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Dall'autoritarismo Alla Democrazia: Partiti Politici Ed Elezioni Nella Tunisia Post-Rivoluzionaria

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Dall'autoritarismo Alla Democrazia: Partiti Politici Ed Elezioni Nella Tunisia Post-Rivoluzionaria Corso di Laurea magistrale (ordinamento ex D.M. 270/2004) In Lingue e istituzioni economiche e giuridiche dell’Asia e dell’Africa Mediterranea Tesi di Laurea Dall'autoritarismo alla democrazia: Partiti politici ed elezioni nella Tunisia post-rivoluzionaria. Relatore Ch. Prof.ssa Barbara De Poli Correlatore Ch. Prof. Marco Salati Laureanda Valeria Palazzo Matricola 842084 Anno Accademico 2013 / 2014 Alla mia famiglia, unita e forte “più di ieri e meno di domani”. (Rosemonde Gérard Rostand) 2 INDICE Introduzione ............................................................................................................................... 6 10 .......................................................................................................................................... المقدمة Premessa: Autoritarismo e pluralismo politico nel mondo arabo ........................................ 13 1 La Tunisia di Ben Alì e il regime a partito unico ............................................................. 20 1.1 Dal Partito Socialista Dusturiano al Raggruppamento Costituzionale Democratico ......... 20 1.2 Dall’assolutismo al pluralismo formale .............................................................................. 25 1.2.1 Le elezioni presidenziali e legislative come mezzo di «authotitarian upgranding» .............................................................................................................. 29 1.2.2 Gli islamisti: una minaccia per la sicurezza nazionale .............................................. 35 1.3 La fine del patto sociale e la mobilitazione dal basso ........................................................ 37 2 La ricomposizione della scena politica tunisina dopo la caduta del regime di Ben ‘Ali ................................................................................................................................. 41 2.1 La marcia verso un cambiamento radicale .......................................................................... 42 2.1.1 I governi ad interim e l’epurazione del vecchio regime ............................................. 42 2.1.2 “RCD dégage” ........................................................................................................... 47 2.1.3 L’HIROR .................................................................................................................... 48 2.1.4 La legalizzazione dei partiti ........................................................................................ 49 2.2 L’ISIE e l’alba della democrazia elettorale .......................................................................... 56 2.2.1 Il rinvio delle elezioni ................................................................................................. 57 2.2.2 Quale corpo elettorale? ............................................................................................... 58 2.3 La rivincita dell’opposizione ............................................................................................... 60 3 Il governo della Troika e il nuovo rapporto di forze ........................................................ 63 3.1 Ennahdha in “pole position” ............................................................................................... 63 3.2 Le forze politiche e i principali schieramenti ...................................................................... 64 3.2.1 La Troïka .................................................................................................................... 65 3 3.2.2 L’Unione per la Tunisia .............................................................................................. 70 3.2.3 Il Fronte popolare per la realizzazione degli obiettivi della rivoluzione .................... 74 3.3 Ennahdha, i salafiti e la crisi del governo post-rivoluzionario ............................................ 75 4 “’Intiḫābāt 2014” ................................................................................................................. 78 4.1 L’iscrizione volontaria degli elettori ................................................................................... 79 4.2 Le elezioni legislative ......................................................................................................... 82 4.2.1 L’agenda e i risultati elettorali .................................................................................... 82 4.2.2 L’attività di osservazione e le irregolarità .................................................................. 85 4.3 Le prime elezioni presidenziali pluraliste ........................................................................... 86 4.3.1 Verso la formazione del nuovo governo .................................................................... 90 5 I Partiti: «democrazia» che si organizza? ......................................................................... 92 5.1 Il ruolo dei partiti politici .................................................................................................... 92 5.2 Il problema della democrazia interna ai partiti ................................................................... 94 5.3 Ingegnerie interne: una “lente di ingrandimento” su Ennahdha e Nidaa Tounes ............... 98 5.3.1 Struttura interna e processi decisionali ....................................................................... 100 5.3.2 La dubbia legittimità dei vertici e il turnover ............................................................. 105 5.4 Democratizzazione dei partiti e del sistema politico da essi composto .............................. 109 Conclusioni ................................................................................................................................. 112 Allegati ........................................................................................................................................ 116 Bibliografia ................................................................................................................................. 119 Ringraziamenti .......................................................................................................................... 127 4 INDICE DELLE TABELLE Tabella 1 Risultati delle elezioni legislative del 1981 ................................................................ 23 Tabella 2 Risultati delle elezioni legislative degli anni 1994/1999/2004 ................................... 32 Tabella 3 Risultati delle elezioni presidenziali durante i 23 anni di regime autoritario di Ben ‘Ali ....................................................................................................................................... 34 Tabella 4 Composizione del Governo Ghannouchi del 17 gennaio 2011 .................................. 43 Tabella 5 Partiti politici legalizzati in Tunisia prima della rivoluzione del 14 gennaio 2011 ............................................................................................................................................. 52 Tabella 6 Partiti politici legalizzati in Tunisia dopo la fuga di Ben ‘Ali .................................... 52 Tabella 7 Risultati finali delle elezioni del 23 ottobre 2011 ....................................................... 60 Tabella 8 Circoscrizioni nazionali ed estere delle elezioni del 2014 .......................................... 82 Tabella 9 Risultati delle elezioni legislative del 2014 ................................................................ 82 Tabella 10 Risultati del 1° turno delle elezioni presidenziali del 2014 ...................................... 82 Tabella 11 Risultati del 2° turno delle elezioni presidenziali del 2014 ...................................... 89 Tabella 12 Strutture interne al partito Nidaa Tounes ed al Movimento Ennahdha .................... 104 Tabella 13 Lista dei presidenti del partito Ennahdha ................................................................. 108 NOTA SULLE TRASLITTERAZIONI Il sistema di traslitterazione seguito è quello “scientifico” reso in italiano con segni diacritici. Tuttavia, si è scelto di utilizzare il sistema più largamente in uso nei testi internazionali e dai media che non prevede l’utilizzo di segni diacritici per i nomi di alcuni partiti (Nidaa Tounes, Ennahdha, al-Joumhouri) e personalità politiche (Marzouki, Essebsi, Ghannouchi, Hammami), di modo da renderli più immediatamente riconoscibili. 5 INTRODUZIONE La democrazia rappresenta il punto di arrivo di un processo, definito “democratizzazione”, che vede un paese non democratico acquisire le caratteristiche proprie dei regimi liberal-democratici. In questo passaggio verso regimi democratici costituisce una tappa decisiva lo svolgimento di elezioni libere e regolari, in un clima di sana competizione politica tra varie forze. La scelta della Tunisia come caso di studio nasce dal fatto che oggi il paese risulta essere una nascente democrazia elettorale ancora in fase di transizione verso un nuovo assetto politico e porta con sé lo spirito di divenire, nonostante gli ostacoli, la prima democrazia di un mondo arabo, per breve tempo unito dal vento rivoluzionario. Per cinquantacinque anni, il regime autoritario a partito unico ha afflitto la terra dei gelsomini caratterizzando il sistema politico tunisino con la dominazione di un unico partito: prima dal partito Neo-Dustur sotto la presidenza del secolarista Habib Bourguiba e, successivamente, dal partito erede di Ben ‘Ali, il Raggruppamento Costituzionale Democratico. Sotto il regime di Ben ‘Ali, poco prima della primavera araba
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