. FISHERIES AND MARINE SERVICE. •
Translation Series No. 4420
Outline 1975- • . Hokkaido National Salmon Hatchery Fishery Agency
Original.title: (Unknown)
F.rom: (Source-:Unknown) Report 6, p.1-14 (Undated)
. - .Translated 1y.the Translation Bureau (MVS/PS) • Multilingual Services Division. .Department of•the'Secretaryof State of Canada_
Department of the.EnvironMent - Fisheries and Marine Service. Pacific Regional Library. • --Vancouver, B.C. .
1978
45 pages typescript
DE.PARTMENT OF THE SECRETARY OF:STATE SECRÉTARIAT D'ÉTAT TRANSLATION BUREAU BUREAU DES TRADUCTIONS
'MULTILINGUAL SERVICES DIVISION DES SERVICES DiYISION MULTILINGUES - fed`e CLIENTS NO. DEPARTMENT DIVISION/BRANCH CITY • N° pu CLIENT MINISTiRE DIVISION/DIRECTION ' . . .• VILLE Ottawa- . - Environment Fisheries/Scientific Info. .. . • . & Publications Br...... _. . BUREAU NO. LANGUAGE TRANSLATOR (INITIALS) . N° DU BUREAU LANGUE ' TRADUCTEUR (INITIALES) . -. -- • 1\1 a V — . 6 19n• - , mvs I 1486872 — VI Japanese . I-)1
Report no. 6
•,%‘ . • r
e.>e Outline 1975 ^ . .:cr•
K,4 t _ çs, . •Hokkàido National Salmon Hatchery
0 ç•v••• . \•?..a • • Fisheries Agency •
•11.
••■
• .s 0 5-2 0O-1 (3-31 t ‘ 2
- Histor -of'the salmon hatching enterprise in Hokkaidô
1877: On the advice of - an American canning engineer US. Treet*,
the Hokkaido Exploitation Agency Carried out-hatching and
release with a simple installation in Kairakueh Park in.
Sapporo. (The first hatching and release in Japan was ›
aCcomplished.in the Naka River in Ibaraki Prefecture.in 1876.)
1878: A hatchery was established at the N.anaeExperimental . Station
(present Nanae-machi, Kameda,-gun)...to,industrialize the .
.hatching. . ... . . . 1888: The prefectural government Of Hokkaido-set up.the Central
Hatchery in Ohitose-muta (present -Ohitoseshi)- after the
model of American hatcheries. - The -government encouraged
'local fisheries associations of each water-system in Hokkaido
to establish and /manage hatcheries convincing them of the •
necessity of a hatching enterPrise. As a result, nine _
hatcheries were founded.
1890: During the - following three years, the prefectural governMent • of Hokkaido established hatcherieS in -Nishibetsu (present .•. Nijibetsu), ShibetsU, Rausu and_TOro (KUril'Islands). At:the . : .. same time, the government proMoted the development of private . . . hatcheries.- OonSequently l. hatcheries were set ,up ;in various . . . .places. : , . • . ' -- - • . . - : • 1910: The prefectural government, in executing2the•first•term.:_of the :
. -Hokkaido Exploitation Plan (15 years), •ransferreà the-. . se:: NishibetsuandNenbounder:the
Translator's note:- * -probable spellihg only. :)(-)'' probable . reading only.. • • . 3
jurisdiction of the Ministry of Home. Affairs to rùn them
at the national eXpense . for the*exploitation of .Hokkaido.
.Furthermore, the government set up a subsidiary system to
' encourage the development of private.enterprises. • _ . 1934: The name of the'Hôkkaido Chitose Hatchery was changed to
,the Hokkaido Salmon Hatchery. The head office was put in
Chitosaand branches.in Nishibetsu (present Nijibetsu station - Kitami (present. Yubetsu.station),.Etorofu and Kunashiri.
Furthermore, 38 private hatcheries became enterprise run')
at national expenditure.
1937: 8 private hatcheries in Hokkaido and 5 in the Kuril Islands were
put at national expenditure. The total number of hatcheries
- - reached 51.
1946: After the loss of Kunashiri and Etorofu e the organiza• ion
comprised 1 head office, 5 branches and 42 stations. .
1948: The enterprise came under direct management of the central
government.
1951: The increase and decrease of salmon resources is very important
internationally. Furthermore, salmon fisheries are divided
into complicated categories covering a wide range. Hence • the national need of artificial-hatching enterprise, In -
- 41. Dscembér, the law related to-the protection of marine resources
was enacted. Article 20 of this law stipulates the nationaliza-
tion- of artificial hatching and release . of . salmon. Today
• the enterprise is carried on based .0./2
amendment., .of the law _related to - the establishment of the _ • Fisheries Agency, the salmon:department was separated.from
the Hokkaido Fisheries Hatchery. The Hokkaido National
-Salmon Hatchery started and haS continued to operate up to •
this day as a goVernment enterprise attached to the Fisheries
-Ageney .
Contents •
Present condition of the enterprise 4*
Organization and capacity 7
Salmon fisheriep 11
Results of the.egg taking and release .13
Contents of the enterprise . • 14_
. Outline of the branches • • - .29
'Kinds of fish hatched and reléabed 36 • Future tasks and polid . -
_Present condition of the enterprise -
. Salmon ascends 216 ivers in Hokkaido. . Artificial The hatching and release are carried on in about half of these rivers. In some of the riii"erg e .important measures'are taken›to *protect redds.. The.sàlmon in' •
:Hokkaido is maintained and propagated by:these artificially and naturally produced resources.
* Translator's note: pagination thè -translated text. e4.
5
• In recent years, however, the pollution of river waters due
to the development of mining •and chemical industries, population_. :
increase, etc., have made propagation of - the'salmon still more difficult .
A similar tendency is observed in the United States of America, Canada, the U.B.S.R. which surround the North Pacific Ocean. In these
countries where the . resburces have been so.far maintained through
natural spawning, propagation by .artificial hatching has gradually
increased.
In Hokkaido , . fishing is prohibited in specific zones on the
coast of estuaries for the purpoSe of reinforcing these- measUres,
Furthermore, the catch of salmoh in river is completely prohibited
by the Hokkaido Surface Fisheries RegulatiOn.
Due to-these measures . as well aathe improvement of technique,
the rate of return is maintained at an average.of 1.30% producinda
rising curve.
al•
•The n.umber of returning salmon by age in the same year _class (Hokkaido) • . .
Ld !V 5.n re a, 4r .44 VII hil 0 M. e uï.«) hi-_ r 71 Pq -r WV ,M no rti tu. •• • z,rie,faum -e ;5 3 1;i-:çf.; st-:a 1 2 3 • 4 ' 5 . 6(./..) plà1 4,-1.11,.;(%)rrï F (9,) 1950 - 222;422 38.31 764.5! 2,059.6r1 258. 2 • 7.9. ,-3,198.5 1.41. ; 0:34 - 1951 189,157 26.1 1,034.2! 1,453.5 239:6. 13.0 2,765.5 1.46- - • 0:55 - 1952 159,557 35.9' 687 9! 931.9 201.1 1,838.4 1,15 . 0.42 1953 170,606 - 32.0,I 659.8 1,135.0, .. - 161.9.. 1,3, 1,991.0'. 1.17 : 0.39 , .1954 269.338 . 44.81 1,233.9 1,900.4 - 133.9 'OA . 3,313.1„ 1.23 , 0.45 1955 247,922 34..4! 850.9: 1,043.7' - 77.8 2.1. 2,003.9' 0.81 - 0,34. '1956 -'- '140.454 45.1 570.7 992.4 . 286.4 12,1; 1.905.7' 1.36 0.41 _ . 1957 361,608- - 30.7 - 637.5: 1,829.5 554.8 : 15.0' 3,067.5- 0.85 0.i8 1958 417,238 22.1 765.9, 1,279.5 160.0 0.4' 2,227.9 0:51 - 0.18 • 1959 -313.549 58.0 895.4! 1,846.3 379.1 0.1! 3,178.9 1.01 . 0.29. 1960 203.413 17.8 .1,601.8. 1,581.9 1952 0.9' 3,397.6 1.67 0.79 1961 359.489 144.7 1,836.31 3,516.1. 538.9 . 3.7, 6,039.7. 1.68. 1 0.51 .1962 280,743- • -' 14.3 - 996,91 1,505.2 405.5 0.8 2,923.7 1.04 0.36 1963 212,106 41.0 • 1,658.2; 3,103.2 230.0 5,032.4 1.85' 0.61 _ 1964 . 334,463' 98.9 971.8 909.9. . .2,056.1: 0.61 0.29 1965 549.278 • 15.8 • 816.8 1:707.7 _ 131.0 • 2,671,3 0.49 . • - .0:15- 1966 .272,636 176.0 2.310.1 . 3,260.8 238.5. 5,985.4 2..20 . 0.85 1967 . 434,729 --1ï830,1 -H5,504.4 -'- 81136 - - 1.89_ -- D.42- 1968 -2e438- 66.0' 1,735.9: 2,660.1: ' 324.9 4,786.9: 2.31 - 0.84 - - 1969 ' 361,571 172.9 3,324.3 - 4,589.6 : 485.4 1970 442,101 69.1 3,153.8! 6,709:0 - • 1971: 575,986 102.3 . 2,437.01 1972 475,805 77.7 1973 - 445,510 I- • - 1 • I . • - (D - Wefflle(%)l 1.59 33.50 56:99, ' _7.841 0.08. • 100.0: . , fed 1 . 30 . 0.44
. . (1) year of release . • . . - . ' . (2) number -of › fry released (unit l000) . (3) -number of returning fish _by a:ge • in- the same year -class- - I - (uiiil 1000) -- .- -- - T.. .. ,. . - - 1 ' 41^ .(4) total -- ( 5) rate of • return o f . parent -fi: Sli•as a . percentage - of the - - number, of. released. fish (%) -- ' - • (6). rte 'of. return of- three.-year-eolds as a--pèrcentage; of _ - the nùmber of releaSed fish •,'(%) _ . . • '• . .. . (7) average 'age composition '(%) . . (8) the mean value • • .92.r.galuge11911 and. capacity P -2- -
Head office
general affairs' department_
accounting department -
planning department Director - Vice-director - %O. :research department •
first operation department -
second operation department,
Branches and stations
Kitami branch (25,500)
1..Horonai station - (1,920)-
2. Shakotsu station .(1,000) - ,
3. Yubetsu station (6,480)
4. Kitami Station - ( -1,260) -
5. Abashiri station .(4,500)
-6. Mokoto station (2-,800)
7. Shari station (5,240) 8. Iwaobetsu station . (2,-300).
A. - • 111.- "
.Neffinro-branch ,(26,090)
Hausu station • (1,920)
. 10.:KumbetsuStation (1,920)
. Ienant station.', 3,-780 12. Nemuro station. (1,200)
13. Nakashibetsu station (6,720)
14. Kenebetsu station (1,920)
15. Nijibetsu station (7,350)
16. Hamanaka station (1,280)
• Tokachi Branch (26,180)
•17. Ota ;tation (940)
18. Kushiro station (6,920)
19. Tsurui station (1,600)
20. Makubetsu station (3,120)
• 21. Satsunai station (5,740)
station • 22. Tokachi (7,500)
- 23. Taiki station •• (960)
Teshio branch (4,220)
• 24. Tokushibetsu station (860)
• 25. Utanobori station - (900)
26. Tonbetsu station (540)
• 27. Nakagawa station (960)
• 28. Teshio station (960) •
. .
Chitose branch. . - (5 , 740 ) +re-' 29 . Chitosè station -• 30.. ;Shikotsklb. station (400)
31. Phizunai. station. 1,360) 32. Shikifu. station 280 9
Oshima branch . (5100)./ 2 -
- 33. Yakumo station • - (1,440)
34. Shiriuchi station (1,500)
35. Atsusawabe station (640)
36. Hibetsu station:._ _
37. Shiribetsu- station - (960)
Hokkaido total (93,430)
(unit 10,000)
iàs
10
Network
. @ head office.
. è . branch . . • -. station (The numbers Correspond-to - those in the. organiza- . tion chart) . . . . . ----ç7-*- rivers in operation . . ' ' . . —. • ------.- boundary line of eacb branch district- -- . . . -* . boundary of each sea district . . v _ p. ) Sea of Japan district . V . - - . .. . . . . . . 2 ). Sea of Okhotsk district . . _ • . . . . (3) . Nemuro sea district - - .. - ' 4) -East of.Erimo seg d.istridt - * .- V .-**; • « 5) West of Erimn sea district .. : ...... - - (6) Teshio ..." - - - . • . • • (7) Sapporo (8) Ohitose. (9). Oshima ' •(10) Tokachi (11) Nemuro - (12) KitaMi
11
Salmon fisheries
. Fisheries of salmon resources in the Northwestern Pacific
Ocean are .conducted. fixing the catch in weight • every year based on
the Fisheries Agreement of Japan and U.S.S.R.. -
. The salmon deposits eggs and hatches in its respective river -
of origin along the coasts of the Kamchatka peninsula, Sakhalin- Island,
Amour River and northern part of .Japan. -It comes back again by- each .
regional group. to the mother river where the reproduction is repeated..
Offshore and coastal fisheries are •conducted in•each sea district.
Quota of salmon (ton).
rg. ! * I V q) I elte. I B eTs •- (Der. it I Meer A i I 1965 (40) - 115,0M 56,(PD; 59,050, 65,0W
1966 ( e:41) : 4F.UO3 .48,6m1 1 1 1- 1967 ("42) 108,000 52,5e 555Cr'3 83,0M , 1968 (//43) .' 93,006 46,506, 4650d - 60,000. , ;
1969 (" 44) 105,000 • 49,750 550, 90,000
1970 (P45) 90,Coe, .45,000 - 45,000. 40,W0 • 19•1 ( ti 46) - 95,009 46,000 49,000 83,000
-1972 ("47) 87,000 43,500 40,060 _ -
. 1974 ( e 49) 81093 • 41,500 41,500 ' 35,000
(1) year (2) item' • ' (3) Japanese quota
: (4) total, quota . . (5) district A 6) district B .i 7) _ planned quantity . by •. . . 12
Occurrence of salmon' along the coast in a 10 year period
0 J • I 'à R: eq. ill eil e (a) 7c- ±. e®
.1••■■•••
15
,
10
'I
•••-■
41 42 . 43 - 44 5 46 -48
(1) catch along the coast (2) catch in rivers (3) ascent rate (4) unit 1,000,000 ) unit % p6 ) year (1965 — 1974)
.er 1 3
Results of the 9.g.g taking_and release P
Number of eggs collected - and number of fry released in 10
years (Oncorhynchus keta) • _ _ _ 130 i- (f:) O .
I • ',IA e 0 •
1/4
40 . 45_ _ -"f--
. . . • T-.•■ .— ■ **21- e•— • ..- • ••• ■ 1 number of eggs collected l'unit 100,000,606T - - •• (2). number of salmon released --(unit- 100,000,000) - • (3) year (1965, 1970, 1974)- - .
Nuiaber of eges- collected and-number of fry released in 10 year:_ _ . period_ ,(Oncorhynchus I 1.Pe).:. 0
. 16 • emen < 1-.4i:1)1i • )1.d/fife . 1
1 7
ea.
43 44 - 45 (1970 48 .49 OHO, .42 ... .... 6 • - . 47.. - - 1974 • number of -pegs . collect ed• number Of fry releaSed (2lebuscha) number of eggs collected and number of fry released (0.. masou) unit 10, 000 7 000 yea.r (1965 - 1974) 14
gonients_gf the entermise P 5
Catch • • •
The - majority of the parent fish-of salmon which ascend rivers
• are caught to le -used forr-artificial reproduction. The catch, which is
. the first step - of the artificial hatching, is the aôt of Catching parent
fish alive to-collect-eggs.,The method-of catch varies according - to - the
size, location and other conditions of rivers.. Seines are mainly used
in the estuary of big rivers. On the other hand, weirs made of baloo, • 1 \ , wood, net, vinyl chloride, etc., are Used at themiddle-and_upper
streams of big srivers-as. well •as in.medium- and small rivers. ..Some places
. of catch are specialized in.trout.„(0,masou, 0, gorbuscha). which:ascend':
-rivers particularly-with-the-flood-tide.- In-these-places l -electric-nets--- _ ' I are set to the weirs-to prevent captured parent eish from slipping-out---
"of the weir to the-upper stream when the river is high.
• In former days, the catch -was carried_out in the upper streami___
of.rivers where it is easier. Recently, however, the places.of catch--
have moved near the estuary bt in the main stream of rivers for -the
following reasons:-considerable loss of-parent-fish due to poaching-_-
between estuarieS-and places of catch; the need - to secure large quantities_ - of parent fish to respond to the expansion_of.the breeding enterprise. —
"The.catch:seaSon of each kind of fish-is-as follows: 0. keta from. .
SepteMber* to November; 2.1_gorlimçha from July to September; 0: masou
from June to August.. •
• 15
Catch using weirs Catch using seines
(Nishibetsu catch place) (Chiyoda catch place) 1
\ Culture
Culture means putting immature parent fish in a pond or an,
equivalent -- facility - to keep them until maturity. Culture is-
practiced in a pond ( -culture pond) constructed- on land near the place_
of catch or made blocking an ancient -river as well as in a crawl box
made of wood, vinyl chloride, etc. If there are large quantities of
. imMature fish, culture ponds . are used. If thenumber ofcaptureà
'parent fish is small and'their maturity'degree iscomparatively
simple crawl .boxes are used. Of the çaptured.parent :-fish, all females .:.
' and males . not exceeàing 30 - . 40% of the eultured females are kept.fOr,-_,- .17.1
"culture,.
' e.r.:artgenT2
River water has been used so far .for the culture .ponds:
recent years,however, other methods have. been-developed becauSe of.thei-
increasing 'pollution of rivers.. Por example, water from an artesian
well W.Used't'ogether this $1.
1 6 • pond is made in an upper stream area where fresh and clean water can
be obtained. • Captured parent •fish are transported , alive to this pond.
In those days when the catch wa,s inainly carried out - in upper - stream areas, fairly mature parent fish used: to -be caught. Accordingly-, _ •it was possible to collect eggs on the very day of catch and if this was not possible, a short-term culture was enough.. Nowadays, however, many places of catch are moved. to near the estuary of rivers , w-here inmature parent fish are aught. Con.sequently, many captured parent fish have to be 3natured by a long-term culture:. -about one mont-h for .
Oncorhynchus keta and from on.e to two months for 0. and O. Korbuscha:- whose immature fish (grilse) ascend ri -v-ers early. -- .
•■•• •• Cultui-e - pond- - fish.ladder «i
(Iwaobetsu station) : (4vaobet .su station) • 17
Collection of eggs p6
. • Of the parent fish reared in a culture pond or a crawl, those
- who-reached maturity are selected for immediate egg-taking. -Eggs are- •
incision method. The abdominal region .of , fish.--is-- collected by the
incised to take out eggs which are then fertilizedby - the•dry method.
(meIhod consisting of fertilizing wïthout 'using fertilization - water).
- After that comes a series of treatments-suche.s sue-Lion and washing..
When these treatments are finished, eggs (freshly fertilized eggs)*
whose membrane_was: hardened are transported,;.to:thenearest-hatchery -7
'packed in boxes for transportation of eggs. , _
When the catch of parent fish which ascend_ rivers is not-good,
'fish- caughtowthe -coast are:also used temporarily.for the_purpose.of _
eggs;._These eggs are called marine _eggs. _ _
- - «The-mean - number- of eggs - collectecl'. - from a parent fish,of ea_ch
kind is as fo1lows:-Oncorhynchus -keta:-25001: Ondorhvnchus eorbuscha: -130Q;
.-A2morhynchus maSou: Oncorhynchus nerka Var. adonis: -400.,
colIection,of,eggd , by the: incision method 18
Transplantation
Transporting eggs to hatcheries other than the one belonging
to the place of egg collection is called transplantation.* The *purposes
of transplantation are equalizing, creating or recovering resources. ,
- Transplantation is practiced actively, according to the egg collecting
-conditions of - each year, based on the fundamental plan of effective,
resourdes control-. Freshly fertilized eggs and eyed-eggs-are the-most _
suitable for transplantation, since eggs.at‘these stages are-coiparatively-.
resistant to externàl forces. In princile, freshly fertilized eggs-are• -
- used for short distance transplantation and eyed eggs for long distance
transplantation.
Transportation-of eggs for transplantation by truck:
Hatching
11-
11. . - - Eggs transported to the hatchery are- :immediately placed. in -
- a hatching room: 19.
There-are Atkin's incubators, vertiçal incubators, etc., but
the Atkin's type is more widely_used. Hatcheries keeping_a large
quantity of freshly fertilized eggs are equipped with box shaped,
increasing content type incubators in which eggs are kept until the
eyes appear. Eggs of.1.2j_leIa. take one month to - have eyes and another
month to hatalrat •a water:temperature of 80 C. That is to.say, eggs
spend about . two months (Wdays) in incubators before fry having _.
a yolk-,sac are hatched. . . . . . _. . (I. .2...._mmu takes a little shorter time than O.. keta,-that ib,,_
50 and a few:more days ana O. gorbuscha a.little longer time, that is,
about 70 days.- During the hatching period., eggs are disinfected with
malachite green to prevent the generation of aqua fungi. Places-where
softening of the egg-membrane breaks out -easily are disinfected with._ _ _ _ - potassium permanganate. At the eyed period, eggs. are examined to
- • eliminate dead and non-fertilized eggs.
Spring water and underflow water.at-a stable - temperature.
.are . used for hatching. In recent years,:however, these - waters . are
seriously lacking because of rapid regional development. . Asa resultï
-..the-use of-pumped up.ground water has increased.
- cza7eIkil
.Hatched fry are sprinkled in an. outdoor pond for aavancSd. .
fry.- After- that, the pond is entirely sereened from the sun with an
awning .b6ard:until the fry groW up. • •
20 •
In hatcheries in snowy regions, -ponds for advanced .fry are
built indoor to facilitate care.
Vertical incubators (UtanoboId-- station)
- -.1.,, ,....,.--...-A- .e.11,,Z;C.::::::-.7:--'-';*•- d-• ',Ipl...--" , ,4.;?.1= • ?„..,'--1;i3 r:1,,e.z.,--: • r.,:.-:: mil. ,--....,..,., ..._.._e -,.,,..f.1C,,,-'‘,,z,.1..1 ‘'"s,,-t. ../„.„ , , —f ti —Yze • .-i'..,4.-'-7±-7:::77,,,: ,nfer.' ,---. ,,... --.7,------:;.--t r.-2.:_:-.-:-.- -„.11 ,..,127....Z,'Y e ''''Ilizee•:: ,e.kt..,4.;D: :, ,... ,, i?,-;. .-...0.....,,.:-.: ... ,..;...-,,,,k,, , ,:,.,-,:, ,,,,i,,,,, • . , e...... il._ ..,›.-.,
IncreaSing content incubators Box shaped incubators
(Kenebetsu station)
•
••
The rearing enterprise cf salmem - fy. started. in 1962...... •
Presently, the- majority of . 0 keta and some others ( o. masoui Ô. jorliuscha)
are fed for about 2 months frOm the period of advanced fry to the, - -
time of release. At release time, the fry is two or three times the weight of
• -- advanced iry.
• • 21
: Th. . purpose of the feeding and-release of fry is to produce healthy fry which can adapt themselves - to: the deteriorating:environment of rivers'and to regulate times for release. The objective is to improve the return rate of the released fry by increasing their survival rate in rivers and on the coast during their sea-going stage.
-' Fish are fed with crumble& formula food fôr trout sprinkled directly in the pond or kneaded with water before feeding. - -Automatic - feeding devices are used:in hatcheries where large quantities of fish --
are reared.
_Fish are reared in a pond for advanced fry raising the-water level or in a rearing pond at a lower level of the pond for advanced fry -.
In addition,._ fish are '±'ed activeTy'in. the Wateryvay. for: re].ease running- from the-rearing pond.
Furthermore, various-rearing - experiments . are going on: rearing and release of 0 nerka var adonis; production_and release of-sea-going smolt of 0, - masbu by rearing the fry for one year, etc. For the future, a plan to rear 0; mapou and 2e_gorbuscha until they are-parent fish for collecting eggs is examined. .
uee-Mnfee5MYÈ17
e Indoor rearing pond . 22
Automatic feeding device Feeding by pellets sprinkler
(Nijibetsu station)
Release p
Advanced fry which are capable of descending rivers are released
after the computation of number. Otherwise, fry are fed for about 1 -
'months in the pond .before being released.- Flien during .this rearing period l
the part of the pond for release is left open and-those which descend -
.naturally to . this part are released - after being-computed. - •
_In-case.there are waterways for irrigation e _etc., in the river,
.fry are-kept- in a closed pond till the time of release,then are - transported
tà a'safety zone to be releaàed. If - there is -no hatchery- in the:r.rivere ----
are transported from the nearest - hatchery to be - whichsaimon-ascend, fry
released in these rivers in order to maintain the resources. Fry - are__ .
transported mainly in a duralumin tank equipped with an oxygen-supPlying. 2 3 systeM loaded on a truck'. Actually, the possibility,of_using -a - tank: • truck for transportation of fry is examined for•the.following reasons.
With the trend of centralizing the. management Of.the hatching - enterprise and the recent deterioration o±' river environmentj transportation- •• _ release has become more and more important,:= -Transportation-release makes it possible to release a proper-ouantity of:fry_in_aproper-spot. instead of releasing the whole amount of-fry:directly - from the_water - system of the hatchery.
,The following activities are -undertaken positively tb.protect the released seagoing.fry and to_know•their :quantity. • . . , •
a) protection of sea-going fry - •
The following àctivities - are•Oarried:aut.to-assure the _:• released fry . a.safe- dÈseent- of.:rivers:-Iy- artificiallyl:eldminating_ the factors which cause the lbsS.of fry on-their - way'ta the sea.- - j (1)-preventing fry to go astray -outside -the-river; .
- - --42)-oleaning the-waterWay-irrwhich:fry-are-released as-well-as
.. eliminating obstacles in the,i-waterways; - - -
(3)- getting rid ofharmful• fish, 'birds and aniMals• -
(4) patrolling the rivers; • ••- , (5)-publio-information.càmpaign -appealing-forco-operation in r' . . • • - the fry. -.._- . - i• . - : ., • • . • - - _ . , • . b)- observation of fry passing through the sstuarY _of the rivés
•The -rivers stocked with fry are classified into-three categories: large, medium-and small-. Every year:during=the-sea-soing . season-of fry,- two or .three -traps- are installed in the -estuary of the. rivers representin 24 each category. The number of sea-going - fry---is -estimated from, . -the: - number of fry which get caught in the -net -of- the:-- -trapsli,-- The:results -,of the observation provide us with data--tO: -.0kamine the-method- of-release, return effect, etc.
..Computation- of fry: -,Pry tra,nsportng tank
Investigation of sLocks
It is said:that the present cat ch -Of - salmon in Hokkaido is
8,000,000 of--which 90% are caught - in the eastern and northern parts
Hokkaido. There is little catch in thé Sea of Japan and the southern - of - . . part of Hokkaido. For the purpose of recovering' the - stocks " in. these unflourishin•g-:areas-a.s wellr •as •increa.sing the: -stocks - • of entire • .• • - _ • _ _ .Hokkaido,- inve-stigatiohs-are necessary-first to-grasp -- - the-moyeMent---,:,-o-f- - --• _ the stocks- - .-:--then. to -estimate.--the scale. .0f. -s.to.cfcs._ in-: •each rive/4. : - 25
To this effect, itvestigatiPhs are gpihg on concerning the catch along the coasts of all Hokkaido-as-well.as the age COmpositionl. body length and . weight compoeition e aspect pf-scales- of the river- ascending groupe At the-same time, marked parent fish are released:to know the migration conditions. Furthermore, the - release of marked -fry is carried-out to examine the return effect in various.conditions -.- The data obtained from these investigations ares ùsed tP,promote-artificial• hatching enterprises and protective-measures which are , effective for the propagation of future resourceshe-data so-far-collected are,' also used to forecast the occurrence of schoole of fish in the following year., - r
• Ehvirônmental infestigationsIin the cciast 26
EnvironMental investigations, P. 9
Today, with the development of. various industries, the
pollution of - rivers . mainly due to factory waste waters, .city sewage,
:etc. e .goes on worsening.. However, *salmon. - is . a kind of:,fish - which inhabits Clear and fresh water. It needs an environment of of water cannot fine quality water. Therefore,. . the examination be- neglected to control its.quality and to keep it appropriate•for the .
culture of salmon. For this purpose, the following investigations -
are carried out.
(1) Examlnation.of river water
The water Ls...examined in each season of the year at fixed
stations situated from the -upper to loWer part of the rivers. -The
objective is tà find a correlation of the quality of water with the
operation conditions of various industries-scattered:along the rivers
. and to knOw.the degree of pollution.
of•the.mechanism of: water pollution _ • (2) Study • • • • -• . . _ • - The bottom -mud.and *water df the rivers areexaminedto:study,7
the process of putrefaction:and decompoeition_which the waste water
from -factories . along the rivers takes 'before arriving in the'estuaries. • 27
Studies are Made from the viewpoint of chemical changes in the*waste water the quality of water and bottom mud of the rivers from
drain of main factories along the rivers to the estuary in order to
obtain basic data. . •
(3) Biological experiments
Laboratory experiMents are carried out with Salmon fry to
determine their survival rate and minimal fatal Concentration according--
to the concentration of waste_water of pulp, starchl etc._ These _ •
experiments are meant-to obtain basic data to help fry adapting.
tolocal river water. •
;K.._ • - «00!
.4.4» —e
Investigation on the biomass EcologiCal investigation . of rivers water examination
,F --reee"e" - •
r•
110., 'Salmon culture river Fisheries Agency
28
Investi ation on Oncorh nchus nerka var. adonis
Thoiatudies on Oncorhynehms - nerka var. adonis in Shikotsu Lake
.have been . carried - out withthe immediate objective of knowing the
movement and - factors of these:. stocks. - .As a result, it has been
discovered that the .quantity of food organisms in the lako has a
dominant influen.ce-not-oniy on-the survival rate and growth rate of
0. nerka var. ädo but also the - sea-going phenomenon of smolt.
At present, the following investigations:. are going on in
order to establish effectual measures for propagation and effective
ways of using resources: research on the quantity of caught fish and
that of spawning fish as well.as -their age composition:and growthrate - 1 studiOs on physical -and chemical conditions of lakes and marshes-and ,
their plankton - situatiOn; investigation of the influence -Of focid- • -- •
organisms an:distribution, migration and food.takine of 0.'nerka- var: ,
adonis; observation and investigation ofartificial . hatchingi-natural
.complèment'and redds.; research on the changes in quantity of•plankton,
- Furthermore, the results of the study oarried out on the _- changes in . quantity of O. nerka var. adonis in thislake are expected _. .2. _ _ ..- _ . . _ . _ - _ „ _ • • . to give a suggestion to the study on the changes in -quantity of- th-e . .- • salmon in the .sea.
Investigation on •0. nerka var. adonis
-(Shikotsu Lake station)',
;-■ • • ' 78r
• 1"-- , Outline of branches p . 10
Kitami bra n 151 Aoba-cho, Kitami-shi • 3rd loor, Kitami.chiho godo choshà
Tel.:(Kitami) 5-7121 •
This district is situated in the eastern part - of Hokkaido.
. 56 large and sMali-rivers originate from the-Daisatsuzanmountainehain •
running toward the - west from the Shiretoko Peninsula; .T -Of these rivers
19 water systems are ùsed For theenterprise.
. The catch and egg collection startevery year.:with - g. masou
early in May succeeded by O. gorbuschà early in-2July-and.P. keta - --
early in September. _ . • , - _
• ' • - The catch in the Sa of Okhotsk_district_showe a: remarkably.
'good rate compared-with that in'other.districts. -- However, the - aecent
rate of rivere is low , that.is , around 5%. The causeeeemto be that
Abashiri district is-the-place which has-the least amount -of_rainfall -- :
in Japan, - not to mention Hokkaido. Oonsequently, the•volume of river ...
water. increases -little making the ascent .difficult. .1n-additionc _the
pollution of-rivers,due to factory waste lowers -the ascent rate.
Recently, to-cope with the'situatiOni egg-allave-been collected
.and used to maintain- the stocks:- --The_leatch-in the-KitaMi. branch • . -
forms the following *percentage of the'total * catch ïn.rivere iri - Hokkaido,
on an average of the-past five years: about 24%._in Qja, 23% in
0 masou and 73% in 0,_£91122.1uha. 30
41.
Kitami branch • Indpor rearing pond (Mokoto station)
Nemuro branch 1-chome Minami, Nishi kujo- Nakashibetsu-cho, Shibetsu 7gun Tel. : (Nakashibetsu). 2-2812
In 1890, the first artificial hatching -ofsalmon-was-attempted-
between the Cape of Shiretoko and the Cape of-NosapPu within:the- .
jUrisdictionof this branch. -This Year.ShinkichiPujimura established
a hatchery with a capacity of 10,090,000-eggs in the-Nishibetsu.River
(present Nijibetsu station). After two-years,- local-fishermen started- .
a hatching enterprise in the Ràuàu -River,,Kumbetsu River, Ohurui River,
.Shibetsu River and, after ten years, the.Tchani River.forming
present Nemuro branch. -
• -• The Nijibetsu branch (Tokachlb-was also-within the juridiction: e • of.this branch-until 1933) had long-been.the'-eenter:of the salmon
hatching enterprise in "Hokkaido until: the - hatchery waStransferred to' r. government management in 1952... 31
. . In 1952 the branch moved to-the-present location (Nakashibetsu).
At the same - time, the jurisdiction of the branch was reduced. The
average numb-dt of -salmon ascending'rivers.in-the past five years forms .
about 17% of that of all Hokkaido showing a falling curve. -
This district is limited by the Chishima volcanic zone in the
rear and completely- lacks a large river. Nevertheless, each river has
abundant waters and few factories are found along the rivers. f Aecordinglyi'.water pollution is not serious. In spite of this*exce lent
natUral environnent, the number of fish ascending-_rivers has .gone. -on.: - _
decreasing for the last several years.
..Nemuro branch Kumb et su station
■■11. 32
Tokachi branch 102 Kisen , p 11 Taisho-machi, Obihiro-shi Tel.:(0bihiro) 64-5221
The average number of salmon which-ascended rivers in this
district for-the past five years 'since 1970*is 47% of the total number
of all Rokkaide:forming_a very'high - percentage. . .
• At present, the branch has control over the eastern part of
Hokkaido from the - Cape of Nosappli to the Cape of Erimo. -The origin(of
this branch dates_back_to 1895. E-n-that_yeari fishermen along and
the estuary of the Tokachi Riv er, realizing the importance of artificial hatching of salmon l established a simple .hatchery in the upper part of the Satsunai River. But this hatchery was -struck by - lightning...after -
three years4,-The-hatchery moved to °beriberi .in Obihiro-cho in 1897. _1
In 1929, however, salmon fry were exterminated by -.waste water from-
a sugar factory. The present Tokachi station was then established-. .
• . 7-- - - Since then, the resources in the.Tokachi River-:have_gradually •inereased.. 1n-1938, thé Satsunai hatchery was newly established.-
of the Showa era, a hatchery was:built.:... Purthermoreï-at the_beginning '
-in Ota and - Ktishiro respectively.
t,'Se4
.Tilis-branch is . different from the others-ly - the-faCt . that
wag the hatching-is-carried on here-on a-large-scale-by fishermen- making7 „•.
it possible to maintain the reeources. The salmon iè the main -target--- of artificial hatching. Especially in , 19711 about-520,000-fish ascended 33 the rivers and eggs almost double thé accomodation capacity . _ were colleCted in the district Of the branch. . -
- Thus, the branch presently takes a leading part in the salMon hatehing enterprise in Hokkaido .-. HoWever, the quality .of water_
• as deteliiorated because of the recent industrial development and the increase in 'population along the rivers, which begins to cause various problems.
. The Ota, Tokachi and KtishircYstations are equipped with special facilities:- : the Ota station pOssesses vertical incubators
4nd the Tokachi -station, box-shaped incubators.
..Recently,'the - river- bad cif-the-Tokachi-water-Syttem-'7-1owered- as ,the result of -improvement.work., In consequence, ground water ran dry in .Tokachi, Satsunai an à Makubetsn presenting the problem_of finding the Water necessary-for the.:--future-hatChing enterprise.- .
Tokachi branch Tokachi station 34
Teshio branch • AzaMifuka, Mifuka-machi • Nakagawa-gun . Tel.:(Mifuka)2-1152
•The. Tombetsu station founded_in. 1912 is the Oldest - hatching- . • - enterprise within_this jurisdiction. -Sincethen e. the-Tokushibetsuï --•
Teshià, Utanàbàri and Nakagawa stations were established..
• The location of hatcheries changed a little during these - years. The present jurisdiction of the branch has a total capacity of- about 43,200 1 000 eggs including 18 1 600,000 eggs from the vertical - - incubators at the Tokushibetsu and Utanobori stations. -- -
These hatcheries use well-water-because of the - lowering-of• the -wâter - l&i'el due to graVel gatherine_or:Webatialeohe -V011iMeJand temperature of the water in-each locationThehatcheriescontrol fish for about•seven months from the - reception of , eggs to•therelease.. .
of fry. • • •
Seed eggs are produced in the -Teshio River which is 306,km long flowing into •the-Sea of Japan -district• as- well • as the Tokushibetsu 'RiveZe - the -Kitamihorobetsu River, the TombetsuRiver and -the Sarufutsu River pouring themselVes,in the,northern Sea.:Of -Okhotsk district. In recent • yearsi ele- return effeet-of parent-salMon-._shows_clearly_in-the- -
Tekushib et su- River and Kitaiiihorobetsu -River.:
On the other hand, it is feared that industrial waste_water and the catch àystem_in the Teshio River-will be a-hindrance to•the return of salmon. 35 ,
Teshio bran.ch Teshio station
Chitose branch Ranetsu y Chitose-shi p 12 Tel.:(Chitose)3-2804
The Chitosè station within the jurisdiction of this branch _ was founded 80 years ago. This is the oldest regular •atchery in
Japan. The station has invented and deVeloped various Methods of hatching establishing its own original method.
Various studies which have leen carried out in this station have .so far contributed greatly to the development of the hatching
enterprise. •
This branch has control•over : the Sea of Japan and west Of
el-MT-171:51721 Erimo.districts fOrming the largest jurisdiction in - Hokkaido.. Sine% -
the:fisheries in these two districts are unflourishing y the salmon 11,0 which iS'valuable economically is.allthemore important for these districts.
It is ShOWn in the fact that iMprOveMent of private.hatcheries and
'the collection of eggs from the sea are carried out actively on. the
coast of Hidaka y >west of the Erimo district. "I•
36'
On the Other hand, the coast of the Sea of Japan-has-the
Ishikari River which is the longest river in Hokkaido. This river was once seriously polluted and the number of salmon ascending the river went on decreasing year after year, which reduced the - resources_ • reffiarkably. In the last . few years e .howeverl_the resources started increasing again with the restoration- of- the-quality of - theriver. -
a new modern building with a capacity- of -30,600,000 - .eggs Furthermore, was completed in 1971 - and - rèlease•hâs been-carried out-factively. -
2.
Chitose branch Wheel to catch fish (Nishigoe catch place)
2.2hial_immuà Miyazone-machi, Yakumo-cho Yamagoe Tel. ;(Yakumo) - 2552. .
, This branch the- oldest in Hokkaido after that_ cf .Sapporo.-
The origin of the branch goes back to Nanae Tndustrial.Laboratory- .
- - -and released in 1878. ;,..The where 9,300-salmon eggs were hatched following year l a-hatchery with a capacity of 3,000000 eggs was built in the Mobechi River. e:e*
37 •
Later in 1904, the present Yakurno station '-started as the -
center Of .the southern Hokkaido. Subsequently the branch was • settled
in Yakumo-cho completing the present organization.
At present there are five,-stati-ons_under the branch. The
capacity is _45,600,000 eggs which are mostly salmon eggs.' In the Oshima
branch, the number of fish which ascend rivers having gradually - decreased
- - owing to overcatch, etc., a transplantation of eggs has been undertaken
continuously from the eastiern and northern- parts of _Hokkaido. It - has •
begun to bring about_good result s.
O. gorbuscha, which used to ascend rivers large_ quantities•
during the Meiji_ and Taisho eras, has decreased suddenly in number__
since then, To cope with the situation, about 1,500,000. eggs-ha.ve been
transplanted- every-year sincr 1968 in order - to- increase the stocks . .
of the southern part of Hokkaido. -
Likewise 10,000,000 eggs of .0. keta have been transplanted -
in the Yurappu River and other rivers. to equalize the stocks . -
At the same time-, investigations-are being carried .out on the • .
production quantity of rivers and ecology _of fry in voicanit- -"'
bb.y.s hoping for - a. rapi-d- inô-rease of the- resourees..
FUrthermore, large quantities of ,P..t masou are hatched, reared
and released at the Shiribetsu station using the Shiribetsu River in • order to increase O. masou stocks in the Sea cf Japan* _ .‘ • 38
'
0Shima branch s Shirfbetsu station
Kinds of fish . haitched and released p'13
Oncorhvnchus keta (Walbaum) .
Body length: 55 - 100 cm. Parent -fish assume--a---nuptlal-
coloration- with cloudy spots in the spawning period. The extremity .-- • of the snout of males becomds curved and hooked;
They are distributed in Japan, -Korea., the Maritime Provinee
of Siberia, the Kuril Islands, Kamchatka, - Alaska, th nOrthern part of;_-:
American west coast, etc.
. . Every year in_ Japan, _ they ascend_ rivers north-df Ibaraki Prefecture on-thp Pacific coast and north of PilkuiTrefecture.on the
coast of the Sea -of Japan. As they ascend Japanese rfvers froffi -
September . to January of the followingyear, they 'are. called li akiajrt
(autumn taste). The fry descend rivers from March to May. • They mature - - and 'return aftér - 3 A 6 'years- in Hokkaido -(generally 4- -Yea'rs 0 1
39
; • • «t;":"..-,. • parent fish
e IA a 1 parent fish ,•,`• • • • . „ . ; • • • '
- - , . , " -
e
Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (WalbauM)
The extremity of the- snout of males • sharpens in the spawAng
period. Furthermore e their frontLback befora the dorsal fin protrudes -
remarkably (so-called humpback - salmon.)T.-. They inhabit the whole
Northern Pacific Ocean; the Sea of Okhotsk, the Bering Sea and the
• Sea of Japan. - - They ascend rivers for - riawning..
The ascent is observed between June and October. Females
an* males - take two full years t'o reach-maturity. Adult fish are • -
•marked with distinct black spots scattered on the sides_ and caudal fin.»
...F./7 are not marked with oval marks (parr-marks) on the sides. -
parent fish
parent fish
Tr.xedezt,
:
•• • E-•' >1,;;;;Itk•Y. • rr - ,setri" -•-%j • - - 4'40 . . (WalbauM) •
. Body length: 70 - 200 Cm. - They : reach the largest -size among
the genus Salmo. Black spots are_ munerous on: the back and caudal fin.
They are marked with parr-marks while living in rivers.
They inhabit the Sea of Japan north of Niigata Prefecture,
the Kuril Islands, Kamchatka, the Sea of.Dkhotsk, north of southern ._ t. California and ascend -rivers._rivers. They-' -They- seldom_ascend seldom_ascend Japanese Japanesa.rivere. rivers. - -.-- -
However, this specieS was transplanted_in •Japanforthè .first:
time in 1959. Especially since 1967, eyed. eggs have been introduced from Âmerica-to stock rivers in Hokkaido. A-good result- is- expected-----7 - - - • I in the future.
parent fish
e a parent fish .?
•■■ eeeRii:ge," X« 41 , . Oneorhvnchus masou ÇBrevoort) p lk . . . 1 . 1
Body length: 40 - 60 cm. After-sea-going, they lose the oval -
•spots (parr-marks) on the sides and assume a silvery coloration. The
external rim of the dorsal fin takes _a_dark color. Beautlful pink
or red cloudy spots appear on the sides of adult fish having ascended
rivers. -
• J • In. -Japani:they.inhabit north,of-Kanagawa Préfecture:on_thU-•
Pacific Ocean - side -and north of - Kumamoto-Prefecture on. the Sea..of Japan,
side. Furthermore, they inhabit Korea, Sakhalin and the Maritime
Province of Siberia. Newly-hatched fish - spend the winter.in , rivers, before
descenaing -to the sea. After remaining one year in-the sea, they 4
ascend rivers generally between March and July and spawn -in September-
and October.
A variety of this species which spends its whole life ihriverS
.or • lakes (land-locked form) is called "yamabe" ("yamame"). It inhabits
all the rivers which 0, masou ascend. In the - southern part of Japan,_
both maleb and females are commonly observed in the land-locked form.
In the .northern part of Japan, almost all the females - become.sea.rgoing. • ,..gegoillee■•• ... .. • -.-_ . . _. _ / 0. maàou. .-.14a1es-beccime more frequently 15,-amabe".T - _... . ._.__-- 42.
'40.■-'&34be,...r./1„e- l-Alt% le■ t parent fish
,emyipmeMMTireeeeaRmireeM,, • parent fish
" ■'1 1-4+, tew e e yamabe n ' i? «
"
„`-' 4.7 -47. . • . •
Paultylubm_amicA (Walbaum):
• Body length: 30 - 70 cm. They return'mostly as five-year-rolds__
' after spending two winters in--freshwater -, and two winters-in-the-sea.
The young haVe-parr-marks but the smolt lose them.. They inhabit the - •
North Pacifie Ocean, . North/ Asia and America. . The southern lin it
on the Asian side seems to be Etorofu Island and on the American .side l ,
California.
It - ls- said that they are the most deliciouateven canned:or. smoked-. In Japan, - eyed eggs were transplanted:fromCanada tO the--
Nishibetsu River in Hokkaido for the first - time in 1968. - , Muchi _ hoPed from this new sPecies.
The-land-locked form of:this species is caIred'iyughtip,7_ . . nerka var. adonis, In Japan, Iake Akan and LakeChimikeppu are its'
,gaceof origine Transplanted,- itnow.inhabits--lakes_andmarshesti
various regions • Body length attains 30 - 50.cm, It reaches ma:turity 43 after 3 8 years (generally-4 - 5 years) -. .SpaWning generally- takes --
-places in September and October in the gravel bed of lakes or rivers flOwing into lakes.
parent fish ô
e parent fish ?
ionlr O. nerka var. adonis ?
„.
X
Futr and olic
The salmon, whiCh once orowded toasts and rivers in Hokkaido', has.decreased in number owing tà active development and-over catching.--._.
Since then, however, positive protectiyè measures have increased their - numb6r nearly:8,000000.(coasta1 salmon stocks). However,_the_ . stocks are not distributed.equally all over Hokkaido, which constitutes one -of the important problems inthe future.- . 44
Internationally: , the'culture.of fish is'regarded seriously not only as-a problem of' fisheries econOmy but also as food resources.
On acconnt of their_high productivityi salmon stocks are expected to increase still more.
The salmon, which is born- in_rivers and grows up in nature, might be destined.to le driven away from its home by _active development. However, by seeking a harmony between nature and future development and conducting the culture in the most - effectiv way, it must be possible to preserve these stocks for long without losing them.
Making it possible. is thetask imposed on-the-salmon-culture- 1 enterprise in the future. To this-effec-4 the fish culture enterprise is changing-from the traditional one-which consisted merely in-collecting eggs and releasing fry to an enterprise which controls the stocks. _
1,3 eeiz
45 •
Quantity of salmon. stocks .on the coast and their migration course (unit 10,000) • ,
. .•
rs. ) let
7 c-;
. . .•
Nr.
_ 068
-.1111••••••
• s: 11 . y , . • . - - •
x autumn salmon • summer salmon i• o '4) e orbuscha /
Publibhed . HokRaido Salmon Hatchery
Printed by - Sanno Print ïng Co. , Ltd;