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A Synoptic Revision of the Malagasy Endemic Genus Calantica Jaub. Ex Tul

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A Synoptic Revision of the Malagasy Endemic Genus Calantica Jaub. Ex Tul A synoptic revision of the Malagasy endemic genus Calantica Jaub. ex Tul. (Salicaceae) Wendy L. APPLEQUIST Missouri Botanical Garden, P. O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166-0299 (USA) [email protected] Peter B. PHILLIPSON Missouri Botanical Garden, P. O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166-0299 (USA) and Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Département Systématique et Évolution, case postale 39, 57 rue Cuvier, F-75231 Paris cedex 05 (France) [email protected] George E. SCHATZ Missouri Botanical Garden, P. O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166-0299 (USA) [email protected] Applequist W. L., Phillipson P. B & Schatz G. E. 2014. — A synoptic revision of the Malagasy endemic genus Calantica Jaub. ex Tul. (Salicaceae). Adansonia, sér. 3, 36 (1): 83-102. http:// dx.doi.org/10.5252/a2014n1a8 ABSTRACT KEY WORDS A synoptic revision of the Malagasy endemic genus Calantica Jaub. ex Tul. is Calantica, Flacourtiaceae, presented. Ten species are recognized, of which seven are threatened. Three Madagascar, species are newly described: C. olivacea Appleq., Phillipson & G. E. Schatz, new species, sp. nov., C. pseudobiseriata Appleq., Phillipson & G. E. Schatz, sp. nov., and revision, Salicaceae, C. sphaerocephala Appleq., Phillipson & G. E. Schatz, sp. nov. An identification new species. key to the species of Calantica is provided. RÉSUMÉ Révision synoptique du genre endémique malgache Calantica (Salicaceae). MOTS CLÉS Une révision synoptique du genre malgache endémique Calantica Jaub. ex Tul. Calantica, Flacourtiaceae, est présentée. Dix espèces sont reconnues, dont sept sont menacées. Trois espèce nouvelle, espèces sont nouvellement décrites : C. olivacea Appleq., Phillipson & G. E. Madagascar, Schatz, sp. nov., C. pseudobiseriata Appleq., Phillipson & G. E. Schatz, sp. nov., révision, Salicaceae, et C. sphaerocephala Appleq., Phillipson & G. E. Schatz, sp. nov. Une clé de espèces nouvelles. détermination des espèces de Calantica est proposée. ADANSONIA, sér. 3 • 2014 • 36 (1) © Publications Scientifiques du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. www.adansonia.com 83 Applequist W. L. et al. INTRODUCTION revisionary treatment (Sleumer 1973) recognized a total of seven species, including two additional Calantica Jaub. ex Tul. is a small genus endemic new species, C. chauvetiae Sleumer and C. capuronii to Madagascar. Traditionally placed within Fla- Sleumer. Since that treatment, further material has courtiaceae, it and many other genera have been been made available from formerly poorly collected transferred to an expanded Salicaceae (Chase et al. areas of Madagascar and it has become clear that 2002) on the grounds that the former family was additional undescribed species are present, moti- not monophyletic. Species included within Calan- vating the publication of this synoptic revision. tica are woody plants with alternate, penninerved A major question regarding the evolutionary leaves. The flowers are 4-8-merous, with the sepals history of Calantica is its relationship to Homa- and petals usually varying in number within species lium. Homalium has more diverse inflorescence and even within individuals. The oppositipetalous morphology, with many species having elongated stamens may be borne singly (i.e. one opposite spiciform inflorescences that do not occur in Ca- each petal) or in fascicles or clusters of three to lantica, and sometimes has a strongly accrescent six per petal. There is consistently one stamen or perianth. Like Calantica, Homalium includes cluster of stamens per petal. There is a single large groups of species with one stamen per petal and gland at the base of each sepal and an often broad, groups with multiple stamens per petal. If the two often pubescent receptacular disc; at anthesis the genera are monophyletic, then parallel changes perianth parts generally spread so that the stamens, in androecial morphology have taken place in gynoecium and sepal glands are conspicuously dis- both. A possible alternative hypothesis of rela- played. The defining floral morphology is virtually tionships is that homoplasious changes in ovary identical to that of the larger and more widespread position have occurred, in which case one of the genus Homalium Jacq., except that the ovary of two genera as currently recognized, presumably Calantica is superior rather than semi-inferior as Calantica, would be polyphyletic and the other in Homalium. paraphyletic. Perrier de la Bâthie (1940: 286), in Tulasne (1857) included two species within Cal- publishing the first two multistamened species of antica, C. cerasifolia (Vent.) Tul. and C. grandiflora Calantica, noted that the parallel morphology in Jaub. ex Tul. Baillon (1886) placed Bivinia jalbertii Homalium “renforce singulièrement les affinités Tul., which occurs in East Africa as well as Mada- de ces 2 genres et montre nettement le peu de gascar, within Calantica as C. jalbertii (Tul.) Baill. valeur dans ce groupe des caractères basés sur However, no later author has accepted that placement l’adhérence de l’ovaire à la coupe réceptaculaire…”, (Perrier de la Bâthie 1940, 1946; Sleumer 1973); which seems to suggest that he doubted the two Bivinia Jaub. ex Tul. is morphologically distinct, to be natural groups. In the absence of molecular lacking petals and having stamens in fascicles of six data, given the need to resolve alpha taxonomic to eight and long dense spiciform inflorescences. A issues for conservation purposes, we continue to third species, C. lucida Scott-Elliot, was published recognize Calantica as it has traditionally been by Scott-Elliot (1891). Perrier de la Bâthie (1940, circumscribed. 1946) recognized five species in the Malagasy flora, describing two new species, C. biseriata H. Perrier and C. decaryana H. Perrier, that represented the MATERIAL AND METHODS first inclusion within the genus of species with three to six stamens per petal. He stated (1940: Herbarium specimens at P and MO were exam- 284) that there were nine species in the genus, “les ined, as were then-undistributed duplicates for autres des autres îles de la région malgache ou de exchange available at those herbaria and images Mozambique,” but it is not clear to what taxa he available through the JSTOR Plants database was referring, as no species of Calantica have ever of types held by other institutions. Preliminary been described from outside Madagascar. The last evaluation of conservation status according to 84 ADANSONIA, sér. 3 • 2014 • 36 (1) Synoptic revision of Calantica IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (IUCN, REMARKS 2001) was performed for each taxon recognized Ten species of Calantica are recognized, including by mapping specimen records and thereby calcu- three newly described species. The key to these lating the Extent of Occurrence, estimating the species emphasizes floral morphology; some spe- Area of Occupancy, and determining the number cies would be difficult to reliably identify from of locations in relation to threat. As of January sterile material. Since the fruits are small and 2012, diagnoses of new taxa may be published in the perianth is persistent, most characters of the either Latin or English. Because we have reason to perianth, and to some extent the androecium, believe that most Malagasy botanists find English remain observable in fruiting material. Descrip- more accessible than Latin, we have chosen to tions of floral color, provided for their potential provide diagnoses in English. informative value, are derived, for some species, in part from field observations and photographs of live material, and for others, solely from la- SYSTEMATICS bel data. As color of floral structures appears to vary in the better-collected species, both among Genus Calantica Jaub. ex Tul. individuals and over time, these descriptions in Annales des Sciences naturelles, Botanique, sér. 4, 8: 74-75 poorly known species may not adequately rep- (1857). — Lectotype (designated by Sleumer in Adan- resent the true range of variation and should be sonia, sér. 2, 12: 539 [1973]): C. cerasifolia (Vent.) Tul. used with caution. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CALANTICA JAUB. EX TUL. 1. Stamens equal in number to petals; sepal glands often with a corrugated or reticulate surface but not pubescent ........................................................................................... 2 — Stamens 3 or 5-6 times as many as petals; sepal glands densely short-pubescent on upper surface ........................................................................................................................ 6 2. Inflorescences cauliflorous, borne mostly on larger twigs and branches; sepals bearing prominent gland-tipped projections on margins ............................................................ ................................... 10. C. sphaerocephala Appleq., Phillipson & G. E. Schatz, sp. nov. — Inflorescences all or mostly lateral, never cauliflorous on large stems; sepals lacking gland- tipped projections on margins .................................................................................... 3 3. Flowers (8-)10-15 mm in diameter; abaxial sepal surfaces pilose; ovary sparsely or apically pubescent to glabrate ....................................................... 6. C. grandifloraJaub. ex Tul. — Flowers (4-)5-7.5(-9) mm in diameter; abaxial sepal surfaces pubescent with very short erect trichomes or sericeous with upward-pointing trichomes; ovary densely pubescent throughout ................................................................................................................
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