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Viennese Planning Culture: Understanding Change and Continuity Through the Hauptbahnhof

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Viennese Planning Culture: Understanding Change and Continuity Through the Hauptbahnhof VIENNESE PLANNING CULTURE: UNDERSTANDING CHANGE AND CONTINUITY THROUGH THE HAUPTBAHNHOF by VERONICA RAFFAELA SOPHIE REISS B.A., The University of British Columbia, 2014 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN PLANNING in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES (PLANNING) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (VANCOUVER) AUGUST, 2017 © Veronica Raffaela Sophie Reiss, 2017 Abstract Today, cities across the globe face a multitude of similar challenges – climate change, new disruptive technologies, new conceptions of both labour and capital, and mass migration, among others; simultaneously, planning scholars are continually acknowledging the diversity of both the conception and practice of planning around the world. As such, the concept of planning cultures has grown in recognition and importance. While the literature around planning cultures grows, few area specific studies have been completed. This thesis seeks to contribute to the understanding of the planning culture of Vienna, Austria, through an exploration of the history of urban planning in Vienna and through a contemporary case study of the planning of the Vienna Hauptbahnhof project, the recently completed central train station. This thesis seeks to expand the understanding of planning processes, practices, and outcomes in Vienna, a city world renowned for its affordable and social housing, as well as for its high quality of life. ii Lay Summary This thesis seeks to expand the understanding of spatial planning processes, practices, and outcomes in Vienna, Austria, a city world renowned for its affordable and social housing, as well as for its high quality of life. This is done through an exploration of the history of urban planning in Vienna and through a case study of the planning process of the recently completed Vienna central train station. iii Preface This dissertation is an original intellectual product of the author, Veronica Reiss. The interviews reported in Chapters 4 - 5 were covered by UBC Ethics Certificate number H16- 01574. iv Table of Contents Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………….……………………………… ii Lay Summary ………………………………………………………………………….………………………….. iii Preface ……………………………………………………………………………………….………………………. iv Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………………………..………………….. v List of Tables ……………………………………………………………………………………….…………….. vii List of Figures …………………………………………………………………………………………………… viii List of Abbreviations …………………………………………………………………………………..……….. ix Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………………………………………. x Dedication ………………………………………………………………………………………………….………. xi Chapter I – Introduction ………………………………………..………………………………………….….. 1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1 Why Study Planning Cultures? ……………………………………..…………………………….. 1 Purpose and Significance of Research …………………………………………………………… 3 Why Vienna ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4 Justification of Research …………………………………………………………………….……..... 5 Theoretical Framework ……………………………………………………………………………..… 6 Methodology ……………………………………………………………………………………………... 7 Chapter II – Literature Review ……..………………………………………………………………………. 8 What’s in a Name? – The Language of Urban Planning ……………………….………… 8 How is Planning Culture Defined? ……………..………………………………………………… 9 The Critique of the Rational-Comprehensive Planning Model ………………………... 12 Global Problems, Local Responses ………………………………………………….…………… 14 Summary …………………………………………………………………………………….…………… 15 Austrian Political and Institutional Culture ……..…………………………………….……. 16 Austrian Planning Culture …………………………………………………………….……….…… 16 Urban Mega Projects and Planning Culture …………………………………….…………… 19 Chapter III – A History of Urban Planning in Vienna ……………………………………………… 21 The Habsburg Empire and Bureaucracy ………………………………………….…………… 21 1848-1918: Vienna in the Twilight of the Monarchy ……..………………….…………… 23 1918-1934: Red Vienna ……………………………………………………………………………… 29 1934-1945: The End of Red Vienna and World War II ………………….….…………… 35 v 1945-1960: Rebuilding Vienna …………….………………………………………..…………… 36 1960-1980: Soft Urban Renewal and Continuity in Housing Policy …..……….….. 39 1980-2000: Years of Change ……………………………………………………………………... 41 Trends in Viennese Planning Culture since 2000 …………..……………………….…… 44 Summary ……………………………………………………………..……………………….…………. 47 Chapter IV – The Vienna Hauptbahnhof …………………………………………………….………… 52 Overview ………………………………………………………………………………………….………. 53 Historical Context of the Hauptbahnhof ……………………………………………….…….. 54 Planning Process ………………………………………………………………………………….…… 55 Public Engagement ……………………………………………………………………………….….. 57 Chapter V – Findings and Conclusions …………………………………………………………………. 60 Presence of a Social Democratic Ethos …………………………………………………….….. 60 City Image and Competition ……………….…………………………………………………..…. 61 Conflict Avoidance, the Sozialpartnerschaft, and Political Participation ……….… 62 Integrative Area Based Development ………………………………………………………..… 67 Regional Cooperation ………………………………………………………………………….….… 67 Exclusion of Outsiders …………………………………………………………………………….… 68 Further Research ……………………………………………………………………………………... 68 Conclusions ………………………………………………………..……………………………………. 70 References .…………………………………………………………………………………………………..….… 74 Appendix …………...…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 78 vi List of Tables Table 1 - Comparison of top three positions in the most recent livable cities rankings …. 3 vii List of Figures Figure 1 - View of the Austrian Parliament building along the Ringstraße circa 1900 … 25 Figure 2 - Signage on the exterior of a social housing estate ……………………………………. 33 Figure 3 - Signage on the exterior of social housing estate ………………………………………. 39 Figure 4 - Basic layout and plan of the Hauptbahnhof project ………………………....……... 40 Figure 5 - Locations of the five historical train stations of Vienna ………………………….... 40 Figure 6 - ÖBB headquarters tower with Bank Austria offices ………………………….……… 40 viii List of Abbreviations FPÖ – Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs. Austrian Freedom Party, the right-wing party that ruled in a coalition with the conservative ÖVP from 2000-2005. ÖBB – Österreichische Bundesbahnen. The Austria Federal Railways, the major developer of the Hauptbahnhof project, along with the City of Vienna and Austrian Federal Government. ÖVP – Österreichische Volkspartei. The Austrian People’s Party, one of the two main parties that have historically dominated Austrian politics. The ÖVP is a centre-right conservative party. SPÖ – Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreich. The Social Democratic Party of Austria, one of the two main parties that have historically dominated Austrian politics, particularly in Vienna. SDAPÖ – Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei Österreichs. Social Democratic Workers Party of Austria. The Austro-Marxist Party in Power during the time of Red Vienna and the precursor party to the modern SPÖ. ix Acknowledgements I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to John Friedmann, without whom this thesis very likely would never exist. I want to thank him not only for encouraging me to pursue my academic interests but for the generosity of his time and attention in meeting and speaking with me about a breadth and depth of topics I have rarely had the pleasure of exploring. I will always cherish the time he gave me. John clearly cared deeply about student learning and the next generation of planners. I hope to carry on his spirit of learning and inquiry. I was heartbroken by his recent passing and regret that he was unable to read this completed work before his departure. For all you have done for me, John, I thank you. I would also like to thank Prof. Michael Leaf, Prof. Nora Angeles, Prof. Tom Hutton, and all the other SCARP staff and faculty that assisted me in completing both this thesis and my degree. My time at SCARP, the experiences and the learning, have shaped both my professional and personal life, and I am grateful to have shared these experiences with such inspiring people. I would like to thank Prof. Alexander Hamedinger and Prof. Beatrix Haselsberger in Vienna who both supported and assisted me in the writing of this thesis. I appreciate their willingness to help me and openness to share their thoughts and experiences. I thank you both and hope dearly that our paths may cross again soon. I would like to thank all the staff at the City of Vienna and at the Sonnwendviertel Gebietsbetreuung Office who gave their time to be interviewed. Your insights are invaluable. The work you are doing in Vienna is inspiring. I would like to thank my family. My parents, for fostering within all six of their children a love of learning and a pursuit of knowledge. I thank them also for the sacrifices they made in moving to a new country with the belief that life would be better for their children. I am eternally grateful for the opportunities and freedoms this choice has afforded me. Thank you to my sisters and brother, who have constantly challenged my views and opinions. I have learned more from you than I have in any classroom during my formal education. I have enjoyed both our long debates and our pithy chats and look forward to your reviews of this work. Finally, I would like to thank my partner Amy, without whom this thesis would also likely not exist. You have been the lighthouse I turn to when I am adrift at sea. You have lifted me up and you have grounded me. You selflessly supported me at all times during these past few years. I am forever indebted to your love and generosity. With eternal gratitude I thank you all. Veronica x Dedication I dedicate this work
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