The Swiss Magdalenian Portable Art and Supra-Regional Parallels

УДК 902, 903.27 DOI: 10.31250/2658-3828-2020-2-42-57

I.M. Braun Independent researcher Wyhlenweg 4, CH-4126 Bettingen, Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0002-8682-7329

The Swiss Magdalenian portable art and supra-regional parallels

Abstract There are about fifty Magdalenian jectile points. They are mainly signs and other orna- sites known in Switzerland. Most of these sites were mental motifs. In addition, there are also figurative discovered and excavated at the end of the 19th and subjects such as animals and a animal-human repre- in the first half of the 20th century. Consequently, sentation. The term “figurative sculptures” refers to it is not always possible today to establish clear re- partially sculptured objects, such as decorated spear search contexts and dating is often based on typo- thrower ends and stylized female figurines. With chronological statements. The Swiss Magdalenian the exception of a musk ox head no other evident portable art can be divided into two main groups: animal sculptures have been found in Switzerland. engravings and figurative sculptures. Engravings Some of the Magdalenian portable art objects found mostly appear on reindeer antlers, bones, and rarely in Switzerland show supra-regional parallels with on stone or jet. They are more common than figu- finds from other parts of Europe. The aim of this -ar rative sculptures. The majority of engravings are on ticle is to present the most important Swiss finds in everyday objects such as perforated batons and pro- a broader European geographical context.

Key words: Switzerland, Upper Palaeolithic, Magdalenian, portable art, supra-regional parallels.

For сitation: Braun I.M. The Swiss Magdalenian portable art and supra-regional parallels. Camera praehistorica. 2020, no. 2 (5), рр. 42–57. doi: 10.31250/2658-3828-2020-2-42-57.

И.М. Браун Мадленское искусство малых форм Швейцарии: надрегиональные параллели

Аннотация На территории Швейца- Швейцарии можно разделить на две большие рии известно около 50 мадленских памятников. группы: гравюра и фигуративная скульптура. Большинство из них было открыто и исследо- Гравированные изображения в основном вы- вано в конце XIX — первой половине XX века, полнялись на оленьем роге, кости и иногда на поэтому сегодня не всегда удается восстановить камне или лигните. Они более многочисленны, их точный археологический контекст, а датиров- чем статуэтки, наносились главным образом на ки зачастую базируются на типологических на- обычные предметы обихода, такие как выпря- блюдениях. Мадленское искусство малых форм митель с отверстием или наконечники. Под фи- Camera praehistorica №2 (5) • 2020 43

гуративной скульптурой понимаются объекты, рые мадленские объекты искусства малых форм частично оформленные в скульптуру, такие как Швейцарии имеют надрегиональные паралле- декорированные рабочие концы копьеметалок ли с находками из других частей Европы. Цель и стилизованные женские фигурки. Скульптур данной статьи — представить наиболее важные животных, за исключением одной головы овце- швейцарские находки в более широком евро- быка, в Швейцарии найдено не было. Некото- пейском географическом контексте.

Ключевые слова: Швейцария, верхний палеолит, мадленская культура, искусство малых форм, над- региональные параллели.

Для цитирования: Braun I.M. The Swiss Magdalenian portable art and supra-regional parallels // Camera praehistorica. 2020. № 2 (5). С. 42–57. doi: 10.31250/2658-3828-2020-2-42-57.

The Magdalenian in Switzerland sculptures (according to: [Höneisen 1993b]). The engravings are mainly on reindeer antlers, but also on Around 50 Magdalenian sites are known in Swit- bone and occasionally on stone or jet. They are more zerland (fig. 1). These are, in particular, cave and common than the figural sculptures. The majority of rock shelter sites in the Jura region and open-air the engravings are found on everyday objects such sites, mainly in the Central Plateau (Mittelland). as perforated batons, projectile points (fig. 2: 1) and Large concentrations of sites are found in the re- other tools. Apart from figurative subjects such as gions of Basel, Olten, and Schaffhausen. The reason animals and a possible animal-human representa- for these concentrations is certainly that the area of tion, they are mainly signs and other ornamental the Central Plateau could only be settled after the patterns. Reindeer and horses, typical representa- retreat of the alpine glaciers during the Late Glacial tives of the Ice Age animal world, dominate among Maximum. At that time large parts of Switzerland the engravings [Bosinski 1982; Braun 2005; Braun were in fact covered by ice, with the exception of the 2006; Braun 2009; Braun 2019; Höneisen 1993b]. northern Jura region, north-western Switzerland, The term “figural sculptures” refers to sculptured the Napf region, and parts of the Randen in the can- objects such as decorated spear thrower ends, so- ton of Schaffhausen. Another reason for this may called spindle-shaped sculptures (fig. 2: 2), and styl- also be that at the beginning of Palaeolithic research ized female figurines [Höneisen 1993b]. Apart from in Switzerland at the end of the 19th and beginning a musk ox head from the Kesslerloch, no other evi- of the 20th century the focus was mainly on caves dent animal sculptures have been found in Switzer- and rock shelters, as found in the Jura region. The land to date. majority of the rock shelter and cave sites were al- In the following, the sites in Switzerland that pro- ready discovered during this period and excavated vide portable art are presented with the most impor- using the methods of the time. Therefore, today it is tant objects listed. not always possible to make clear find connections and dating is based on typo-chronological state- Kesslerloch ments [Höneisen et al. 1993; Leesch et al. 2019]. This most important Magdalenian site (fig. 4) with The Swiss Magdalenian portable art portable art in Thayngen in the canton of Schaff- hausen (fig. 1: 1) was already discovered in 1873 by The Swiss Magdalenian portable art can be -di K. Merk. It was excavated several times between vided into two main groups: engravings and figural 1874 and 1903 [Heierli 1907; Merk 1875; Nüesch I.M. Braun • The Swiss Magdalenian 44 portable art and supra-regional parallels

Fig. 1. Distribution of the Swiss Magdalenian sites: ● — Cave or rock shelter site, ▼ — Open–air site. Drawing N. Spichtig, © Swiss Federal Office of Topography 1 — Kesslerloch SH; 2 — Schweizersbild SH; 3 — Freudenthal SH; 4 — Gsang SH; 5 — Neue Höhle SH; 6 — Vorder Eichen SH; 7 — Untere Bsetzi SH; 8 — Kerzenstübli SH; 9 — Uf Wigg AG; 10 — Eremitage AG; 11 — Bruderholz BS; 12 — Rütihard BL; 13 — Birseck–Ermitage BL; 14 — Hollenberghöhle 3 BL; 15 — Büttenloch BL; 16 — Brügglihöhle BL; 17 — Kohlerhöhle BL; 18 — Lausen BL; 19 — Heidenküche SO; 20 — Kastelhöhle Nord SO; 21 — Kleine Ganghöhle SO; 22 — Höhle Thierstein SO; 23 — Liesberg BL; 24 — Chesselgraben SO; 25 — Rislisberghöhle SO; 26 — Köpfli SO;27 — Käsloch SO; 28 — Hard I and II SO; 29 — Mühleloch SO; 30 — Sälihöhle Oben SO; 31 — Trimbach SO; 32 — Hintere Burg SO; 33 — Moosbühl BE; 34 — Champréveyres NE; 35 — Monruz NE; 36 — Noir Bois JU; 37 — Reiden–Stumpen LU; 38 — Fischerhäusen Station 1 LU; 39 — Kottwil LU (several sites); 40 — Wauwil LU (several sites); 41 — Egolzwil LU; 42 — Moos LU; 43 — Baldegg 4 LU; 44 — Hitzkirch–Seematt 4 LU; 45 — Ebikon LU; 46 — Cham–Grindel ZG; 47 — Steinhausen ZG (several sites); 48 — Einsiedeln– Langrüti SZ; 49 — Niederhasli–Mettmenhaslersee ZH; 50 — Solgen–In der Grauen ZH; 51 — Grotte du Scé VD. (Abbreviations of the names of the cantons: AG — Aargau, BE — Bern, BL — Baselland, BS — Basel–Stadt, JU — Jura, LU — Luzern, NE — Neuchâtel, SH — Schaffhausen, SO — Solothurn, SZ — Schwyz, ZG — Zug, ZH — Zürich, VD — Vaud.) Рис. 1. Расположение мадленских памятников на территории Щвейцарии: ● — пещерные стоянки, ▼ — стоянки открытого типа Camera praehistorica №2 (5) • 2020 45

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Fig. 2. Kesslerloch: 1 — decorated everyday objects such as projectile points and perforated batons [Merk 1875]; 2 — spindle–shaped figures [Bandi 1947]; 3 — perforated baton with the engraving of the so–called “Grazing Reindeer” [Merk 1875]; 4 — perforated baton with the engraving of a horse. The length of the object is 27 cm [Merk 1875];5 — perforated baton with the engraving of a possible animal–human figure. Drawing B. Scheffold, Kantonsarchäologie Schaffhausen, in: [Höneisen 1993b]; 6 — fragment of a perforated baton with several holes and with a geometrical decoration. Drawing B. Scheffold, Kantonsarchäologie Schaffhausen, in: [Höneisen 1993a]; 7 — spear thrower ends decorated with horse heads [Guyan 1944] Рис. 2. Резные изображения и фигуративная скульптура из пещеры Кесслерлох: 1 — декорированные предметы обихода (выпрямитель с отверстием и наконечники) [Merk 1875]; 2 — скульптура веретенообразной формы [Bandi 1947]; 3 — выпрямитель с отверстием с изображением так называемого «пасущегося оленя» [Merk 1875]; 4 — выпрямитель с отверстием с изображением лошади (длина предмета 27 см) [Merk 1875]; 5 — выпрямитель с отверстием с изображением возможно антропозооморфного существа [Höneisen 1993b]; 6 — фрагмент выпрямителя с несколькими отверстиями и геометрическим орнаментом [Höneisen 1993a]; 7 — рабочие концы копьеметалок в виде лошадиной головы [Guyan 1944]

1904]. However, the extremely rough excavation plements (e.g. projectile points, half round rods, and method limits the validity of the results. In addition harpoons), the Kesslerloch can be dated typo-chron- to the numerous implements made of stone, bone, ologically into the Middle and Upper Magdalenian. and antlers, the Kesslerloch provided a large number The best-known work of portable art from the Kes- of high-quality portable art, which made the site one slerloch is the engraving of a reindeer on a perfo- of the most important sites with the Magdalenian rated baton, which was described in the history of portable art in Central Europe. It is remarkable that research as a “grazing reindeer” (fig. 2: 3). Behav- certain objects show good parallels with the portable ioural research studies, however, tend to view this art of South West France. Due to the finds, especially very detailed depiction as a male animal follow- certain portable art objects and bone and antler im- ing the tracks of a female or as a rutting reindeer I.M. Braun • The Swiss Magdalenian 46 portable art and supra-regional parallels

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Fig. 3. 1 — Grotte du Courbet (F). Spear thrower ends decorated with horse heads [Cartailhac 1903]; 2 — Teufelsbrücke (D). Spear thrower end decorated with a horse head [Feustel 1980]; 3 — Kesslerloch. Musk ox head made of reindeer antlers [Merk 1875]; 4 — Kesslerloch. Half round rods with small nodular projections. Drawings B. Scheffold, Kantonsarchäologie Schaffhausen, in: [Höneisen, 1993a]; 5 — Kesslerloch. Fragment of a double–rowed harpoon with a ribbon–like engraved decoration on both sides. Drawing B. Scheffold, Kantonsarchäologie Schaffhausen, in: [Höneisen 1993a];6 — Kesslerloch. Fragment of a perforated baton with a ribbon–like engraved decoration on both sides. Drawing B. Scheffold, Kantonsarchäologie Schaffhausen, in: [Höneisen 1993a]; 7 — Freudenthalhöhle. Half round rod with small nodular projections [Karsten 1874]; 8 — Isturitz (F). Half round rod with small nodular projections [Feruglio 1992] Рис. 3. 1 — рабочие концы копьеметалок в виде лошадиной головы из грота Курбе [Cartailhac 1903]; 2 — рабочий конец копьеметалки в виде лошадиной головы со стоянки Тойфельсбрюке [Feustel 1980]; 3 — голова овцебыка на роге северного оленя из Кесслерлоха [Merk 1875]; 4 — стержни с полуокруглым сечением с небольшими узелковыми выступами из Кесслерлоха [Höneisen 1993a]; 5 — фрагмент двухрядного гарпуна, декорированного с обеих сторон ленточным орнаментом, из Кесслерлоха [Höneisen 1993a]; 6 — фрагмент перфорированной дубинки, декорированной с обеих сторон ленточным орнаментом, из Кесслерлоха [Höneisen 1993a]; 7 — стержень с полуокруглым сечением с небольшими узелковыми выступами из Фройдентальхёле [Karsten 1874]; 8 — стержень с полуокруглым сечением с небольшими узелковыми выступами из пещеры Иcтюриц (F) [Feruglio 1992] stag in attack position because of the erected tail, with non-figurative patterns (fig. 2: 6). One of them the drawn-in belly, and the swollen nostrils [Bandi bears an engraving, which (according to: [Höneisen 1968]. Apart from this reindeer representation, 33 1985]), could represent an animal-human figure perforated batons are known from the Kesslerloch (fig. 2: 5). It has the appearance of a human silhou- [Höneisen 1985]. These are simple perforated ba- ette with antlers on its head and can be compared tons or those with two or more holes. Some of them to the representation of the so-called “Horned God” are decorated with animal engravings (fig. 2: 4) or from the Trois-Frères cave in the French Pyrenees Camera praehistorica №2 (5) • 2020 47

[Braun 2005]. E. Müller, on the other hand, sees in this representation rather a head with a horn and a dorsal line of an ibex [Müller 1989]. However, it can be noted that he does not take into account in his interpretation the engravings of the antlers and the possible human body. There are also eight sculptured spear thrower ends from the Kesslerloch (fig. 2: 7). One of them has an almost fully plastic horse head. Six other specimens were also decorated with horse heads, but they are more stylized. As already described by W. Guyan [Guyan 1944], D.A.E. Garrod [Gar- rod 1955], G. Bosinski [Bosinski 1982], and H.-G. Bandi and H. Delporte [Bandi, Delporte 1984], these sculptured spear throwers with rudimentary horse heads have their comparisons in the sites in South West France and along the French Pyrenees Fig. 4. The Kesslerloch. Photo I.M. Braun (fig. 7 and fig. 3: 1). There they are typical for the Рис. 4. Пещера Кесслерлох Middle Magdalenian. Apart from the Kesslerloch, this type of spear thrower is only known in Central enees and another one from the Abri Montastruc in Europe from Teufelsbrücke (fig. 3: 2) in Thuringia in the department of Tarn-et-Garonne [Braun 2005; Central Germany [Bosinski 1982; Braun 2012; 2018; 2006; 2009; 2019]. In addition, six more disks made Cattelain 2005; Feustel 1980; Stodiek 1993]. How- of bone and jet were found in the Kesslerloch. Good ever, the object from Teufelsbrücke dates from the parallels to these disks from the Kesslerloch are Upper Magdalenian [Cattelain 2005; Stodiek 1993]. known from the nearby German site of Petersfels in The already mentioned musk ox head made of Baden-Württemberg [Mauser 1970; Peters 1930]. reindeer antlers (fig. 3: 3) is one of the few unam- A special find from С. Merk's excavations in the biguous representations of this animal species in the Kesslerloch is a jet plaquette with a very detailed Upper Palaeolithic portable art [Braun 2016]. The horse head engraved on each side (fig. 5: 4). Unfor- eyes are engraved on both sides of the head. The tunately, it is in a very poor state of preservation to- ears and the horns that are typically bent forward, day and shows strong cracks on one side. are carved out. This raises the question whether it is Another jet plaquette with a complete horse en- a part of a spear thrower or a fragment of an origi- graving was found there too [Heierli 1907]. Like- nally complete animal sculpture [Bosinski 1982; wise, a jet plaquette with a complete horse engraving Höneisen 1993b]. is also known from the Petersfels (fig. 5: 1) [Bosinski Decorated half round rods from the Kesslerloch, 1982; Mauser 1970; Peters 1930]. Furthermore, there including those with small nodular projections is also a small sculpture made of jet, with short rows (fig. 3: 4), also have good parallels in the Middle of punctures and a hole in the area of the lower thick Magdalenian from the French Pyrenees and South end. G. Bosinski [Bosinski 1982] interprets it as a West France (fig. 8 and fig. 3: 8) [Bosinski 1982; possible representation of an insect and compares Braun 2005; 2006; 2009; 2019]. it with the figurine of a larva of the reindeer botfly The same is true for a fragment of a bone disk from the German site Kleine Scheuer [Dingfelder with branch-like decoration (fig. 5: 2), which has 1961]. Among the jet finds from the Petersfels there parallels with a bone disk from Le Mas d'Azil (fig. is also a small pierced carving, which is interpreted 5: 3) in the department of Ariège in the French Pyr- as a beetle [Bosinski 1982; Mauser 1970]. I.M. Braun • The Swiss Magdalenian 48 portable art and supra-regional parallels

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Fig. 5. 1 — Petersfels (D). Jet plaquette with a complete horse engraving [Mauser 1970]; 2 — Kesslerloch. Fragment of a bone disk with a branch–like decoration [Merk 1875]; 3 — Le Mas d'Azil (F). Fragment of a bone disk with a branch–like decoration [Bellier et al. 1991]; 4 — Kesslerloch. Jet plaquette with a very detailed horse head engraved on each side [Merk 1875]; 5 — Abri Schweizersbild. Fragment of reindeer antlers with the engraving of a pointed oval with an internal hatching. Drawing B. Scheffold, Kantonsarchäologie Schaffhausen, in: [Höneisen, Peyer 1994]; 6 — Abri Schweizersbild. Decorated perforated baton. Drawing B. Scheffold, Kantonsarchäologie Schaffhausen, in: [Höneisen, Peyer 1994]; 7 — Petersfels (D). Possible depictions of a fish on a reindeer antler beam [Mauser 1970];8 — Abri de La Madeleine (F). Representations of fish [Capitan, Peyrony 1928]; 9 — Le Placard (F). Fragment of reindeer antlers with the engraving of a pointed oval with an internal hatching [Chauvet 1910]; 10 — Rislisberghöhle. Engraved part of a prosoma of an ibex on a flat bone. Photo Kantonsarchäologie Solothurn; 11 — Abri Schweizersbild. Limestone plaquette engraved on both sides. Drawing B. Scheffold, Kantonsarchäologie Schaffhausen, in: [Höneisen, Peyer 1994] Рис. 5. 1 — гагатовая плакетка с изображением лошади из грота Петерсфельс [Mauser 1970]; 2 — фрагмент костяного диска с ветвеобразным орнаментом из Кессерлоха [Merk 1875]; 3 — фрагмент костяного диска с ветвеобразным орнаментом из пещеры Мас–д’Азиль [Bellier et al. 1991]; 4 — гагатовая плакетка с детализированным изображением лошадиной головы на обеих сторонах из Кессерлоха [Merk 1875]; 5 — фрагмент рога северного оленя с гравировкой заштрихованного овала из Швайцерсбильда [Höneisen, Peyer 1994]; 6 — декорированная перфорированная дубинка из Швайцерсбильда [Höneisen, Peyer 1994]; 7 — возможное изображение рыбы на роге северного оленя из Петерсфельса [Mauser 1970]; 8 — изображение рыбы со стоянки Ла–Мадлен [Capitan, Peyrony 1928]; 9 — фрагмент рога северного оленя с гравировкой заштрихованного овала из грота Плакар [Chauvet 1910]; 10 — часть просомы горного козла на плоской кости из Рислисбергхёле; 11— плакетка известняка с двухсторонней гравировкой из Швайцерсбильда [Höneisen, Peyer 1994]

The meaning of the four so-called “spindle- In addition to these spectacular finds numerous shaped sculptures” made of reindeer antlers (fig. 2: other engraved bone and antler fragments — some 2) is unclear, M. Höneisen assumes that they could with figurative themes — were found in the Kes- represent fish sculptures [Höneisen 1993b]. Three of slerloch. Some specimens with engravings of differ- them show engravings. ent geometric signs are among the more than 200 Camera praehistorica №2 (5) • 2020 49 projectile points (fig. 2: 1). The long fragment of a the stone artefacts indicates that the settlement took double-rowed harpoon bears a ribbon-like engraved place during the Late Magdalenian period. In con- decoration on both sides resembling a cord wrap trast to the Kesslerloch the portable art from the (fig. 3: 5). An almost identical motif, also on both Schweizersbild is not as numerous and more sche- sides, is on a fragment of a perforated baton with matic [Bosinski 1982; Braun 2005; 2006; 2009; 2019; two holes (fig. 3: 6). Höneisen, Peyer 1994; Nüesch 1902]. Two successive horses were engraved in the mid- Freudenthalhöhle dle of the shaft on an almost complete perforated baton (fig. 5: 6). The end of the shaft has V-shaped The Freudenthalhöhle is not far from the Kessler- symbols and around the hole there are deeply en- loch and also in the canton of Schaffhausen (fig. 1: graved lines. Another perforated baton, which is 3). It was discovered by H. Karsten and E. Joos in only very fragmentarily preserved, is also decorated 1874 and excavated in the same year [Karsten 1874]. with a horse, but only the lower part of its body is The inventory of the finds is very small and consists preserved. of a few stone artefacts and some bone and antler On a fragment of reindeer antlers, which is most tools, including projectile points. Two undecorat- likely a part of a perforated baton, a pointed oval with ed half round rods were assembled by G. Bosinski an internal hatching is engraved (fig. 5: 5) [Bosinski [Bosinski 1978]. Some objects have very good paral- 1982; Höneisen, Peyer 1994]. This motif has great lels to some finds of the Kesslerloch [Bosinski 1982; similarities with the possible depictions of fish on Braun 2005; 2006; 2009; 2019; Höneisen 1993b]. a reindeer antler beam from the Petersfels (fig. 5: 7) These are a half round rod with small nodular pro- [Braun 2005; 2006; 2009; 2019; Mauser 1970]. jections (fig. 3: 7), a spindle-shaped sculpture, and a A good parallel is an engraving on a fragment of perforated fragment of a disk made of jet. In 1973, reindeer antlers from Le Placard in the department H. Worm found a fragmented pendant made of jet of Charente (fig. 5: 9) [Chauvet 1910]. H. Breuil and and an ivory pendant with a geometric decoration R. Saint-Périer mentioned the object from the Abri in the excavation spoil [Worm 1980]. The ivory pen- Schweizersbild in their publication among the rep- dant of Freudenthalhöhle has parallels with pen- resentations of fish in Ice Age art and compared it dants of a similar shape made of ivory or jet, but with depictions from South West France. It can also without decoration, from the Kesslerloch and with be compared to figures of fish from the Abri de La one specimen from Le Mas d'Azil. They are inter- Madeleine in the department of Dordogne in South preted by Hannelore Bosinski as imitations of fossil West France (fig. 5: 8) [Breuil, Saint-Périer 1927]. sea-urchin spines. This thesis is supported by the fact A limestone plaquette engraved on both sides is that in both areas (canton of Schaffhausen and the of great importance for the Swiss Magdalenian port- region of Le Mas d'Azil) fossil sea-urchin spines can able art as it is the only engraved stone plaquette (fig. be found in the limestone layers [Bosinski 1980]. 5: 11). One side shows five superimposed depictions of animals, three of which can be recognized as Abri Schweizersbild horses because of their manes, and indefinable lines (fig. 5: 11, 1). The other side is also engraved with The Abri (rock shelter) Schweizersbild (fig. 1: 2 animals that are interpreted as female deer (fig. 5: and fig. 9), also in the canton of Schaffhausen, was 11, 2). Another fine engraving could possibly be discovered in 1891 and excavated by J. Nüesch be- a female representation of the Gönnersdorf-Lalinde tween 1891 and 1893 [Nüesch 1902]. More recent type [Braun 2005; 2006; 2009; 2019; Bosinski 1982]. investigations of the Schweizersbild were carried In 1954 W. Mamber found a piece of jet in the old out by M. Höneisen and S. Peyer [Höneisen, Peyer excavation spoil (fig. 6:1, 5). It is referred to as a fe- 1994]. The presence of notched backed points among male figurine, which is even more stylized than the I.M. Braun • The Swiss Magdalenian 50 portable art and supra-regional parallels

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Fig. 6. 1 — stylized female figurines in jet: Peterfels (1, 6), Monruz (2–4), Abri Schweizersbild (5), Moosbühl (7). Drawings B. Scheffold, Kantonsarchäologie Schaffhausen, in: [Höneisen 1993b];2 — Pekárna. Stylized female figurines in ivory [Valoch 2001]; 3 — Petersfels. Stylized female figurines in jet [Mauser 1970];4 — Hollenberghöhle 3. Possible semi-finished product of a female figurine in jet [Sedlmeier 1982];5 — Kohlerhöhle. Fractured perforated stylohyoid bone from a horse. Semi-finished product of a contour découpé (?). Photo and © A. Fischer, Archäologie und Museum Baselland; 6 — Illustration of the production process of a contour découpé based on finds from the Isturitz cave (according to: [Saint-Périer 1930]) Рис. 6. 1 — стилизованные гагатовые женские статуэтки из Петерсфельса (1, 6), Монруза (2–4), Швайцерсбильда (5), Моосбюля (7) [Höneisen 1993b]; 2 — стилизованная костяная женская статуэтка из грота Пекарна [Valoch 2001]; 3 — стилизованная гагатовая женская статуэтка из Петерсфельса [Mauser 1970]; 4 — незаконченная гагатовая, возможно, женская статуэтка из Холенбергхёле 3 [Sedlmeier 1982]; 5 — сломанная перфорированная подъязычная кость лошади из Колерхёле, незаконченное изделие в технике contour découpé (?); 6 — процесс создания изделий contour découpé на основе находок из пещеры Истюриц [Saint-Périer 1930]

specimens from the Petersfels that were also made Rislisberghöhle of jet (fig. 6: 1, 1). The breasts and the legs were in- dicated with two incised notches [Höneisen 1993b; After pupils had found the first stone tools in the Höneisen, Peyer 1994; Mauser 1970; Peters 1930; Rislisberghöhle in Oensingen (fig. 1: 25) in the can- Schmid 1975]. ton of Solothurn, situated at the southern part of the As in the Kesslerloch a number of other engraved Jura mountains, the site was excavated by the Ar- bone and antler fragments without figurative char- chaeological Service of the Canton of Solothurn in acter were discovered in the Abri Schweizersbild 1971 and 1973. Numerous stone artefacts and also [Höneisen, Peyer 1994]. tools made of organic material and three fireplaces Camera praehistorica №2 (5) • 2020 51 were found [Barr 1977]. The finds date to the Late fits in well with the female representations of the Magdalenian [Barr 1977; Leesch, Müller 2012]. Late Magdalenian in Europe [Braun 2005; 2006; Though only a few portable art objects were 2009; 2019; Höck 1993; Höneisen 1993b]. A simi- found, one object among them is of great impor- lar figurine made of ivory was found in the Pekárna tance. A flat bone, on which a head and a part of cave in Moravia in Czech Republic (fig. 6: 2) [Valoch the prosoma of an ibex are engraved, was discovered 2001: fig. 28]. next to a fireplace (fig. 5: 10) [Barr 1977]. It is so far the only evident Magdalenian engraving of an ibex Moosbühl in Switzerland. Fragments of five flat bone plates were also found, This open-air site in Moosseedorf in the Bernese each of which shows engraved decorations and ap- Central Plateau was discovered in 1860 (fig. 1: 33). proximately parallel lines running along one side. As Monruz and Hauterive-Champréveyres in the Two of them could be joined together, one of which canton of Neuchâtel it is one of the most important has a perforation at one end. They probably served Magdalenian open-air sites in Switzerland. as pendants [Leesch, Müller 2012]. Only one portable art object is known from Moos- A forearm bone of a raven shows several engraved bühl. It is a sculpture made of jet, which is interpreted short lines on the upper and the lower sides of the as a stylised female figurine (fig. 6: 1:7). In compari- forearm at the points where the feathers grow [Lee- son to those from Monruz, the Abri Schweizersbild sch, Müller 2012]. and the Petersfels, however, it is represented in an even more abstract way. The upper and lower part of Monruz the body are separated from each other by a notch [Höneisen 1993b; Schwab 1985]. H. Schwab also This very important open-air site with a well- considers an interpretation of the representation as preserved Late Magdalenian settlement remains na- a beetle in correspondence to the jet figurines from tionally and internationally well-known (fig. 1: 35). Kleine Scheuer and the Petersfels [Schwab 1985]. It was discovered during the construction of the A5 In this context it can also be referred to the figurine motorway in the canton of Neuchâtel in 1989. The from the Grotte du Trilobite in Arcy-sur-Cure in the site is located near the town of Neuchâtel, not far department of Yonne, which is interpreted as a bee- from the shores of Lake Neuchâtel, and was exca- tle, carved in jet and also dates to the Magdalenian vated between 1989 and 1992 by the Archaeologi- [Baffier, Girard 1998]. There are certain similarities cal Service of the Canton Neuchâtel [Affolter et al. between the two objects [Braun 2019]. 1994; Bullinger 2006]. Pearls made of jet from the Moosbühl site have Three stylized female figurines made of jet were their parallels to pearls from the Monruz and the found there (fig. 6: 1, 2–4). Two of them are com- Petersfels. plete. A perforated hole in the upper part indicates that they are pendants. Concerning form and mate- Hollenberghöhle 3 rial, there are almost identical parallels known from figurines of theP etersfels (fig. 6: 1,1, fig. 6: 3).A part The Hollenberghöhle 3 is located in Arlesheim from these female figurines, other non-figurative (fig. 1: 14) in the canton of Baselland and was dis- pendants from Monruz made of jet also have great covered in 1950 by M. Herkert and A. Schwabe. similarities to those of the Petersfels [Affolter et al. Excavations were carried out by the discoverers, 1994; Bullinger 2006; Egloff 1999]. then by R. Bay in 1952, and finally by J. Sedlmeier It can therefore be very well assumed that the in 1977. Stone tools, projectile points, shells, a large same groups of people settled in Monruz and Pe- number of unworked fragments of reindeer antlers, tersfels. The design of the stylized female figurines pigments as hematite and other iron oxides were I.M. Braun • The Swiss Magdalenian 52 portable art and supra-regional parallels

Fig. 7. Distribution of sites with spear-thrower ends decorated with horse heads. 1 — Isturitz; 2 — Arudy; 4 — Gourdan; 7 — Le Mas d'Azil; 12 — Bruniquel, Abri du Château; 13 — Bruniquel, Grotte du Courbet; 15 — Laugerie-Basse; 16 — Abri de La Madeleine; 18 — Kesslerloch; 19 — Teufelsbrüke [Bosinski 1982] Рис. 7. Расположение памятников, где встречены декорированные лошадиной головой рабочие концы копьеметалок Camera praehistorica №2 (5) • 2020 53

Fig. 8. Distribution of sites with half round rod with small nodular projections. 1 — Santimamiñe; 2 — Isturitz; 3 — Brassempouy; 4 — Arudy, Grotte des Espélungues; 5 — Lourdes, Grotte des Espélugues; 6 — Grotte d'Auresan; 7 — Gourdan; 8 — Bedeilhac; 9 — Le Mas d'Azil; 10 — Gazel; 11 — Laugerie-Basse; 12 — Abri de La Madeleine; 13 — Freudenthalhöhle; 14 — Kesslerloch [Bosinski 1982]. Рис. 8. Расположение памятников, где встречены стержни с полуокруглым сечением, с небольшими узелковыми выступами I.M. Braun • The Swiss Magdalenian 54 portable art and supra-regional parallels

Kohlerhöhle

In the area of the Birs valley between Basel and Delémont there are numerous Palaeolithic cave and rock shelter sites. Most of them were discovered and excavated as early as the end of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century [Braun 2015; Sarasin 1918; Sedlmeier 1990]. The Kohlerhöhle is located in the Kaltbrunnen Valley in the community of Brislach in the canton of Baselland (fig. 1: 17). In the same valley, there are the Palaeolithic sites Heidenküche (fig. 1: 19) and Kastelhöhle (fig. 1: 20), both in the community of Himmelried in the canton Solothurn. The Kohlerhöhle was discovered as a Paleolithic site by H. Kohler in 1934 and was excavated from 1934 to 1938 under his direction together with C. Lüdin and E. Kräuliger. Of particular importance is Fig. 9. The Abri Schweizersbild. Photo I.M. Braun the upper layer, which belongs to the Late Magdale- Рис. 9. Стоянка Швайцерсбильд nian [Sedlmeier 1993]. The finds include a perforated piece of bone, a complete perforated hyoid bone (stylohyoid) from an au- found. The finds date to the Late Magdalenian [Bay rochs, and another one, perforated too, from a horse. 1953; Sedlmeier 1982]. The latter is fractured in the area of the hyoid bone In the context of this article, four perforated un- branch (fig. 6: 5).A ccording to J. Sedlmeier, the mean- decorated disks are worth mentioning: a complete ing of these objects is unclear [Sedlmeier 1993]. Espe- one made of jet, one made of stone, and two made of cially the perforated hyoid bone of a horse reminds of bone, which are only preserved as fragments. Those a possible semi-finished product of acontour découpé made of jet and bone have their parallels in the Kes- [Braun 2019], as they are well known from sites of the slerloch, the Freudenthalhöhle, and the Petersfels. Middle Magdalenian along the French Pyrenees and Disks made of stone are known from the important often represent horse heads [Buisson et al. 1996]. This Late Magdalenian site of Gönnersdorf in Rhineland- is well documented by R. Saint-Périer's [Saint-Périer Palatinate in Germany [Bosinski 1976/77]. 1930] illustration of the production process of such a An object made of jet from the Hollenberghöhle horse head made of the hyoid bone of a horse based 3 raises questions. According to R. Bay it is a frag- on finds from the Isturitz cave in the department of ment of a stylized female figurine similar to those Pyrénées-Atlantiques (fig. 6: 6). from the Petersfels [Bay 1953]. J. Sedlmeier, however, rejects this interpretation [Sedlmeier 1982]. I.M. Summary Braun, however, considers it to be a semi-finished product of a female figurine, which already broke Only in seven of the about fifty Magdalenian sites during the fabrication (fig. 6: 4) [Braun 2005; 2006; known in Switzerland pieces of portable art were 2009; 2019]. A baton made of jet was also found in found. The most well-known Swiss site where port- the Hollenberghöhle 3 [Bay 1953; Sedlmeier 1982]. able art was found is the Kesslerloch. It has, however, no parallels and its exact function The Swiss Magdalenian portable art can be divid- is unclear. ed into two groups: engravings and figurative sculp- Camera praehistorica №2 (5) • 2020 55 tures. Some of them are decorated either with signs called “spindle-shaped sculptures” and very stylized or animal figures. The engravings are mostly on rein- female statuettes. Apart from the musk ox head from deer antlers, but also on bones, stone, and jet. The the Kesslerloch, no other animal sculptures have yet majority of the engravings are on objects of utility been found in Switzerland. The figurative sculptures as perforated batons, spear points, and other tools. are less frequent than the engravings. Numerous In addition to figurative themes such as animals and works of portable art in Switzerland are similar to a possible animal-human representation, there are works of portable art of South West France and of mainly signs and other ornamental patterns. The the French Pyrenees, as for example the sculptured term “figurative sculptures” is used to describe ob- spear-throwers. However, there are also character- jects of utility, some of which are sculptured, such as istic features which are typical of Swiss and South spear thrower ends decorated with horse heads, so- German portable art, as for instance the use of jet.

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Статья поступила в редакцию: 4.05.2020 Submitted: 4.05.2020 Рекомендовать в печать: 4.06.2020 Accepted: 4.06.2020 Опубликована: 23.12.2020 Article is published: 23.12.2020