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Proletarian Arts and Internationalism in East Asia by Edwin

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Proletarian Arts and Internationalism in East Asia by Edwin Assembling Solidarity: Proletarian Arts and Internationalism in East Asia by Edwin Michielsen A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of East Asian Studies University of Toronto ©Copyright by Edwin Michielsen 2021 Assembling Solidarity: Proletarian Arts and Internationalism in East Asia Edwin Michielsen Doctor of Philosophy Department of East Asian Studies University of Toronto 2021 Abstract This dissertation examines the theories and practices of proletarian international solidarity during the 1920s and 30s in East Asia, found in various writings and activities. Locating its arguments in concurrent scientific studies, linguistic theory, and literary and art criticism, this dissertation argues that such theoretico-practical manifestations of solidarity did not merely follow a party and union allegiance based on unidirectional and monolithic forms of organization, but were assembled in constant-changing and multidirectional configurations. Through practice in and experience of solidarity emerging in encounters, exchanges, and events, intellectuals, writers, visual artists, activists, workers, and farmers produced networks of international solidarity of unprecedented scale in East Asia. They understood the literary and artistic production that accompanied these transnational networks not so much supplementary to its realities but rather coeval in constructing realities beneficial to forging relations of solidarity. Grappling with hierarchal divisions inherent in capitalism, proletarian writers aimed to portray strategies for how to evade such divisive mechanisms installed by imperial and nation-state apparatuses and constructed alternative narratives of social relations and organizations of life. ii Chapter 1 introduces how proletarian cultural movements across East Asia prepared and organized May Day, the international day of the proletariat, to illuminate how they experimented with various artistic and literary techniques to assemble numerous proletarian struggles into cohesive relations of solidarity. Chapter 2 examines Esperanto as the aspired proletarian language and how proletarian cultural movements reconfigured language as a mode of resistance. They facilitated exchange among Esperantists, created learning materials for proletarians and sympathizers, and wrote literature in Esperanto as attempts to create mutual comprehensible narratives beyond imperial languages. Chapter 3 probes anti-natalist narratives in relation to international debates on birth control politics among proletarian movements, in which writers grappled with the tensions of how to assemble a gendered proletarian solidarity. Chapter 4 analyses the cooperation among East Asian POW’s, soldiers, workers, and activists agitating against war and militarism in proletarian literature that reveals how international solidarity was essential in resisting Japanese imperialism and fascism, presenting a transnational history of proletarian antiwar literature in East Asia. iii Acknowledgments This dissertation is the result of numerous encounters with other people that have supported me along the way and significantly impacted my intellectual thinking. The journey spans over fifteen years of my life and started upon my entry as an undergraduate in Leiden University’s Japanese Studies Department. Here, Professor Ivo Smits kindled my interest in Japanese literature and classical Japanese. His supervision guided me through the BA and MA, preparing me for the academic path. My language teacher Kunimori Masufumi ignited my passion in studying the Japanese language by sharing his tremendous knowledge of the language and his generosity with his time to answer my endless string of questions. Whenever I asked him a question, he would take a sheet of paper from an enormous pile of used paper and started to unravel detailed entomologies of kanji and vocabulary or various usages of grammatical constructions. His knowledge and teaching became a role model that has informed me throughout my student career. At Leiden University, I was also fortunate to meet friends for life. My senior Clemens Poppe looked after me and his knowledge of linguistics answered the many questions I had about Japanese. With my classmate Jurriaan van der Meer I spent many hours studying Japanese from dusk until dawn. Our first few years of study were completely synchronous because of sheer luck that our family names both started with the same letter. During my time at Leiden University, I had the opportunity to spend a year in Kyoto participating in the Nikkensei Program of Kyoto University. I would like to thank all the teachers involved in this program who together taught me about a wide range of subjects dealing with various aspects of Japan. Further, I want to thank the innumerable people, including my classmates, who made that year in an unforgettable experience. Special thanks go to the staff at the Den’en Bar and iv bartender Umemura-san who made me feel at home and helped me with language learning. Many coasters filled with notes have ended in my bag to be reviewed the next day. It is also in Kyoto that I started my study of proletarian literature at a time when the Kanikōsen boom was raging among youngsters in Japan, which crystalized in my BA thesis on Kanikōsen and its author Kobayashi Takiji. Two years later, I went to Japan again as a research student at Tokyo University for two years. My supervisor Andō Hiroshi introduced me to the world of kokubungaku and the pleasure of intense reading of primary sources. He taught me everything there is to know about kindai bungaku and shared with me his endless knowledge about Dazai Osamu. I also want to thank all the students of the kokubungaku cohort and especially my tutor Kotani Eisuke, who helped me to make my stay productive and enjoyable. Arriving at Toronto, the second half of my academic journey started. At the East Asian Studies department, I was immersed in a whole new paradigm of critical thinking that continuously triggered me to ask new questions and transform my research. I would like to thank my peers: Derek Kramer, Josh Baxter, Mark McConaghy, James Poborsa, Jeremy Hurdis, Alexandre Paquet, Michael Tseng, Michael Roellinghoff, Na Sil Heo, Kristin Sivak, Erin Lofting, Elaine Cheng, Darcy Gauthier, Banu Kaygusuz, Seongpil Jeong, Sunho Ko, Zachery Nelson, Alex Schweinsberg, Grayson Lee, Brenton Buchanan, Asako Masabuchi, Shasha Liu, Yu Wen, Jing Wang, Alexandra Jocic, Jennifer Lau, Yuanfang Zhang, Chen Xi, Yanfei Li, Stephen Choi, Nan Wang, Qieyi Liu, Qiang Fu, Mengran Xu, Mark Lush, Sophie Bowman, Boyao Zhang, They helped me at various stages to various degrees. Special thanks go to Derek Kramer, my carrel neighbor, who helped me to adjust to graduate life at UofT and for the many lively discussions. I thank my senior Josh Baxter for being so kind to share his house with me v during my stay in Tokyo. I appreciate the help offered by Alexandre Paquet, Jeremy Hurdis, Mark McConaghy, and Stephen Choi and their willingness to read my drafts and other writings. Lastly, I am enormously grateful for everything Shumin Cao has done for me. Not only did she scan and copy many materials for me, but also helped me to purchase invaluable research materials. More importantly, she was an amazing companion with whom I could share many interests and who made graduate life a lot more enjoyable. During my time at Toronto, I also had the opportunity to visit archives in East Asia and relied on the hospitality of many individuals while doing research there. Professor Wang Zhongchen sponsored my stay at the Tsinghua University and provided me with the opportunity to share my research with his students. Professor Olga Fedorenko helped me secure a research position at the Kyujanggak Institute for Korean Studies of Seoul National University. Professor Toba Kōji was of great support in accommodating my stay at Waseda University and introducing me to the Proletarian Cultural Movement Research Group. Further, I enjoyed the hospitality of Esperantists in East Asia. Sun Mingli helped me locate research materials in the Esperanto Museum in Zaozhuang. Fukuda Masanori provided access to the collection of the Japana Esperanto-Instituto in Tokyo. At the Seula Esperanto-Kulturcentro in Seoul, Yi Chung-gi invited to me his Esperanto classes and helped me acquire research materials. I am grateful to the UofT SGS Connaught International Scholarship, the Julia Ching Memorial Fellowship in Chinese Thought and Culture, the Mitacs Globalink Research Award, the UofT SGS Travel Grant, the Okamatsu Book Award, the Shinki-kai Scholarship, the Chizuru Suzuki Memorial vi Scholarship in Japanese Literature and Japanese Studies, the Kyujanggak Institute’s Junior Fellowship, the UofT Centre for the Study of Korea Doctoral Research Grant, the Esperantic Studies Foundation Research Grant, and the UofT Doctoral Completion Award for funding my research. The research for this dissertation has benefited tremendously from the support of UofT’s Cheng Yu Tung East Asian library and the East Asian Studies administrative staff. I thank Natasja VanderBerg, Norma Escobar, Paul Chin, and Rebecca Mangra, who were of great help in dealing with administrative and financial matters. Librarians Fabiano Rocha, Hana Kim, Helen Tang, and Lucy Gan assisted me in my endless search for research materials. I am indebted to my editors Lisa Pfau and Daina Starling, who helped me in preparing the final draft. Any remaining mistakes, however, are exclusively
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