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The Modernization of Three Korean Villages, 1951-1981: an Illustrated Study of a People and Their Material Culture

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The Modernization of Three Korean Villages, 1951-1981: an Illustrated Study of a People and Their Material Culture f /Z at\ The Modernization of Three Korean Villages, 1951-1981: An Illustrated Study of a People and Their Material Culture EUGENE I. KNEZ SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY • NUMBER 39 SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of "diffusing knowledge" was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Smithsonian Folklife Studies Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world of science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world. Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where the manuscripts are given substantive review. Press requirements for manuscript and art preparation are outlined on the inside back cover. I. Michael Hey man Secretary Smithsonian Institution FRONTISPIECE.—Above: Festively colored silk bridal outer coat and bridal accessories including bridal coronet, hairpin and ribbons, belt, stocking boots, rubber shoes, and bride costume storage chest. All items, with the exception of the rubber shoes, are "traditional." Below: Village farmer's family seated on a concrete foundation of an otherwise traditional house. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY • NUMBER 39 The Modernization of Three Korean Villages, 1951-1981: An Illustrated Study of a People and Their Material Culture Eugene I. Knez SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS Washington, D.C. 1997 ABSTRACT Knez, Eugene I. The Modernization of Three Korean Villages, 1951-1981: An Illustrated Study of a People and Their Material Culture. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology, number 39,216 pages, 191 figures, 35 tables, 1997.—The "totality" of artifacts in three distinct villages, now consolidated into a city ward, represent an ethnohistorical perspective of material culture within a specific time-level of cultural evolution. Detailed descriptions of 413 selected artifacts are provided. These artifacts are assigned to four categories, namely Traditional, Traditional/Modified, New, and New/Modified, to reveal the number and distribution of artifacts in households and cultivated fields. Although the field study emphasizes the more durable objects, the perishables are also examined. The "totality" of artifacts will provide the reader "an archeology of the living" for Korean folk life. OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Annals of the Smithsonian Institution. COVER DESIGN: A willow rice winnowing basket (see Material Culture No. 114) showing reverse (left) and obverse (right) views. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Knez, Eugene I. The modernization of three Korean villages, 1951-1981 : an illustrated study of a people and their material culture / Eugene I. Knez. p. cm. — (Smithsonian contributions to anthropology ; no. 39) Includes bibliographic references and index. 1. Material culture—Korea—Kimhae-gun. 2. Villages—Korea—Kimhae-gun. 3. Kimhae-gun (Korea)—Social life and customs. I. Title. II. Series. GN635.K6K54 1997 951.95—dc20 96-4058 ® The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.48—1984. Contents Page Preface viii Introduction and Acknowledgments x Part 1. Koreans in Kimhae 1 Kimhae in Space and Time 1 The Social Milieu 7 Village Economics 29 Selective Modernization 43 Conclusions 54 Notes 54 Part 2. Material Culture 56 Introduction 56 Household Utensils 56 Toys and Games 76 Musical Instruments 82 Weights and Measures 85 Hunting and Fishing 86 Clothing 87 Adornment 98 Agriculture 101 Personal Accessories 121 Value and Ritual 123 Tobacco Smoking 125 Animal Husbandry 126 Confections 130 Household Furniture and Accessories 131 Carpentry and Blacksmithing 140 General Utility 147 Vehicles 149 Toilet 152 Communications 152 Notes 154 Part 3. The Village House: Its Recent Development in the Three Ministers Community, 1951-1981 155 Notes 160 Part 4. Summary and Interpretation 162 Usage Trends in Village Artifacts in the Three Ministers Community, 1951-1981 166 Notes 168 Appendix 1. An Index of Change: Household Inventories 170 Appendix 2. Food Preparations, 1951-1981 180 Appendix 3. Domesticated and Useful Wild Plants and Domesticated Animals, 1970 182 Appendix 4. Factories within the Three Ministers Community and the Nearby Kimhae Industrial Park in 1980 185 Appendix 5. Restaurants, Shops, and Other Commercial Outlets Present in or nearby the Three Ministers Community during 1980 187 Vi SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTION TO ANTHROPOLOGY Appendix 6. English-Korean Character List 188 Bibliography 206 Index * 208 Romanized Korean Index 214 Tables 1. Educational achievement of residents in the Three Ministers community, 1951-1981 16 2. Household participation in methods of modern communications in the Three Ministers community for 1971 and 1981 17 3. Land use for greenhouse farming in the Three Ministers community for 1975 41 4. Proportion of income from greenhouse farming in the Three Ministers community for 1975 41 5. Households containing livestock in the Three Ministers community in 1981 42 6. Occupations of residents living in the Three Ministers community in 1952 ... 43 7. Occupations of residents living in the Three Ministers community in 1970 ... 43 8. Occupations of residents living in the Three Ministers community in 1981 . 44 9. Small factories and cottage industries located in the Three Ministers community in 1981 46 10. Village shops established within the Three Ministers community in 1970 47 11. Peddlers and itinerant repairmen frequenting the Three Ministers community in 1970 49 12. Funeral expenditures for a deceased parent in the Three Ministers community in 1970 52 13. Average cost of ancestor worship in the Three Ministers community in 1970 52 14. Expenses of a wedding for a bride's family in the Three Ministers community in 1970 52 15. Average size of a traditional house, with a living/bedroom and kitchen in the Three Ministers community in 1951 .155 16. Changes in house styles in the Three Ministers community, 1951-1981 . 160 17. Origins of the material culture examined in one of the villages of the Three Ministers community in 1958 * 162 18. Persisting features in Koreanized Japanese homes in the Three Ministers community in 1958 162 19. Traditional, Traditional/Modified, and New artifacts recorded in the Three Ministers community in 1971 162 20. Comparison of the usage of selected objects in the villages of the Three Ministers community in 1971 163 21. Classification of the material culture studied from the Three Ministers community in 1971 164 22. Loss of selected Traditional artifacts in the Three Ministers community in 1981 164 23. Combined loss of selected Traditional and Traditional/Modified artifacts from the Three Ministers community in 1981 164 24. Persistence of selected artifacts in the Three Ministers community, 1951-1981 165 NUMBER 39 vii 25. Types of household fuel consumed in the Three Ministers community in 1971 165 26. Traditional artifact usage 166 27. Traditional/Modified artifact usage 167 28. New artifact usage 167 29. New/Modified artifact usage 167 30. Invented artifact usage 167 31. Traditional household artifact usage (utensils and appliances) 168 32. Traditional/Modified household artifact usage (utensils and appliances) .... 168 33. Traditional agricultural artifact usage 168 34. Traditional/Modified agricultural artifact usage 168 35. New agricultural artifact usage 168 Preface This study, which initially sought to determine the influence of the Japanese colonization (1910-1945) upon Korean village life with an emphasis upon material culture, soon became an inquiry into modernization. In the history of anthropology relatively little has been contributed to the study of modernization. This is difficult to understand because all the processes of modernization [may be considered] as broadly representing a single "stage" of cultural evolution. Despite the central concern of anthropology with evolution... the discipline has largely ignored modernization (this is certainly so in comparison to economics, political science, and sociology) (Rogers, 1975:346). My field experiences corroborated the current view of anthropologists and other social scientists that
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