment (NWSED), co!- Ship surveys have provided the bulk of located with EDS National Climatic the data on the Great Lakes in the Star/ Center in the Federal Bldg., Ashe- Eros system. Most of the data is on watcr ville, N.C., has published an updated quality, amounts and types of pollutants version of its 'Guide to Standard detected in the lakes since 1966. Weather Summaries and Climatic The total 'Canadian water quality pic- Services," NAVAIR 50..1C-534. ture is based on findings of federal sam- Part I of the publication provides a pling stations; this data is stored ir- the description of published and unpub- National Water Quality Data Bank. lished climatological summaries avail- Other data banks include Waterstat, a able from the Asheville climatic com- system containing administrative, tech- plex. which also houses Operating nical and economic resource statistics, Location A of the Air Force's Environ- and Watdoc, which covers a wide range of mental Technical Applications Center. published and unpublished documents on Part II is a catalog of summaries that all aspects of research, planning and man- are available on a worldwide basis in agement of Canadian water resources. continent-country-station order. Government officials said if users of the Copies of the publication are avail- data systems aren't quite sure where to able to the general public through the start looking, the guide contains an index National Technical Information Ser- showing all variables measured and what vice, Springfield, Va. 22151. systems have information on them. 167

i [ I from EDS Nov. 74 -- I ...... I I I II .... I I __

Ocean Data Resources Survey Ocean Currents Bibliography EDS has prepared a 135-page report EDS' National Oceanographic Data on "Ocean Data Resources" in re- Center (NODC) recently published a sponse to a request from the National microfiche Bibliography on Sutbsur- Ocean Policy Study Committee of the face Ocean Currents (1900-1972), U.S. Senate to the Interagency Com- which contains about 4,000 citations, mittee on Marine Science and Engi- most with abstracts. This bibliography, neering. The report, which addresses a comprehensive and timely revie\w ct itself primarily to Federal data man- open literature concerning subsurface agement activities, lists the locations, currents of the world's oceans and principal contacts, and capabilities of seas, was compiled by the Oceanic Government facilities with ocean data Library and information Center (OL- programs. In addition, information IC), La Jolla, California. under con- available on State and regional activi- tract to NODC. ties, academic institutions, and in- The Bibliography is available in dustry are included. In compiling the microfiche form (15 microfiche pages) industry information, EDS selected or in hard copy (1,390 pages) from 267 of some 600 marine-oriented the National Technical Information companies on the basis of significant service, U.S. Department of Com- capabilities in ocean data collection, merce, 5285 Port Royal Rd., Spring- processing, or analysis. field, Va. 22151. Tel. (703) 321-8500. The study has been forwarded to the Senate Committee. Avaiiability of copies of the report will be announced in a later issue.

Catalog of Digital Geomagnetic Variation Data The first in a series of detailed catalogs. Report UAG-35, "Catalogue of Marine Pollutants Study Digital Geomagnetic Variation Data Data Available at World Data Center A for Solar- Terrestrial Physic'," has t, en pub- EDS has acquired environmental data resulting from the Prediction of lished. Other detailed catalogs are Ocean Pollutants Study conducted by planned for each of the solar-terres- the Ocean Affairs Board of the Na- trial discipline holdings of the center. tional Research Council (NRC). The catalog lists observatory names, The study to assess the potential mnemonic codes, geographic and geo- effects of man-generated substances magnetic coordinates, and the months and activities on the marine environ- for which hourly values and 2.5-min- ment began in May 1973 with the ute values are available. A map shows identification of six substance types the 126 stations for which the center for study by a steering committee. holds digital hourly or 2.5-minutt The substances were chosen because data values. Hourly values are lield of their persistence, toxicity, and for 124 stations, dating from 1902: abundance in the marine environment. 2.5-minute values are held for 11 They include nuclear wa'stes, synthetic stations, with the earliest data for organic chemicals, marine litter, me- 1961. tallic processing wastes from indus- Copies of the catalog are available trial operations, organic sludges, and for $.20 from the National Clinat'c medical and agricultural pharmaceuti- Center, Federal Bldg.. Ashevilie, N '.. cals. 2'8801, Attn: Publications. 168

from EDS Nov. 74 from EDS Nov. 74 Global Guide to Tropical Northern Hemisphere Weather Storms at Sea Maps Available on Microfilm Mariners Worldwide Climatic Guide The National Climatic Center has mi- to Tropical Storms at Sea, co-authored crofilmed the monthly publication, by H. L. Crutcher and R. G. Quayle, Daily Synoptic Series, Historical has been prepared by the National Weather Maps, Northern Hemisphere Climatic Center for the Naval Sea Level for the period from January Weather Service Command. The 10-in. 1899 through November 1944. The by 15-in. hardbound book contains series contains one chart per day, gen- 114 pages of illustrated text (includ- erally for either 1230 or 1300 GMT. ing sea-state photographs and more NCC also has microfilmed the related than 60 special statistical storm track monthly series, Daily Series, Weather charts), as well as 312 charts showing Maps, Northern Hemisphere Sea Level monthly and annual tropical cyclone and 500rmb Charts coN ering the pe- statistics by 5 -quadrangles for each riod December 1944 through Decem- of six major ocean basins and four ber 1967. This series contains one storm-stage categories. daily sea level chart (generally near The guide provides information on 1200 GMT) and one 500mb Chart where and when tropical cyclones oc- (times vary from near 0400 GMT to cur, their frequency, direction of 1200 GMT). All these charts were movement and speed, and general placed on 48 reels of 35mm microfilm tracks. It also includes discussions on 100 feet long. (Synoptic Data Tabula- ship handling and tips on avoiding tions included in some of these publi- storms, as well as information on spe- cations were not placed on these reels cific basins and tropical cyclones in of microfilm.) general. Microfilming the data drastically While the guide is designed for the reduces their cost to customers. Paper mariner, its information will be valu- stock issues for the entire period able to the industrial and scientific (1899-1967), if available, would cost communities, since it brings tropical $2,277 ($2.75 per issue). Since many cyclone statistics on all ocean basins issues are out of print, the cost to together into one volume for the first retrieve them would be much higher. time. Duplicate copies of the entire 48 reels Copies of the publication are avail- of microfilm can be purchased for able from: Superintendent of Docu- $528; individual reels cost $11. The ments, U.S. Government Printing Of- entire series described above, in its fice, Washington. D.C. 20402, or the original paper form, occupied 34 cubic National Climatic Center, Federal feet of storage space. The 48 reels of Building. Asheville, N.C. 28801. The 35mm microfilm occupy under 1 cu- price is $13.50. bic feet of space. Further information may be obtained by writing to National Climatic Center, Federal Building, Asheville, N.C. 28801, 169

APPENDIX 4

Sources of Information and Data

a. National Climatic Center b National Oceanographic Data Center cC, . National Geophysical and Solar-Terrestrial Data Center d. Center for Experiment Design and Data Analysis e. National Space Science Data Center '' f. NCAR Libraries

g- National Technical Information Service h. Environmental Science Information Center i . ENDEX and OASIS : CLIMATIC INFORMATION NCC SERVICES AVAILABLE FROM NCC *Data and map reproduction, including hard-copy manuscripts, * HOURLY SURFACE OBSERVATIONS microforms, digital media, and FROM LAND STATIONS (ceiling, sky other forms. cover, visibility, precipitation or other *Analysis and preparation of sta- weather phenomena occurring, ob- tistical summaries based on ar- structions to vision, pressure, tempera- chive holdings. ture, dew point, wind direction, wind *Evaluation of various data re- VISITORS ARE WELCOME the at National speed, gustiness). cords for specific analytical Climatic Center. Many data users find a requirements. visit advantageous. NCC's meteorologists, * THREE-HOURLY AND SIX-HOURLY data processing specialists, and records SURFACE OBSERVATIONS FROM *Library search for bibliographic specialists then work most effectively as LAND STATIONS, OCEAN WEATHER references, abstracts, and docu- a team in exploring the problem with the STATIONS, AND MOVING SHIPS (vari- ments. user and in determining how NCC may able data content). -Referral to organizations holding best serve his needs. requested information. * UPPER AIR OBSERVATIONS (radio- *Provision of general atmospheric Advance notice is desirable, especially sondes, rawinsondes, rocketsondes, sciences information. if the visitor wishes to confer with specific low-level soundings, pilot balloon -Supply of publications, including staff members or types of specialists. winds, aircraft reports). reference manuals, catalogs of Working space and assistance are pro- holdings, data reports, and vided as needed. Call 704-258-2850ex- * RADAR OBSERVATIONS (radar log atlases. tension 683, or write to the address given sheets, radar scope photography). 0 below. Residents of the Washington, D.C., * SATELLITE DATA (vidicon pictures of REQUESTS FOR SERVICES area may reach us directly and toll-free earth and clouds, Earth Resources by dialing (no area code required) 495- Requests should define data re- Technology Satellite (ERTS) imagery 2424. Our Federal Telecommunications quired, stations or geographical System number is (704) 254-0683. Letters and other radiation data, derived limits involved, desired carrier should be addressed to: products). medium (magnetic tape, punched cards, microforms, hard copy), The National Climatic Center * SELECTED MAPS AND CHARTS (Na- tional Meteorological Center products). and such other pertinent informa- National Oceanic and Atmospheric tion as a description of the pro- Administration * DERIVED AND SUMMARY DATA (grid blem for which the data are re- Federal Building points, computer tabulations, digital Asheville, North Carolina 28801 quired. NCC personnel and the summary data). user consult on content and speci- fications, but nongovernment users * SPECIAL COLLECTIONS (Barbados who require assistance in specify- Oceanographic-Meteorological Experi- ing their needs are referred to a ment meteorological data, Global At- private meteorological consultant. mospheric Research Program basic data Work is performed on a reimbur- set, solar radiation data, many others). sable basis. Unit costs for some simple services have been established by the Department of Commerce; otherwise, the requester is provided a cost estimate before work begins. ice, and the largest climatic center in the world. For researchers in government, private institutions, and industry, for atmospheric scientists and engineers, and for the general public, it is a unique central source of historical weather information and related products; it also administers World Data Center A, Meteorology, which provides for international data exchange. As the collection center and custodian of all United States weather records, the National Climatic Center obtains the data generated by NOAA's National Weather ~, -.- wi :ullt i Service, the weather services of the Air Force, Navy, and the Federal Aviation Ad- ministration, the Coast Guard, and cooperative observers on land, at sea, and in the air. Also included are the cloud photography and other data obtained from environmental satellites. The information used may be of the services in- Records from the military ; ::-- , day-to-day type, which describes and pre- clude those from ships at sea, aircraft, and ". : ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~; ::: dicts natural events; or it may be of a foreign bases. Archives include automated, ll;"Ooo, more historical type, which describes na- miniaturized, and hard-copy forms. the national ture as it has been. Fulfilling After computer and human editing, is need for such historical documentation data for which there is general user de- National Oceanic the work of NOAA, the mand are summarized and published for Administration of the and Atmospheric distribution to a wide variety of sub- Department of Commerce, and its U.S. scribers and for answering requests for Environmental Data Service. data. One million copies of monthly and these histories are concerned Where annual climatological publications are of air surrounding with the envelope mailed to 65,000 subscribers annually. planet Earth, and with observations of the processes we call weather, the data management activities focus in the National Climatic Center (NCC), Asheville, North Carolina, the largest of the five major facilities* in the Environmental Data Serv- * Others are the National Geophysical and Solar-Terrestrial Climatic Center Data Center, Boulder, Colo.; the National Oceanographic The National Data Center, the Environmental Science Information Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric and the Center for Experiment Design and Data Analysis, Washington, D.C. Administration | Oceanographic Data Analysis and preparations of statis- Available From NODC tical summaries based on archive holdings. The National Mechanical and expendable bathythermograph data in analog and Evaluation of various data records Oceanographic digital form. for specific requirements. Data Center Oceanographic station data for sur- Referral to organizations holding re- face and serial depths, giving values quested information. of temperature, salinity, oxygen, in- organic phosphate, total phos- Provision of general marine sciences phorus, nitrite-nitrogen, nitrate-nit- information. rogen, silicate-silicon, and pH. Supply of publications, including Continuously recorded salinity-tem- data processing manuals, catalogs of perature-depth data in digital form. holdings, data reports, and atlases. Surface current information obtained by using drift bottles or calculated from ship set and drift. Requests for Services Biological data, giving values of Requests should define data required, plankton standing crop, chlorophyll geographic limits involved, and such concentrations, and rates of primary other pertinent information as a descrip- productivity; also bibliographic ref- tion of the problem for which the data erences to papers on marine biol- are required. They should also specify format-magnetic tape, punched cards, ogy. microfilm, or hard copy (computer print- Geological sampling inventory, pri- outs, publications, analog charts). Visitors are welcome at the National marily for the New England Conti- Cost varies with amount of ma- nental Shelf. terial, special analysis, computer time, Oceanographic Data Center; how- and other factors. Requests for small ever, it is desirable to have advance Bottom sample information. amounts of information are completed notice if visitors wish to interview free of charge; otherwise, a cost estimate staff members. Special working NODC Services is presented to the requester before space and technical assistance are work begins, and the request is handled provided on request. Call (202) 426- uata processing. upon receipt of funds. 9052, or write: The User's Guide for NODC's Data Data reproduction, including com- Processing Systems, available from The National Oceanographic Data puter printouts, punched cards, NODC on request, provides detailed in- Center magnetic tapes, and other forms. formation concerning data holdings. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Rockville, Maryland 20852 N SDC PRODUCTS AND SERVICES Copies of primary data and of data products are to an equivalent amount without charge. The costs available to users on an exchange basis or at the of copying are listed in various NGSDC catalogs or NGSDC cost of copying. Contributors of data to NGSDC will be provided on request. For large orders, The National and its associated World Data Centers are entitled charges will be actual cost. Geophysical & SEISMOLOGY MARINE GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS Seismograms, 70-mm and 35-mm film, original Bathymetric measurements, microfilmed original Solar-Terrestrial size on paper. records, processed tapes, printouts, punched Data Center Accelerograms, original size reproductions and cards, data plots, and profiles. 35-mm and 70-mm film. Seismic reflection profiles, original records on Digitized strong-motion accelerograms, on punch- microfilm. tapes. ed cards and magnetic Gravimetric measurements, microfilmed original Earthquake data list (events since January 1900), printouts, punched sorted chronologically and geographically, on records, processed tapes, magnetic tape, punched cards, and 16-mm cards, data plots, and profiles. microfilm. Geomagnetic total field measurements, micro- Earthquake data service, punched-card updates filmed original records, processed tapes, print- of data list on a monthly basis. outs, punched cards, data plots, and profiles. Reid Earthquake Catalog, 16-mm microfilm. Geological data, including data on heat flow, cores, samples, and sediments (lists and descrip- PUBLICATIONS: United States Earthquakes (an annual tions only). summary of earthquakes in the U.S. and nearby territories, and associated phenomena; series began in PUBLICATIONS: Data Reports (issued at irregular inter- 1928).:: t vals). Publication 41-1, Earthquake History of the United States.(Revised Edition through 1970). (GPO catalogue number C55.228:41-1).':: *: SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS Special Publication 282, Earthquake Investigation in the United States (GPO catalogue number C4.19: Ionosphere data, including ionograms, frequency 282). * plots, riometer and field-strength strip charts, Seismicity maps (issued at irregular intervals), some on tape and punched Seismological Publications and Services (free on re- and tabulations, quest from NGSDC). cards. Solar activity data, microfilm copies of original records, tape, and punched cards; solar flare GEOMAGNETIC MAIN FIELD patrol film, solar maps from computer outputs or drawings. Magnetic survey data tables of selected observed variation data, magnetograms as values or long-term changes in magnetic declina- Geomagnetic full-size paper or on 35-mm microfilm, daily/ tion or other components, tape copies of file, hourly values and magnetic indices, 2.5 minute information on magnetic anomalies. values for selected stations on magnetic tape. Secular-change data tables showing long-term Auroral data, 16- or 35-mm all-sky camera film changes in declination and other components. in 100-foot rolls, radar observations on 16-rmm PUBLICATIONS: U.S. Magnetic Charts (isogonic charts of film. U.S., show lines of equal magnetic declination and Cosmic ray data, microfilmed original records, Mailing addresses and telephones are: rates of annual change; published every 5 years, with magnetic charts for magnetic dip, horizontal inten- tape, punched cards. published data, original data tables (many micro- Environmental Data Service, sity, vertical intensity, and total intensity Airglow every 10 years).'-' filmed), punched cards, computer printouts. D6 NOAA - U.S. Magnetic Tables (published every 10 years, show Boulder, Colo. 80302, U.S.A. magnetic values for each station occupied in the U.S. PUBLICATIONS: Ionospheric Data (monthly issue, pre- during the preceding 10-year period).::": sents monthly median ionospheric characteristics for Environmental Data Service,(MGG) ionospheric physics community and users of HF radio DF62 NOAA propagation).:: Washington, D.C. 20235, U.S.A. NOAA/PA 72014 Solar-Geophysical Data (monthly issue, Part I, Prompt will be produced Reports, and Part II, Comprehensive Reports, de- Beginning in 1974, these publications ra- 1974 (Rev.) jointly with the USGS. scribes solar activity and associated ionospheric, dio propagation, and other geophysical effects).':' : Available from the National Climatic Center, Federal UAG Reports (issued at irregular intervals by World dial 303-499-1000 and ask for exten- Telephones: Boulder: Building, Asheville, N.C. 28801. Attn: Publications. Data Center A for Solar-Terrestrial Physics, reports on sion listed; for FTS dial 303-499 and dial extension listed; Director NGSDC-6215; Solid Earth Data Services-6521, '':Available from the Environmental Science information solar-terrestrial environment and interplanetary WDC-A for Solid Earth Sciences-6474; Solar Terrestrial Center, NOAA Environmental Data Service, Washington, space). : Data Services-6323, WDC-A for Solar Terrestrial Physics- D.C. 20235. Magnetic Activity Indices (various types of relative 6467. Washington: Marine and Geologyophysics- *::Available from the Superintendent of Documents measures of magnetic activity, derived from magneto- 202-343-7368, commercial and FTS. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. grams, in particular the AE indices). B MExv was conducted in the tropical Atlantic GnTf* scheduled for the summer of 1974, is the lBOMX east of Barbados in May, June, and I , first major observational experiment of July 1969 as a national, multiagency GlA * the Global Atmospheric Research Pro- study of the behavior and interaction of the ocean- gram, sponsored jointly by the World Meteorological atmosphere system in subtropical and tropical Organization and the International Council of Scien- waters. Ships, aircraft, buoys, satellites, and island tific Unions. This multinational research project will stations were used as observation platforms within span the Atlantic Ocean and will be the most am- a 500-kilometer by 500-kilometer square, with data bitious project yet undertaken to study the equa- taken from the ocean floor to the stratosphere. Con- torial atmosphere and ocean-the main heat sources ducted in cooperation with the Government ol driving the atmosphere's general circulation. UNITEDSTATES Barbados, BOMEX involved the U.S. Department' A CEDDA's main responsibility here, as in IFYGL, is to DEPARTMENTOF of Commerce, Defense, Transportation, and the In- establish data management procedures before field COMMERCE terior, the National Aeronautics and Space Adminis- operations begin, ensure that these procedures are PUBLICATION tration, the National Science Foundation, and numer- followed during the field program, and later reduce ous universities and other institutions. part of the data collected by United States acquisi- The Center for With the end of field operations, the Barbados tion systems into final archive form. CEDDA may Design Oceanographic and Meteorological Analysis Project also merge sets of data obtained by the many par- Experiment office (now CEDDA) was established to reduce, proc- ticipating nations into international data sets de- ess, and validate BOMEX data. BOMEX data for which signed for specialized scientific analyses. and Data Analysis CEDDA is responsible include: salinity-temperature- Also as in IFYGL, CEDDA is participating in the depth soundings to a depth of 1,000 meters; ship- development and testing of special acquisition sys- board meteorological observations and rawinsonde tems, specifically the automatic data-acquisition sys- data; low-level atmospheric soundings made with tem to be used aboard United States ships during the Boundary Layer Instrument Package (BLIP); air- GATE, the Omega rawinsonde tracking system, and and other meteorological observa- craft dropsonde the GATE version of the BLIP. nnCflA is organized around its two major tions; shipboard and land-based radar observations; UA program areas-data management and high-level (50,000 and 60,000 feet) panoramic cloud As part of the overall environmental budget studies scientific research. Its data management photographs; intermediate and low-level time-lapse program of GATE, CEDDA will undertake the analy- services division has technical responsibility for data cloud photographs; and satellite cloud imagery. sis of the bulk atmospheric budgets of the "B-scale" records by area, a portion of the Atlantic Ocean off the North management from delivery of original In addition to data management, CEDDA is also archiving of African coast chosen for intensive, concentrated acquisition personnel in the field to the completing analysis of the BOMEX "core experi- products. The research division observations. CEDDA is also assigned responsibility final data and data ment"-evaluating the energy budget of the at- reviewing, anct for radar analyses, and planetary boundary layer assists in recommending, monitoring, mospheric volume overlying the BOMEX array and systems and procedures to, studies. testing data acquisition the upper ocean beneath the array, and computing data will be of optimum quality ensure that these the energy flux across the sea-air boundary. The CEDDA scientists and systems analysts who will not only for the scientific analyses carried out within be responsible for deriving specific data and scien- the division, but for data users within the inter- tific products from the GATE field program are national scientific community. Computer and graph- playing a key part in the planning of the experi- ics support are provided by two other groups in ment. By formulating specific data requirements and CEDDA. analyzing the effects of various alternative designs, they are able to recommend many details of plat- GL isa joint United States-Canada program form array configuration, observation scheduling, l of environmental research aimed at sensor calibrations, and intercomparison activities. L achieving more effective management of ATMpO Great Lakes water resources and at solving the water 1, management problems posed by a growing popu- For more information, write: lation in the Great Lakes basin area. Lake Ontario Director and the Ontario basin were the subject of the field Center for Experiment operations (April 1972 through March 1973) which Design and Data Analysis were designed to provide data for these closely coordinated international scientific programs: ter- NOAA Environmental restrial water balance, atmospheric water balance, Data Service evaporation synthesis, lake heat balance, lake chem- Page Bldg. 2 NOAA/PA 73016 istry and biology, water movement (lake circulation), Washington, D.C. 20235 1973 atmospheric boundary layer, and simulation. Partici- pants included scientists from eight federal and state agencies, and representatives of a number of universities and research institutions. (charts, graphs, photographs, and tables which * Description of the instrument or meas- are the results of data processing and analysis uring device and the results of all techniques employed by the investigator). Most NATIONAL pertinent calibrations which contribute analyzed data will be in nonmachine-sensible to the quantitative understanding of form. The preferred medium in each individual the instrument characteristics case usually is determined by consultation between the principal investigator and the SPACE * Discussion of any important or un- Data Center staff. usual developments during the course NSSDC assigns a specialist in the appro- of the experiment which affected the priate scientific discipline for each experiment data to arrange for data acquisition with the princi- SCIENCE pal investigator and to help solve related * Specific methods employed by the problems. principal investigator in performing his DATA data reduction and data analysis Data Announcements The Data Catalog of Satellite Experiments * References to the scientific results of lists the NSSDC collection of data gathered the analyzed data and all other perti- through space-exploration experiments. In- CENTER nent bibliographic materials cluded are parameters of the space vehicle, description of the experiment, the types of Upon approval of proposals to conduct measurements or measuring instruments, data SPHERE OF ACTIVITY space research, principal investigators are re- reduction techniques, lists of data content, and quested to contact the Data Center at the The National Space Science Data Center appropriate indexes. The computer programs earliest opportunity to formulate plans for the available for distribution by NSSDC are also (NSSDC) was established by NASA to further submission of their reduced the widest practicable use of reduced data data to NSSDC. listed. obtained from space science investigations and The Handbook of Correlative Data de- to provide investigators with an active Data Acquisition scribes and lists the general availability of ground-based measurements,such as ionospheric, (- repository for such data. As such, it is NSSDC attempts to collect data records (_n responsible for the active collection, organiza- before any types of reduction have been per- cosmic-ray, solar, and geomagnetic observations. tion, storage, announcement, retrieval, dissem- formed which might result in the destruction of Since the data referred to in this Handbook are ination, and exchange of data received from the fundamental information content. These normally distributed by primary sources outside satellite experiments, sounding-rocket probes, records are usually prepared by a compaction, of NASA, the NSSDC collection is available and high-altitude aeronautical and balloon in- editing, and merging operation performed by only to NASA personnel; however, it is available vestigations. In addition, the Data Center to all investigators for onsite; analysis! and the principal investigator. Included are the evaluation of space science experimental results. collects correlative data, such as magnetograms instrument responses measured as functions and ionograms, from ground-basedobservatories of The Data Center will identify the sources of time along with appropriate position, attitude, correlative information on request. and stations for NASA investigators and for on- and equipment performance information neces- site use at NSSDC in the analysis and sary to analyze the data in an independent The Data Users' Note, a document which evaluation of space science experimental results. fashion. describes the data available at the Data Center Primarily, NSSDC acquires reduced data In addition, the Data Center collects from a specific investigation, is produced by records which have been prepared from the those NSSDC. Prepared in close cooperation with the original final analyzed data which the principal data by the introduction of scaling and investigator designates as the most useful and principal investigator, it provides a description correction factors. These data normally of the instrument, calibration data, discussion present the corrected sensor response as a "best. illustrating the scientific results of his experiment. of the experiment, specific methods employed function of time, position, and other appro- in Consequently, reducing the data, format of available data, priate parameters. In addition, an attempt is the form of the data ac- and references cepted by the Data Center is determined to the scientific results of the made to assure later investigators independent in a analyzed data and all other pertinent biblio-i use of the data by providing additional informa- large part by what is available from the graphic material. tion such.as: experimenter. In general, reduced data are in machine-sensible form (compatible with elec-i The Data Announcement Bulletin an- MAILING ADDRESS tronic computer processing equipment), but nounces the availability of newly acquired data they can be in a nonmachine-sensible form between editions of the Data Catalog of Satel- lite Experiments. National Space Science Data Center TELEPHONE A space science document file with appro- Goddard Space Flight Center priate keywords and descriptors is maintained. Code 601 (301) 982-6695 Special bibliographies are produced on request. Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 a_'

$WELCOME TOI HE LIBRARIES

Our purpose is to supply the scientific, technical, and business information needed by NCAR personnel in their work. Our holdings include books,yournals, reports, data, atmospheric maps and charts, microfilm files, /indexes, and abstracts. The subject emphasis is on physics, meteorology, chemistry, mathematics, astrophysics, and related areas in engineering and instrumentation. The collection at the Mesa Library comprises approximately 40,000 items, The library at the NCAR High Altitude Observatory (HAO),- located on the University of Colorado campus, houses 13,500 items. About 700 periodicals come regularly to the Mesa Library, and over 340 are received at the HAO Library. A small collection of general non-fiction books and several non-technical periodicals are available in the Damon Room lounge at the Mesa Laboratory. NCAR personnel may use either library at any time. Non-NCAR persons may use the librarie during normal working hours, 8:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. Monday through Friday. The HAO Library is also open 7:00 P.M. to 10:00 P.M1 Monday through Friday, 177

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, Virginia 22151

ABOUT NTIS... INFORMATION The National Technical Information Service* is a central source for the public sale of Government-sponsored re- REQUEST search reports and other analyses prepared by Federal agencies, their contractors or grantees, and it is a central CARD source for Federally generated machine processable data files and programs. Mail this postal card NTIS fills 5,000 new and 6,000 standing orders daily as one to order additional catalogs of the world's leading processors of specialty information, and to find out about supplying the public with approximately three million other NTIS products documents and microforms annually. The NTIS information and services. collection exceeds 730,000 titles with more than 100,000 documents in current stock. All are available for sale and Gentlemen: Please this catalog describes those most in demand. send me the following free material. The agency is obligated by statute to recover its cost and O NTIS Special Interest Publications. NTIS-PR-73-01. has become largely self sustaining. Less than 20% of its [ NTIS Information Services Booklet. NTIS-PR-73-00. funding comes from its direct appropriation as an agency [ NTIS Deposit Account Brochure and Application. of the U.S. Department of Commerce. n NTISearch Booklet. Describes how I can obtain Timely and continuous reporting to subscribers is ensured custom information searches of the NTIS data base of by agreements between NTIS and hundreds of Federal more than 360,000 publications like those described in research-sponsoring organizations. NTIS is the marketing this catalog. NTIS-PR-73-03. ] Guide to Available NTISearch Packages. Describes coordinator for various information analysis centers in the how I can benefit from more than 100 already com- U.S., for their publications and technical inquiries and pleted searches on specific topics of current interest. special analyses. NTIS-PR-73-02. The public may quickly locate abstracts of interest from Weekly Government Abstract Brochures. Describe weekly newsletters reporting on the latest technological among the 300,000 Federally sponsored research docu- advances with complete abstracts of new Government- ments published since 1964. Copies of the whole reports funded reports. Brochures describe WGA newsletters are sold, in paper copy or microform. available by annual subscription and published under Current abstracts of NTIS documents and other records in the following titles. (Check those of interest to you.) various categories of interest are published in weekly O Administration [ Environmental Pollu- journals (Weekly Government Abstracts). These are curnu- L1Behavior tion & Control The magnetic tape from which the C] Biomedical Technology n Industrial Engineering lative and indexed. & Engineering [ Library & Information journals are prepared is also available. C] Building Technology Sciences A microfiche service, with a custom profile option, auto- [ Business & Economics n Materials Sciences matically provides subscribers with the full texts of reports ] Computers, Control & n Transportation in categories of interest they select. Information Theory O Urban Technology The foregoing and many more products and services are described in detail in the NTIS Information Services Book- let, free on request. Use the request card inside the back Name cover of this catalog to receive the Information Services Booklet and other free material. Title, Organization

Address *Formerly the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information. City, State, Zip large number of bibliographic data bases dealing with the atmospheric, oceanic, and earth sciences, and marine resources. Called tEDSTATES ESIC OASIS (for Oceanic and Atmospheric Scien- IRTMENTOF MMERCE tific Information System), the service includes: literature relating to earth, atmosphere, and IUCATION oceans available to users anywhere. * Retrospective searches, in which specific OwlS^s The Environmental subject matter from an entire data base Publisher number of volumes of a data Science Information AS NOAA'S SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL or a given the flow of manu- base can be retrieved, providing referral to PUBLISHER, ESIC guides of interests to CO/BoriCenter researcher scientists and published literature in alreas scripts from agency on relatively short-term service offices through channels of users working technical projects. review, editorial processing, and printing, then monitors the dissemination of NOAA pub- * Selective dissemination of information, a lications to a wide audience. These publica- "current awareness" feature in which citations appear as reports, technical memoranda, tions are retrieved from current scientific THE SCIENTIFIC VIEW of the physical data listings, handbooks, manuals, catalogs, literature as it is published, providing peri- world exists in the form of observations, atlases, and fact sheets, all announced odic dissemination of information to users measurements, photographs, digital bits, through NOAA Publications Announcement with relatively long-term requirements. analog records, biological samples-types of NOAA Library Accessions lists, and special bibliographies. Professional societies; infor- information we call data. Ensuring that this The services may be requested from any view has order, continuity, and utility is the mation services in other Federal agencies; and publishers of commercial, scientific, and tech- NOAA library (see "Library Services") or a task of the U. S. Department of Commerce's technical information specialist National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminis- nical journals are notified of NOAA issuances. 00 tration (NOAA), and its Environmental Data New articles on scientific and technical find- Service. ings by NOAA scientists are distributed to more than 700 trade, technical, scientific, Library Services When the varied information takes the form AS NOAA'S LIBRARIAN, ESIC coordinates of literature, it becomes the concern of EDS' and engineering publications with a combined circulation of more than four million. the agency's library services and its partici- ESIC, the Environmental Science Information pation in the national network of scientific Center, NOAA's scientific and technical pub- libraries. The collections are extensive-for lisher, information banker, and librarian. ESIC Information Banker THE COMPUTERIZED INFORMATION SERV- example, 175,000 volumes in the Atmospheric complements the Enironmental Data Service Library, and 150,000 in the Marine the service ICE developed by ESIC provides environmental Sciences family of data centers*, enhancing Earth Sciences Library. ESIC provides single scientists and managers ready access to a and structure needed for a comprehensive, technical assistance to NOAA libraries outside source for environmental data and informa- area and has functional super- a the Washington tion within NOAA. ESIC has also developed of over 30 field libraries. There is a makes vision computerized information service that NOAA library in Miami, Fla., administered by body of environmental virtually the entire ESIC which provides library and information services to several nearby offices and labora- Address inquiries to: m! tories. In 1974 the Great Lakes Library be- The National Climatic Center, Asheville, N.C.; the to provide information National Oceanographic Data Center and the Center for ESIC, NOAA came part of ESIC Experiment Design and Data Analysis, Washington, services to all NOAA components at Detroit D.C.; the National Geophysical and Solar-Terrestrial Environmental D Data Center, Boulder, Colo.; and the Center for Cli- Data Service 2 and Ann Arbor, Mich. ESIC also maintains matic and Environmental Assessment, Columbia, Mo. liaison with the Environmental Research The EDS also operates corresponding World Data Cen- Washington, D.C. close ters in conjunction with these facilities as well as a o Laboratories Library in Boulder, Colo. Satellite Data Services Branch in Camp Springs, Md. 20235 ~%rENT NOAA/PA 72029 * 1972 Illll~lllsllC1III------

LIBRARY SERVICES

The libraries have open stacks, reading NOAA installations, and includes physical rooms, and a common service policy: loan, oceanography, marine geology and geophys- reference, literature-searching, and inter- ics, cartography, paleogeology, tropical me- library loan services for NOAA personnel. teorology, hurricanes, experimental meteorol- Bibliographies are compiled upon request. The ogy, and weather modification. Address in- libraries are open to the public for reference quiries to: NOAA Miami Library, 15 Ricken- use only. backer Causeway, Miami, Fla. 33130 (305) 350-1330.

Atmospheric Sciences Library Great Lakes Library The comprehensive collection includes sci- The EDS Great Lakes Library contains an entific studies in meteorology, climatology, archival collection on lake levels and hydrol- and hydrology, and their applications; also, ogy of the Great Lakes. The disciplines of extensive holdings of published daily weather hydrology and limnology comprise about 85 maps and climatic data. The Library main- percent of the collection of 12,000 volumes. tains, for loan, microfilm of National Weather Library services are provided for NOAA per- Service manuscript maps. Address inquiries sonnel in both Detroit and Ann Arbor, Mich., to: Atmospheric Sciences Library (D821), Na- the location of the Great Lakes Environmental tional Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra- Research Laboratory established in 1974 to tion, 8060 13th Street, Silver Spring, Md. study the natural processes and develop an 20910. (301) 427-7800. understanding of the Great Lakes. Address inquiries to: Great Lakes Library, National Marine and Earth Sciences Library Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 630 The comprehensive collection specializes Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse, Detroit, in geodetic astronomy, nautical and aeronau- Mich. 48226 (313) 226-6126. tical cartography, geodetic and hydrographic surveying, photogrammetry, mathematics, and Boulder Laboratories Library the following divisions of geophysics: geodesy, Managed by NOAA's Environmental Re- gravity, geological oceanography, and tidal search Laboratories, this collection has spe- phenomena. There is a branch containing a cialized in the scientific areas of interest core collection on fisheries. Address inquiries to researchers in NOAA, the National Bureau to: Marine and Earth Sciences Library of Standards, and the Office of Telecommuni- (D822), National Oceanic and Atmospheric cations including: telecommunication sci- Administration, 6001 Executive Boulevard, ences, ionospheric and solar physics, electro- Rockville, Md. 20852. (301) 496-8021. magnetic wave propagation, cryogenics, radio and electronic standards, remote sensing, NOAA Miami Library weather modification, quantum electronics, The collection deals mainly with the special- geomagnetics, and related fields. Address in- ties of the Atlantic Oceanographic and Me- quiries to: NOAA Environmental Research teorological Laboratories of NOAA's Environ- Laboratories Library (R51), Boulder, Colo. mental Research Laboratories and other local 80302. (303) 499-1000, Ext. 3788. LLpl----P·s-l~ I An ENDEX data file description lists the types of parameters and volumes of data available, the methods used to measure them, when and where the data were collected, the sensors and platforms used, data formats, restrictions on data availability, OASIS is a computerized information retrieval serv- publications in which the data may be found, whom ice that provides ready reference to the technical to contact for further information, and the estimated literature and to research environmental sciences cost of obtaining the data. and marine and coastal resources. It provides computerized searches of both NOAA and non-NOAA ENDEX services and products include: data bases containing references to technical publi- * Access to specialized indexes of environmental cations. User products include bibliographic refer- data, grouped by geographic areas, institutions, or ences, abstracts, and indexing terms. OASIS offers disciplines. access to major meteorological and oceanic bibliographic information files not available any- * On-line, interactive searches of the indexes to where else in computer-searchable form. answer specific questions concerning the availability NOAA Environmental Data Key and whereabouts of data files. OASIS services include: users rapid referral to avail- ENDEX/OASIS provide * A quick-response determination of the costs of * On-line searching: where the user needs informa able environmental data and information files of retrieval from large data files. NOAA, other Federal agencies, state and local gov- tion immediately, a data base can be queried from ernments, universities, research institutes, and pri- e* Data catalogs from large NOAA environmental one of several terminals. (A large data base can be vate industry. Subject areas include aeronomy, data collection projects. computer-searched in a few minutes.) cartography, climatology, coastal zone management, * Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI), or environment-related engineering, geodesy, hydro- Individual ENDEX data files descriptions will be current awareness: citations are retrievable from graphy, hydrology, marine geology, meteorology, updated every two years. current scientific literature as it is published. SDI oceanography, and space and solar science. provides periodic dissemination of information to the user with relatively long-term needs. In developing this system the Environmental Data * Retrospective searches: the retrieval of specific Service has sought out and documented selected The great mass of environmental data received and subject matter from an entire data base or a given 00 files of environmental data and information. The held by data centers today could present an increas- number of volumes of a data base. Retrospectvie 0 approach has been one step at a time, beginning with ingly complicated labyrinth to data users, without searches provide a survey of a specific interest area easily accessible collections pertinent to the solution some easy-to-use key. Now that key is available from to a user working on relatively short-term projects. of current national problems-such as coastal zone the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra- collections needed for offshore activities related to * Special bibliographies: these can be prepared tion, in the form of a one-stop environmental data from one or more data bases with numerous options, the energy crisis. The objective is to complete a and information referral service that can be as close comprehensive nationwide inventory by 1980. and with output in printout, photocomposition, or to a data-user as the telephone. Called ENDEX (from magnetic tape for photocomposition. Environmental Data Index)/OASIS (from Oceanic At present, just under 2,000 environmental data files and Atmospheric Scientific Information System), the ENDEX and OASIS are referenced. These pertain largely to the Chesa- new system was devised and put into operation by Using peake Bay, New York Bight, and Great Lakes areas. the Commerce Department agency's Environmental To use the NOAA/EDS referral services, call or visit Further file description efforts are underway in Data Service. an ENDEX or OASIS Technical Information Specialist Florida and California, and negotiations have begun at any of the Environmental Data Service Centers to initiate work in North and South Carolina and in listed below: Georgia. On the literature side, the new service references literally millions of technical publications. Its five major facilities include the National Climatic Center, in Asheville. North Carolina; the National Cost of Services Geophysical and Solar-Terrestrial Data Center, in is deter- Boulder, Colorado; and the National Oceanographic The cost of ENDEX/OASIS referral services Center for Experiment Design and mined by the type of search provided and the num- Data Center, ENDEX contains computer-searchable descriptions files searched. For Data Analysis, and Environmental Science Informa- of interdisciplinary files of environmental data on ber and character of the data tion Center, all in Washington, D.C. many levels; when these files are large, detailed example, although the average cost of a search and inventories are also provided. Specifically, ENDEX retrieval is $50, for a simple request it could be has three major components: as low as $5. In some cases, there may be no charge at all. In any case, there is no obligation for the General information on ENDEX or OASIS services * Descriptions of data collection efforts. initial contact, and a firm estimate of costs will be may also be obtained by contacting or visiting any of * Descriptions of data files. provided the user before a chargeable search is the NOAA scientific and technical libraries scattered made. throughout the United States. I * Detailed inventories of large, commonly used files. 181

ADDRESSES

AFCRL Meteorological Laboratory Air Force Cambridge Research Labs Hanscom Field Bedford, Massachusetts 01731

AFGWC USAF Global Weather Central Offutt AFB, Nebraska 68113

CEDDA The Center for Experiment Design and Data Analysis NOAA Environmental Data Service Page Building 2 Washington, D.C. 20235

EDS Environmental Data Service NOAA Washington, D.C. 20235

ERDC (for ERTS pictures - also called EROS Data Center) Earth Resources Data Center Department of the Interior Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57189

ESIC Environmental Science Information Center, NOAA Environmental Data Service Washington, D.C. 20235

ETAC USAF Environmental Technical Applications Center Building 859, Stop 825 Scott AFB, Illinois 62225

FNWC Fleet Numerical Weather Central Monterey, California 93940

GFDL Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Lab/NOAA P. O. Box 308 Princeton, New Jersey 08540

GPO (Government Printing Office) Superintendent of Documents U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 182

LBL Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory University of California Berkeley, California 94720

NADUC Nimbus/ATS Data Utilization Center NASA/GSFC Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

NCAR Data Analysis Section National Center for Atmospheric Research P. 0. Box 3000 Boulder, Colorado 80303 303-494-5151 FTS 303-394-5526

NCC National Climatic Center NOAA Federal Building Asheville, North Carolina 28801 704-258-2850 FTS 704-254-0683

NESS National Environmental Satellite Service F.O.B. 4 Suitland, Maryland 20233

NGSDC National Geophysical and Solar-Terrestrial Data Center NOAA Environmental Data Service Boulder, Colorado 80302 303-499-1000, Ext. 6323 FTS 303-449-6323

NHEML National Hurricane Experimental Meteorological Laboratory P. O. Box 8265 University of Miami Branch Coral Gables, Florida 33124

NMC National Meteorological Center World Weather Building Suitland, Maryland 20233

NODC National Oceanographic Data Center/EDS Page Building #1 2001 Wisconsin Ave., N.W. Washington, D.C. 20235 202-426-9052 183

NOS National Ocean Survey NOAA Rockville, Maryland 20852

NSSDC National Space Science Data Center Code 601.4 NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 301-982-6695

NSSL National Severe Storms Laboratory 1313 Halley Circle Norman, Oklahoma 73069

NTIS National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, Virginia 22151

RAND Climate Dynamics Group The RAND Corporation 1700 Main Street Santa Monica, California 90406

SCRIPPS & NORPAX Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California LaJolla, California 92037

Illinois State Water Survey Box 232 Urbana, Illinois 61801

Meteorology Section Bonneville Power Administration Portland, Oregon 97208

Air Quality and Turbidity Data

National Aerometric Data Bank Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 184

Assessment Studies

Center for Climatic and Environmental Assessment NOAA Federal Building, Room 116 Columbia, Missouri 65201 FTS (314) 442-3261

Crop Data

Economics Research Service Department of Agriculture Foreign Demand and Competition Division Group Hospital Insurance Building 500 12th Street, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20250

Data Bank of Early Climatological Sources

Center for Climatic Research Attention: Data Bank 1225 West Dayton Street Madison, Wisconsin 53704

NOAA Satellite Data

Satellite Data Services Branch (NOAA-EDS-NCC) D 543, World Weather Building, Rm. 606 Washington, D.C. 20233 Commercial or FTS (301) 763-8111

Stream Flow Data

U. S. Geological Survey National Center Mail Stop 437 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, Virginia 22092

CANADA Department of the Environment Inland Waters Directorate Electronic Data Processing Committee Ottawa, Canada 185

Atmospheric Environment Service Climatic Data Processing Division 4905 Dufferin Street Downsview, Ontario, Canada M3H5T4 I 187

REFERENCES and BIBLIOGRAPHY

Academy of Sciences, 1974: U. S. Contribution to the Polar Experiment (Polex- North). U.S. Academy of Sciences, 2101 Constitution Ave., Washington, D.C.

Atkinson, G. D., and J. C. Sadler, 1970: Mean-Cloudiness and Gradient-level-wind Charts over the Tropics, Vol. II. Charts. USAF Air Weather Service, Tech. Report 215, Vol. 11.

Barrett, E. C., 1974: Climatology from Satellites. Methuen & Co., Ltd., 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4, 418 pp.

Bedient, H. A., W. G. Collins, and G. Dent, 1967: An operational tropical analysis system. Mon. Wea. Rev. 95 (12), 942-949.

Bedient, H. A., and J. R. Irwin, 1970: National Meteorological Center's Operational Tropical Analysis Procedures. Symposium on Tropical Meteorology, 2-11 June 1970, University of Hawaii (available from the American Meteorological Society, Boston, Mass.).

British Meteorological Office, 1974 (unpublished): Catalog of Machineable Meteorological Data (1974 edition), British Meteor. Office, Bracknell.

Bureau of Meteorology, Australia, 1970: Data Held in Computer-compatible Form (as at 31 December 1969). Director of Meteorology, P. 0. Box 1289 K, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia.

Chin, P. C., 1972: Tropical Cyclone Climatology for the China Seas and Western Pacific from 1884 to 1970, Volume 1: Basic Data. Royal Observatory, Hong Kong, 207 pp.

Coburn, A. R., 1970: Three-Dimensional Nephanalysis. AFGWC Tech. Memo 70-9, USAF Global Weather Central, Offutt AFB, Nebraska.

Cressman, G. P., 1959: An operational objective analysis system, Mon. Wea. Rev. 87, 367-374.

Crutcher, H. L., and J. M. Meserve, 1970: Selected Level Heights, Temperatures and Dew Points for the Northern Hemisphere. NAVAIR 50-1C-52 (revised), Chief of Naval Operations, Washington, D.C.

Eber, L. E., J. F. T. Saur, and O. E. Sette, 1968: Monthly mean charts of sea surface temperatures, North Pacific Ocean, 1949-1962. Circular 258, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries.

Environmental Data Service, 1974: Atmospheric Turbidity and Precipitation Chemistry Data for the World 1972 (WMO, EPA, NOAA). Prepared by EDS, National Climatic Center, Asheville, N. C.

EDS (Environmental Data Service): This is a monthly publication by NOAA that includes information about various data sets. 188

Finger, F. G., K. W. Johnson, M. E. Gelman, R. M. McInturff, 1973: Compatibility of radiosonde and NIMBUS-4 SIRS - derived data at stratospheric constant- pressure surfaces. Mon. Wea. Rev. 101, No. 3, 244-251.

Flowers, E. C., R. A. McCormick, and K. R. Kurfis, 1969: Atmospheric turbidity over the United States, 1961-66. J. AppZ. Meteor. 8, 955-962.

Hadeen, Kenneth D., 1970: AFGWC Boundary Layer Model. AFGWC Tech. Memo 70-5. A.F. Global Weather Central, Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska.

Hering, W. S., and T. S. Borden, 1967: Ozonesonde Observations over North America, AFCRL-64-30 (IV), Vol. 4, ERP No. 279 (available from Clearinghouse, Federal Scientific and Technical Information).

Hoppe, E. R., and A. L. Ruiz (eds.), 1974: Catalog of Operational Satellite Products. NOAA Tech. Memo NESS-53, Washington, D.C.

Inland Waters Directorate, 1973: Guide to Data Holdings. Department of the Environment, Inland Water Directorate, Electronic Data Processing Committee, Ottawa, Canada.

Jenne, R. L., H. L. Crutcher, H. van Loon, and J. J. Taljaard, 1974: A Selected Climatology of the Southern Hemisphere: Computer Methods and Data Availability. NCAR-TN/STR-92, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colo., 91 pp.

Jenne, Roy L., and Dennis H. Joseph, 1974: Techniques for the Processing, Storage, and Exchange of Data. Technical Note NCAR-TN/STR-93, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colo., 52 pp.

Jenne, R. L., K. Labitzke, and H. van Loon (in preparation): A Climatology of the Northern Stratosphere from 100 to 10 mb on Microfilm and Tape. NCAR Technical Note, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colo.

Labitzke, K., 1972: Climatology of the stratosphere in the northern hemisphere. 1: Heights, temperatures, and geostrophic resultant wind speeds at 100, 50, 30, and 10 mb. Meteor. Abh. 100 (4), 1972.

Lahey, J. F., R. A. Bryson, H. A. Corzine, and C. W. Hutchins, 1960: 300-mb Wind Characteristics for the Northern Hemisphere. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin.

Larson, S., and T. Laevastu, 1971: Numerical Analysis of Ocean Surface Currents. FNWC Tech. Note 71-1, Fleet Numerical Weather Central, Monterey, Calif.

Leese, J. A., A. L. Booth, and F. A. Godshall, 1970: Archiving and Climatological Applications of Meteorological Satellite Data. ESSA Tech. Report NESC 53. NESS, Suitland, Md.

Lewit, H. L., 1972 (unpublished): Project Report, FNWC Oceanographic Climatology Project. Fleet Numerical Weather Central, Monterey, California. 189

McInturff, R. M., and F. G. Finger, 1968: The Compatibility of Radiosonde Data at Stratospheric Levels over the Northern Hemisphere. ESSA Tech. Memo WBTM-DATAC 2, National Meteorological Center, Suitland, Md.

Meserve, J. M., 1974: Marine Climatological Atlas of the World. Vol. 1: N. Atlantic. NAVAIR 50-1C-528 (revised). Naval Weather Service Command, Washington, D. C.

Miller, Donald B., and Robert G. Feddes, 1971: Global Atlas of Relative Cloud Cover 1967-70. NOAA/NESS (U.S. Dept. of Commerce) and USAF, Asheville, N.C.

Muench, H. S., 1962: Atlas of Monthly Mean Stratosphere Charts 1955-59. Air Force Surveys in Geophysics No. 141, AFCRL-62-494.

Murty, T. S., and A. Wood, 1975: Oceanographic Products and Methods of Analysis and Prediction. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Committee, UNESCO, Paris.

National Climatic Center, 1969: Selective Guide to Climatic Data Sources. Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. (Prepared by the National Climatic Center, Asheville, N.C.)

National Referral Center, 1974: Directory of Federally Supported Information Analysis Centers. Superintendent of Documents, GPO, Washington, D.C. (Compiled by National Referral Center.)

NOAA, 1974: Environmental Satellite Imagery (August, 1974). NOAA and EDS, each month starting November 1972. (Available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va.)

Philippines Weather Bureau, 1973 (unpublished): List of meteorological data transferred into computer-usable forms. Weather Bureau, Quezon City, Philippines.

Phillips, H. L., and L. Rubin, 1972: The Operational Processing of Solar Proton Monitor and Flat Plate Radiometer Data. NOAA Tech. Memo, NESS 29.

Project 433L ESSPO, 1959: Reference Manual for Climatic Data Computer Tapes. 433L ESSPO (joint), 424 Trapelo Rd., Waltham, Mass. (NCC and NCAR have copies).

Raschke, E., T. Vonder Haar, M. Pasternak, and W. Bandeen, 1973: The Radiation Balance of the Earth-Atmosphere System from Nimbus 3 Radiation Measurements. NASA Tech. Note TN D-7249, NASA, Washington, D.C.

Samples, L. C., 1966: Automatic Processing Data, FNWC TN-22, FNWC, Monterey, Calif.

Schutz, C., and W. L. Gates, 1971: Global Climatic Data for Surface, 800 mb, 400 mb, January. ARPA Report, RAND, Santa Monica, Calif. 190

Sherr, Paul E., Arnold H. Glaser, James C. Barnes, and James H. Willard, 1968: World-wide Cloud Cover Distributions for Use in Computer Simulations. NASA CR-61226 NASA George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala.

Stokes, M. A., L. G. Drew, C. W. Stockton (editors), 1973: Tree Ring Chronologies of Western America. Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz. (Contributors were J. S. Dean, H. C. Fritts, C. W. Ferguson, T. P. Harlan, R. L. Holmes, P. R. Julian., M. L. Parker, V. C. LaMarche, R. L. Nichols, D. G. Smith.)

Stoldt, N. W., and P. J. Havanac, 1973: Compendium of Meteorological Satellites and Instrumentation. NSSDC 73-02, National Space Science Data Center, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md., 500 pp.

Taljaard, J. J., H. van Loon, H. L. Crutcher, and R. L. Jenne, 1969: Climate of the Upper Air: Southern Hemisphere. Vol. I, Temperatures, Dewpoints, and Heights at Selected Pressure Levels. NAVAIR 50-1C-55, Chief of Naval Operations, Washington, D.C., 135 pp.

Taylor Ronald C., 1973: An Atlas of Pacific Islands Rainfall. Data Report 25, H1G-73-9, Hawaii Institute of Geophysics, University of Hawaii.

U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1951: Fluctuations in Crop and Weather, 1866- 1948. Statistics Bull. No. 101. Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 183 pp.

U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1973: Agricultural Statistics, 1973, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

U. S. Department of Commerce, 1964: History and Catalogue of Upper Air Data for the Period 1946-1960, (key to meteorological records documents No. 5.21.). Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. (Prepared by NCC, Asheville, N.C., for U.S. and Canadian stations, domestic and overseas.)

U. S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, 1948-: Monthly Climatic Data of the World, National Climatic Center, Asheville, N.C.

U. S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, yearly; Atmosphere Turbidity and Precipitation Chemistry Data for the World. National Climatic-Center, Asheville, N.C.

U. S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, monthly; High Altitude Meteorological Data. National Climatic Center, Asheville, N.C.

van Loon, H., R. L. Jenne, and K. Labitzke, 1972: Climatology of the stratosphere in the Northern Hemisphere. 2, Geostrophic winds at 100, 50, 30, and 10 mb. Meteor. Abh. 100, 5.

Vonder Haar, Thomas H., and James S. Ellis, 1974: Atlas of Radiation Budget Measurements from Satellites (1962-1970). Atmospheric Sciences Paper No. 231, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colo., 180 pp and microfilm. 191

Washington, W. M., and L. G. Thiel, 1970: Digitized Global Monthly Mean Ocean Surface Temperatures. Technical Note NCAR TN-54, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colo., 30 pp.

Weigle, W. F., and B. R. Mendenhall, 1974: Climatology of the Upper Thermal Structure of the Seas. Proj. M-196 for the U.S. Navy, Meteorology International Inc., Monterey, Calif.

World Meteorological Organization, 1972: Catalogue of Meteorological Data for Research. WMO-No. 174, T.P. 86, Geneva. (The listings were prepared in about 1968.)

Zipser, E. J., and R. C. Taylor, 1968: A Catalog of Meteorological Data Obtained During the Line Islands Experiment. Technical Note NCAR TN-35, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colo., 318 pp. I 193

INDEX

IN THIS LISTING 13.5 MEANS CHAPTER 13, SECTION 5. ALL OF CHAPTER 13 IS REFERENCED AS 13. IN SOME CASES A SECTION OF THE TEXT IS REFERENCED WHICH IN TURN CONTAINS OTHER'REFERENCES TO THE TEXT. PLEASE ALSO NOTE THAT THE TABLE OF CONTENTS AND THE INFORMATION ACCESS TABLE WITH IT ARE ALSO HELPFUL IN LOCATING THE DESIRED INFORMATION.

AFGWC 6. AIR QUALITY 19. AIRCRAFT 5.5, 6.3, 8., 8.5 AIRWAYS 7.7, 6.2 ANALYSES (N HEM) 1., 2., 3*, 4., 6.6, 11., 129. 13., 14., 16. ANALYSES (S HEM) 2.11, 3.9, 6.6, 11.1, 14.13, 14.14, 20.6 ANALYSES TROPICAL SEE TROPICAL GRIDS ARPA 6.2, 6.3 ASSESSMENT DATA 19. AVERAGE GRIDS 1.2, 6.6, 10.3, 11,9 14*D, 16. BALLOON DATA 5.3 ROMEX 7.13 BRIGHTNESS 13. CANADA 20.5 CLIMATOLOGY DATA 6.79 7., 10., SEE SURFACE AND UPPER AIR CLIMATOLOGICAL GRIDS 11., 10. CLOUD ANALYSES 4., 14.6, 6.6, 13.3 COASTAL DATA 7.18 COOPERATIVE STATION DAILY DATA 7.8 CROP DATA 19. CURRENTS SEE OCEAN DATA HANDLING 1.10, 21. DEPTH 1.9, 18. DROUGHT 6.7, 7.11 FLEVATION SEE GEOGRAPHIC rNDEX 20.3 ERTS 13.19 FTAC 6. FLEET NUMERICAL WEATHER CENTRAL 14. FNWC 14. FORECASTS 3.8 FOREIGN DATA SETS 20. GATE 5.5, 7.20, 13.17, 8., 9., APNDX 4 GEOGRAPHIC 1.9, 18. GLOBAL WEATHER CENTRAL (AF) 6. HAIL 5.9 HEAT FLUX 14.8 HURRICANES 7.14 ICE 13.16 ICE AGE 18.3 IGY 2*6, 2.7, 2.11, 2.12, 8. LIBRARIES (BOOKS) APNDX 4 LIBRARY (STATION) 5.8, 21.2 LOW PRESSURE CENTERS 7.14 MESOSCALE 5.9-11 13. MOISTURE 4., 14.6 MONTHLY GRIDS SEE AVERAGE 194

NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH SEE NCAR NATIONAL CLIMATIC CENTER SEE NCC NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SATELLITE SERVICE 13. NATIONAL METEOROLOGICAL CENTER SEE NMC NATIONAL OCEONOGRAPHIC DATA CENTER SEE NODC NATIONAL SPACE SCIENCE DATA CENTER 13. NCAR 1. NCC 7. NESS 13. NMC 2., 3., 4*2, 8.1 NODC 15. NSSDC 13. OCEAN ANALYSES 14*, 14.C, 14.D OCEAN CURRENTS 14.11, 15.8 OCEAN SOUNDINGS 14.B, 15. OZONE 5.2, 7.17, 13.15 POLLUTION SEE AIR QUALITY RADAR 4.8, 5.9 RADIATION SEE SATELLITE AND SOLAR RAINFALL 4., 7.10, 6.2, 7.6, 7.8, 9., 10. RAWINSONDE, SEE UPPER AIR ROCKETSONDE 7.5 SATELLITE CENTER 13. SATELLITE DATA 13., 1.8 SATELLITE SOUNDINGS 6.4, 8.1, 13., 13.9-14 SEA LEVEL PRESSURE GRIDS 2., 6.6, 14.3 SEA SURFACE WATER TEMPERATURE GRIDS 16., 13.12 SEASAT 13.18 SHIP OBSERVATIONS (SURFACE) 17., 9*. 14.15, 6.2 SOIL TEMPERATURE 7. SOLAR 7.12, 13. SOLAR PROTONS, ETC 13.8, APNDX 4 STRATOSPHERIC DATA 12., 13. STREAMFLOW 4.7, 20.5 SURFACE OBSERVED DATA (MO MEANS) 1.6, 10. SURFACE SYNOPTIC DATA (SYNOP FILE) 1.5, 6.2, 14.15, 9.2, 17. SURFACE SYNOPTIC DATA (TIME SERIES FILE) 6.2, 6.5, 7.6, 9.3, 17.6 TOWER DATA 5.1, 7.15 TREE RINGS 10.4 TROPICAL GRIDS 2.12, 3.5, 6.6, 14.12 TURBIDITY 7.19 UPPER AIR DATA (SYNOP FILE) 1.3, 8., 6.3 UPPER AIR DATA (TIME SERIES) 1.4, 6.3, 7.3, 8.B UPPER AIR OBSERVED DATA (MO MEANS) 1.7, 10. VOLUME OF DATA 21.3 WAVES 14.10, 13.18, 9., 17. WIND ANALYSES, DAILY 3., 6.6, 14.A WIND AT SURFACE SEE SURFACE OBSERVED AND AIRWAYS WINDS ALOFT 6.3, 7.4, SEE UPPER AIR WMO 20.2