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The Relationship Between Urban Design and Planning Systems in Practice: a Comparative Study of England and Germany

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The Relationship Between Urban Design and Planning Systems in Practice: a Comparative Study of England and Germany The Relationship between Urban Design and Planning Systems in Practice: A Comparative Study of England and Germany Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Liverpool for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy by Adeleh Haghgoo August 2017 i ii Table of Contents Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................ …….x Abstract ............................................................................................................................ ……xii Part One ................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One: Introduction ...................................................................................................... 2 1.1. Introducing the topic of this research........................................................................... 3 1.2. Rationale and importance of the research ................................................................... 5 1.3. Research objectives ...................................................................................................... 9 1.4. Structure of the thesis ................................................................................................ 11 Chapter Two: Contextualisation and conceptualisation of the research topic................... 13 2.1. Urban design definition, profession and what constitute good urban design ........... 14 2.1.1. Key definitions, theories, thoughts and movements of urban design ................. 14 2.1.2. Urban Design as a profession ............................................................................... 21 2.1.3. What constitute good urban design? .................................................................. 23 2.2. Economic importance of urban design ....................................................................... 28 2.2.1. State, market (economy) and urban design ........................................................ 30 2.3. How does planning influence urban design? .............................................................. 35 2.3.1. Planning definition, theories, skills ...................................................................... 35 2.3.2. The relationship between planning and design ................................................... 39 2.4. Comparative planning research (planning systems and cultures) .............................. 42 2.4.1. Planning and legal administrative systems and families in Europe ..................... 42 2.4.2. The concept of a planning culture and its relations with spatial planning in Europe ............................................................................................................................ 46 2.4.3. The issue of culture and urban design ................................................................. 50 2.4.4. A brief introduction to comparative studies on spatial planning systems in Europe ............................................................................................................................ 51 2.5. Highlights of the main findings of Chapter 2 .............................................................. 52 2.6. Conceptual framework ............................................................................................... 54 2.6.1. The model and its components ........................................................................... 56 Chapter Three: Methodology ............................................................................................... 60 3.1. General strategy of this research ................................................................................ 61 3.1.1. Some methodological remarks on comparative planning studies....................... 62 3.2. The cases studied in this research .............................................................................. 67 3.2.1. Rationales behind the selection of national cases ............................................... 68 3.2.2. Rationales behind selection of embedded cases ................................................. 69 3.2.3. Compositional structure of Case study chapters ................................................. 73 3.3. Data Collection ............................................................................................................ 74 3.3.1. Interviews ............................................................................................................. 76 iii 3.3.2. Documentation ..................................................................................................... 78 3.3.3. Photographs and Site visits (which only apply to embedded case studies) .......... 80 3.3.4. Challenges and limitations ................................................................................... 80 3.4. Data analysis ................................................................................................................ 82 3.5. Ethical issues................................................................................................................ 83 3.6. Summary ..................................................................................................................... 84 Part Two ................................................................................................................................. 85 Chapter Four: the relationship between planning system and urban design (in practice) in England ................................................................................................................................... 86 4.1. English national context ........................................................................................ 87 4.1.1. The planning system and planning culture in England ............................................. 88 Some of the most important and more recent reforms of English systems ……................89 4.1.2. Attitudes and movements within the planning system in regards to urban design (past and present)……….………………………………..………........……… …………………………94 4.1.3. Urban design: policy context and instruments ........................................................ 98 4.1.4. Planning process ..................................................................................................... 107 4.1.5. Summary ................................................................................................................ 108 4.2. Liverpool One......................................................................................................... 111 4.2.1. Paradise street development (Liverpool One and its immediate environment) ... 112 The site of Liverpool One before intervention ……………………………………………………...….…112 A time Line of planning, decision making for the site of the Liverpool One……………..…..113 4.2.2. Planning and urban design (attitudes and policy context)……………………………...…114 What did the city have in place to guide planning and urban design for the Paradise Street development and its immediate environment ……………………………..….……………….117 What does the city have in place to guide planning and urban design.….….…..…………….119 4.2.3. Planning, urban design and development process ................................................ 123 Master plan, urban design and development objectives ……….………………………..…...…….123 Position of urban design within the planning process of Liverpool One………..…..…………128 Philosophies and attitudes of the actors involved in the planning and urban design processes………………...………………………………………………………………………………………………....129 Evaluation of the Liverpool One project……………………………………………………….………………132 4.2.4. Summary ................................................................................................................ 136 4.3. Westfield London .................................................................................................. 140 4.3.1. Westfield London and its immediate environment (within the White City East Opportunity Area) ........................................................................................................ ….141 The Site of Westfield London and its immediate environment before intervention…....142 A timeline of planning and decision making for the site of Westfield London and its immediate environment…………………………..……………………..……………….………………………… 144 4.3.2. Planning and urban design (attitudes and policy context) ..................................... 146 iv Policy Context of urban design and planning for the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…… 149 Policy context of urban design and planning in Hammersmith and Fulham Borough for the project of Westfield London, its extension plans and wider area of White City Opportunity Area…………………………………………………………………………………..………………..150 4.3.3. Planning and urban design process for Westfield London and its immediate surrounding area within White City East Area ............................................................. 155 Master plans, urban design and development objectives…………………………………………155 Position of urban design within the planning process of Westfield London and its extension………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...158 Philosophies and attitudes of the actors who were involved in the planning and urban design processes………………………………………………………………………………………………………159 Evaluation of the Westfield London and its immediate environment within White City East area………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….160 4.3.4. Summary
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