Bulletin American Meteorological Society Force Western Test Range make the rocket hypothesis attrac- The black and white pictures were taken by personnel in tive, but checks with range officials revealed 110 launches that the Vandenberg AFB Information Office and a color photo day. was taken by Thomas C. Hansen, a civilian employee of the The AFCRL suggestion of a natural cause seems to be the J 369th Photo Squadron also at Vandenberg. most logical explanation put forth so far, but the fact that there was only one hole and that it was nearly perfectly round Editor's note: A similar hole-in-cloud photograph was run is disturbing. It would be interesting to hear readers' accounts on the August cover of WEATHERWISE. A number of letters- of similar phenomena and possible explanations of the Cali- to-the-editor were received concerning the unusual photo- fornia hole. graph and will be published in October WEATHERWISE.

Associate director of NCAR appointed Dr. Gordon A. Newkirk, Jr., news and notes has been named associate di- rector of the National Center for Atmospheric Research and director of the High Altitude Observatory of NCAR. The appointment was made by the Board of New AFCRL commander named Trustees of the University Colonel Dale J. Flinders as- Corporation for Atmospheric sumed command of the Air Research (UCAR) and was Force Cambridge Research announced by Dr. Walter Laboratories, Bedford, Mass., Orr Roberts, UCAR's presi- on 31 July, succeeding Brig. dent and chief executive offi- Gen. Robert F. Long, who cer. UCAR is the nonprofit corporation of 24 U. S. univer- is now in the Office of the sities that operates NCAR under sponsorship of the National Joint Chiefs of Staff. Col. Science Foundation. Flinders was formerly com- mander of the USAF Envi- Commenting on the appointment, Dr. John W. Firor, direc- ronmental Technical Appli- tor of NCAR, said: "This appointment by the UCAR trustees cations Center (ETAC), Air expresses the confidence we all feel in Gordon Newkirk's Weather Service, W ashing- ability to deal effectively with the challenges and demands ton, D. C. of this position of leadership within NCAR. NCAR is A native of Sutherland, Iowa, Col. Flinders graduated from fortunate to have among its directors this accomplished scien- Morningside College in Sioux City in 1939 with a B.S. in phys- tist, who is the world's leading authority on observations and ics. For the next three years he taught mathematics and gen- structure of the white-light solar corona." eral science and was director of athletics at Kingswood High Dr. Newkirk joined the staff of the High Altitude Observa- School, Kalaw, Burma. The outbreak of World War II tory in 1955, and became an NCAR staff member when the brought him back to the United States and as an Army Air Force cadet he received his meteorological training in 1944 HAO joined NCAR in 1961. He became a member of the at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In the Army he re- teaching staff of the University of Colorado in 1956, and since turned to Burma, then Rangoon and China until the end of 1961 has served as a professor adjoint, first in the Department 1946. His other tours of duty in the Air Force included Africa of Astro-Geophysics, and later in the Department of Physics and many posts in the United States. He received his master's and Astrophysics. He has been acting director of the HAO degree in geography at the University of Illinois in 1952. since January 1968. Prior to assignment at ETAC, Col. Flinders was staff Dr. Newkirk's research interests include radio and optical weather officer for the Air Force Control Facility at measurements of the electron corona of the Sun, scattering of Sunnyvale, Calif. He has worked closely with the AFCRL, sunlight in the 's atmosphere, the influx of meteor which is responsible for all environmental research in the particles into the Earth's upper atmosphere, the relation of Air Force and for much of its electronics research. magnetic fields to the structure of the corona, and improve- The Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, with a military and civilian complement of 1243, are the largest of ments in coronagraphs. ten subordinate units assigned to the Office of Aerospace Re- search, which is responsible for all research in the Air Force. (More news and notes on page 1011)

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Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/05/21 08:59 PM UTC Bulletin American Meteorological Society George S. Benton, Boulder, Colo.; Nicholas Cooper, Royal Commission on Historical Monuments, London, England; at IMS headquarters Christopher Monkhouse, Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities, Boston; John Codman, Beacon Hill Civic Association, Boston; Barbara Beckman, San Francisco, Calif.; Daniel Marini and John Molinari, Quincy; A. J. Dyer, CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia; Joseph Balsama, Swampscott Public Schools, Swampscott; John Balsama, Parker House, Boston; Wendell A. Portl, Weather Bureau, Rockford, 111.; Peter A. Barclay, Commonwealth Bureau of , On 1 August Executive Director Spengler was in Chicago Melbourne, Australia; James Giraytys, Weather Bureau, attending the annual meeting of the Council of Engineering Washington, D. C.; Susan Scully, Framingham; Ina May and Scientific Societies' Secretaries. On the 2nd he attended Greer, Boston; Roger L. Ross, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, a luncheon meeting of the CESSS Board of Directors and in Seattle, Wash.; Jane C. Husic, Minneapolis, Minn.; Luis de the afternoon and evening, a meeting of the AMS Executive la Canal, Argentine Navy, Beccar, Argentina; Dr. and Mrs. Committee. He returned to Boston on the 3rd. Ronald E. Rinehart, Illinois State Water Survey, with Barry AMS President Suomi and President-Elect Benton were at and Mike Rinehart, Urbana, 111.; Norman C. Frost, Dewey AMS headquarters on 8 August to review the financial rec- and Almy, Cambridge; Mary S. Hajemian, Berkshire Press, ords involved with auditing differences with the National Cambridge; William A. Earnshaw, Huntsville, Ala.; Winston Science Foundation. K. Crandall, Del Rio, Tex.; Ralph J. Donaldson, Lyndhurst, Mr. Spengler went to Washington, D. C., on the 14th for Ohio; Mrs. Ralph Donaldson, Jr., Sudbury; Mr. and Mrs. S. a conference with Dr. Robert M. White, chairman of the AMS Schor, Kingston, Pa.; Roslyn Schor, Cambridge; Mr. and Mrs. Planning Commission, and with Richard Belknap, publishing Peter G. Black, University of Chicago, Chicago, 111. and communications counsel to the AMS headquarters. On the 15th he conferred with Dr. Fred White, head of the Na- tional Science Foundation's Atmospheric Science Section, and with representatives of other NSF offices concerned with AMS (Continued from news and notes, page'991) affairs. He then visited the American Geophysical Union to ESSA 7 launch successful discuss plans for the spring meeting. He returned to Boston ESSA 7 was launched by the National Aeronautics and Space that night. Administration from the Western Test Range at Lompoc, On the 19th Mr. Spengler was in Toronto to attend the Calif., on 16 August, achieving an excellent orbit. Dr. Clifford dedication ceremony for McGill University's new Weather A. Spohn, director of the Office of Operations, National En- Radar Observatory, returning to Boston in the evening. From vironmental Satellite Center, said that "All indications seem the 21st to the 23rd, he was in Montreal for the Radar Me- to point to the best orbit we've had so far." The orbit is teorology Conference and a meeting of the AMS Weather nearly circular, with an apogee of 792 n mi (1468 km) and Radar Committee. a perigee of 772 n mi (1431 km). Early calculations indicated Back in Toronto from the 26th to the 30th, Mr. Spengler that the drift rate is 3.6 min yr~\ Previous drifted attended the International Conference on Cloud Physics and the same amount in one month. ESSA 7's cameras were turned four AMS committee meetings: Committee on Severe Storms, three days after launch and are working well. Committee on Cloud Physics, Committee on Weather Modi- Like its predecessors in the TOS system, ESSA 7 is a cart- fication, and Committee on Water Resources. wheel satellite of the TIROS type. It rolls along in orbit like An open house for the participants of the Fifth Session of a wheel, and each of the two cameras looking out through the World Meteorological Organization's Commission on the rim point directly toward Earth once during every revo- Marine Meteorology, held at the University of Rhode Island lution. Pictures taken during each orbit are stored in the sat- on 19-31 August, was held on the 31st. Present were Capt. ellite on magnetic tape for readout by ESSA's Command and J. D. Booth, DMOS (N), MOD, London, England; J. H. Data Acquisition (CDA) stations at Fairbanks, Alaska, and Brazell, Meteorological Office, Bracknell, Berks., England; Wallops Station, Va. From the CDA stations the pictures are Dr. S. Gadish, Haifa, Israel; James K. McConica, Centre of transmitted immediately to the National Environmental Sat- Mediaeval Studies, University of Toronto, Canada; Dr. and ellite Center at Suitland, Md. Mrs. E. A. Bernard, United Nations Development Program, Since the operational system began in February 1966, United Nations, New York. ESSA's NESC has sent more than 3000 warnings based on sat- Other visitors in August included: Dr. Fred Spilhaus, ellite photographs to nations threatened by dangerous storms. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D. C.; Jack C. In addition to locating tropical storms, hurricanes, typhoons, Rae, Information Management, Inc., Waltham; Peter E. and cyclones, the pictures are used to estimate the intensity Romo, Litton Systems, Beverly Hills, Calif.; Anne Ford and of storms. These estimates have proved to be reasonably ac- Anne H. Roland, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston; Vera curate and are especially valuable in areas where no other Ruth Filby, Department of Defense, Ft. Meade, Md.; P. W. information is available. Filby, Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore, Md.; Mrs. (More news and notes on page 1045)

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Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/05/21 08:59 PM UTC Bulletin American Meteorological Society bers outside the above range. The greatest or smallest power R. S. Scorer: "Causes and Consequences of of 10 can be as high as plus or minus one billion. In the Standing Waves" extreme case the results are good only to 21 significant figures. K. J. K. Buettner: "Valley Wind, Sea Breeze and Mass Fire: Three Cases of Quasi-Station- Some Additional Aspects of the Unequal Activity of the ary Airflow" Northern and Southern Solar Hemispheres: Microwave Radio T. Fujita: "Mesoscale Aspects of Orographic Bursts and SWFs (SI 1.12/2:10/no. 4, 1968, 14 pp, il, 20 cents, from GPO, above) investigates the relative activity of the Influences on Flow and Precipita- Northern and Southern Hemispheres in the production of tion Patterns" solar and solar-linked terrestrial events for the period July L. F. Hubert: "Analysis of Island Effects from 1957 through December 1960, with particular attention to ATS Data" short-wave fadeouts (SWFs) and to microwave radio bursts, D. Fultz and T. Spence: "Preliminary Experiments on Baro- including those observed at 2800 MHz at Ottawa. The magni- tude of the microwave bursts is investigated by hemisphere in clinic Westerly Flow Over a North- relation to three terrestrial effects: Polar-cap-absorption (PCA) South Ridge" events, geomagnetic storms, and SWFs. A. Kasahara: "The Influence of Orography on the Global Circulation Patterns of Sources, Abundance, and Fate of Gaseous Atmospheric Pol- lutants ($3, from Publications Section, American Petroleum the Atmosphere" Institute, 1272 Avenue of the Americas, New York, N. Y. Edited by: E. R. Reiter and J. L. Rasmussen. 10020) is an analysis of the major natural and urban air pollution sources, with emphasis on three families of com- Price: $3.50 per copy, 221 pages. pounds—sulfurous, nitrogenous, and organic, and two inor- Send Orders to: ganic compounds—carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. The Department of Atmospheric Science study examines current knowledge about the ultimate fate of these common gaseous materials in the atmosphere, and Colorado State University attempts to determine the effectiveness of the processes by Fort Collins, Colorado 80521 which these pollutants are finally removed from the atmo- sphere. Water Data for Metropolitan Areas (USGS Water-Supply Paper 1871, 397 pp, $1.50, from GPO, above) summarizes hydrological problems, extent of lack of background data, and availability of pertinent U. S. Geological Survey reports (Continued from news and notes, page 1011) on local water resources for 222 major metropolitan areas of the United States. It lists states and metropolitan areas in NASA's 10th anniversary alphabetical order, and contains tables of data-collecting sites The National Aeronautics and Space Administration on 1 Oc- and numerous water-resource publication references. tober marked the tenth anniversary since it first came alive Workbook of Atmospheric Dispersion Estimates (PHS Pub. with a nucleus of personnel from the National Advisory Com- No. 999-AP-26, on request from National Air Pollution mittee for Aeronautics, its facilities, and personnel and space Control Administration, 801 N. Randolph St., Arlington, Va. projects inherited from the Army and Navy. 22203) is designed to assist State and local air pollution con- Among the continuing goals established for NASA by the trol officials in estimating pollutant concentrations. It explains Space Act of 1958 were "development and application of computational techniques now used by engineers and scien- communications and weather satellites" and "international tists to solve atmospheric dispersion problems. Basic working cooperation in space research." equations are applied to sample problems examplifying The first meteorological satellite, TIROS I, launched on diverse conditions of distance from the source, stack height, wind speed, temperature, stability, and related factors. Also 1 April 1960, led off a series of 10 consecutive successful R&D discussed are methods of practical application of dispersion missions and provided a total of 22,952 cloud cover photo- models to estimate concentration of air pollution. graphs. This series and the Nimbus I meteorological satellite, launched on 28 August 1964, paved the way for the Weather Bureau's operational system, which was in- Proceedings of the Symposium on augurated by the 305-lb ESSA 1 on 3 February 1966. NASA's Mountain Meteorology Nimbus 2, the Earth-oriented weather satellite orbited on The Department of Atmospheric Science at Colorado State 15 May 1966 with three AVCS cameras, an APT camera, and University and the American Meteorological Society announce radiometers, continues to return cloud cover pictures. the publication of the Proceedings of the Symposium on In addition to the strictly weather satellites, many of Mountain Meteorology. The paperback volume includes the NASA's other space craft such as the Explorer satellites, the following papers presented at the Symposium on June 26, Orbiting Geophysical Observatories, and even the manned 1968: space vehicles have carried meteorological research experi- II. IT. Lettau: "Small to Large-Scale Features of ments. The major portion of the international cooperation Boundary Layer Structure over in space has been for the purpose of atmospheric research Mountain Slopes" carried out by means of both sounding rockets and satellites.

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Four international experiments Cooperative scientific experiments will be carried out under four agreements concluded between the National Aeronautics CURRICULA IN THE and Space Administration and the space and upper atmo- sphere research authorities of Brazil, Norway, Spain, and ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES Sweden. The Brazilian Comissao Nacional de Atividades Espaciais (CNAE)-NASA project, scheduled for early autumn to coin- cide with expected meteoric shower activity, was to involve Academic Year 1967-1968 the launching of four sounding rockets into the upper atmosphere to measure the micrometeorite flux and its variations with latitude. Retractable micrometeorite collectors were to be launched on Nike-Iroquois (NIRO) rockets from Colleges and Universities in the Barreira do Inferno range in Brazil. Data obtained will be compared to the results of previous tests of the same nature The United States and Canada conducted at White Sands, N. Mex. NASA and the Royal Norwegian Council for Scientific and Industrial Research agreed on a project to observe the A completely new version of an earlier Earth's magnetic and electric fields and the charged particle study, this report presents survey results from environment during various stages of auroral activity. Each of 53 colleges in the United States and Canada three barium-release ion-cloud payloads were to be followed minutes later by instrumented payloads, all launched in which have academic programs leading to September and October from the Andoya, Norway, range. undergraduate and/or graduate majors in the Nike-Tomahawk rockets were to lift the payloads to suitable atmospheric sciences or closely allied disci- altitudes during the early evening hours when distinct auroral plines. The rapid development of new educa- forms occur. Norway provided two instrumented payloads, tional opportunities in this field is highlighted provided and operated the launch range, provided observation and communications stations, and assembled the rockets with by the inclusion of eleven additional schools the instrumented payloads. NASA was to furnish and trans- over those in the first report. port to Norway the barium-release payloads and the sound- ing rockets, as well as all required project support with equip- Retaining previously reported information ment and personnel. on instructional staff, types of degrees granted The agreement between the Swedish Space Research and course titles, the new survey also includes Committee and NASA concerns a project to study the D and key research personnel, titles and authors of E ionospheric layers with instrumented payloads on four boosted-Arcas II sounding rockets. Sweden designed and con- recent M.S. and Ph.D. degree theses and structed the payloads, arranged for the use of the European dissertations, the numbers of all degrees Space Research Organization (ESRO) range at Kiruna, granted over the past four years and descrip- Sweden, and transported the NASA-supplied sounding rockets tions of special facilities. to Kiruna. The project was scheduled for the autumn of 1968. As another milestone in the Society's edu- The Spanish National Commission for Space Research cational program, this report surveys a wealth (CONIE)-NASA project will require 24 boosted-Dart meteo- rological sounding rockets, launched to altitudes of 30-60 km of hitherto unavailable information of value to at two-week intervals. They will obtain synoptic wind and the entire meteorological community. Educa- temperature data which, when analyzed, give information tors, guidance counselors, students and pros- on the structure and circulation of the upper atmosphere and pective students, the research specialist and wind oscillations. For this project, to be conducted throughout the operational meteorologist can all benefit 1969, CONIE will prepare and operate the El Arenosillo, from this unique educational directory. Spain, launch range, procure six boosted-Dart motors and payloads, and transport from the United States all NASA- 204 pages—price $3.00 supplied motors, payloads, and test rockets. In all four cooperative projects, the principal experimenters will have first rights to the data obtained. These data will Send order to: subsequently be made available to members of the world scientific community. In all of the projects each agency bore the full cost of American Meteorological Society discharging its agreed responsibilities without exchange of 45 Beacon St., Boston, Mass. 02108 funds.

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