DOCSLIB.ORG

A Hybrid Vlsi Architecture of Manchester Encoder for Rfid Applications

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Hybrid Vlsi Architecture of Manchester Encoder for Rfid Applications International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 9, Issue 10, October 2018, pp. 1208–1213, Article ID: IJMET_09_10_123 Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJMET?Volume=9&Issue=10 ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359 © IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed A HYBRID VLSI ARCHITECTURE OF MANCHESTER ENCODER FOR RFID APPLICATIONS M.Janaki Dept. of ECE(VLSI&ESD),GMR Institute of technology, Rajam,India Dr.M.V.Nageswara Rao Dept. of ECE, Head, GMR Institute of technology, Rajam,India ABSTRACT Radio Frequency identification is an emerging technique for the short range communication. RFID technology make a heed way from obscurity into modern applications like libraries, security, medical care, vehicular communication, many more consumer applications, object recognition food and medicine monitoring. To reduce the error data rate due to environmental noise and electromagnetic interference, before modulation and transmission the data must be encoded. This paper addresses the implementation of different Manchester encoding circuits, the power consumption, time delay and the number of transistors used are compared. This architecture is implemented using 90nm CMOS technology. Keywords: RFID, Manchester circuit, Non-Return-to-Zero. Cite this Article M.Janaki and Dr.M.V.Nageswara Rao,A Hybrid Vlsi Architecture Of Manchester Encoder for Rfid Applications, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 9(10), 2018, pp. (1208)-(1213). http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JTypeIJMETT&VType=9&IType=10 1. INTRODUCTION The radio frequency identification (RFID) have many uses in now-a-days. Depends on the present technology radio frequency identification has been utilized in number of applications like electronic toll collection (ETC), libraries transportation & logistics and object recognition etc.. Wireless data capture and transaction process proximity and vicinity are two main applications of RFID technique. The range of radio frequency is up to 3 KHz-300GHz. RFID hardware have two important parts ‘reader’ and ‘tag’. In sometimes, the reader is also termed as interceptor. The interceptor is utilizing to read the information gathered from the tag and to write the information into the tag. The tag’s special identification code is passed through multiplexer block initially merged with clock redundancy checker code to explain mistakes about the CRC function. This procedure information is modulated by Manchester encoder. The Manchester encoder is to perform the operations of Manchester code. The outcome of cyclic redundancy checker is modulated by amplitude or frequency modulation. The remaining blocks http://www.iaeme.com/IJMETT/index.asp 1208 [email protected] M.Janaki and Dr.M.V.Nageswara Rao are necessary to fulfill the performance of that system. Various Manchester coding techniques [1-8] reported in the literature are studied and few techniques are implemented in this work. Figure 1 shows a NRZ code against a Manchester code. The advantages this code are: • The DC mean value of the signal is constant and equal • No DC component has to be transmitted • The signal power is independent from the data pattern • Signal absence can he easily detected as a ‘0’ followed • Signal conflicts can easily be detected as a ‘1’ followed to 0.5 by a ‘0’ by a ‘1’ Figure 1 Code data of Manchester 2. CODING TECHNIQUES The logical values ‘1’ and ‘0’ in a binary system can be coded in various forms. The RFID system generally used the given encoding methods: Non-Return to-Zero code (NRZ), Manchester code. The two encoding techniques are illustrated in Figure 2 [1] and Table 1. 2.1. Non-Return-to Zero (NRZ) Code In non-return-to-zero code the signal have high voltage it is denoted by’1’ and the remaining is low voltage is represents with’0’. The binary values are frequently used in digital circuits. This coding methods are referred in information gathering and it has no-timing statistics. This signal represents low value with negative voltage, high value with positive voltage. Figure 2 Manchester coding sample waveform [1] Table 1 Coding relation http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJMET 1209 [email protected] A Hybrid Vlsi Architecture Of Manchester Encoder for Rfid Applications DATA 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 Non–return-to-zero 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 Manchester code 01 10 01 01 10 10 01 10 2.2. Manchester Code The Manchester coding technique is also called as phase encoding. This code is most preferred in high speed frequency ranges. The operation of Manchester code is depends on exclusive or gate (XOR) with related to the clock signal and data are the basic inputs have to be considered. The Manchester code is obtained from X ⊕ CLK. If two inputs are same the relevant outcome is low. If the inputs are not same it is high. In some different circuit designs we have to use three input XOR gate operations. If all inputs are low then it is low same as all three are high then high. In anyone of input is high then it represents high or vice versa. Figure 3 Prototype Manchester encoder circuit [1]. 3. RELATED WORK The prototype of the Manchester encoder circuit shown in Figure 3 can be adopted in IC design and implementation. The Figure 3 is comprises of two logic gates i.e., XOR and inverter and one D flip flop. The XOR gate have two inputs for example data and clock the corresponding output is given to input of DFF. In parallel to exclusive or the inverter is placed that outcome is act as clock signal of flip flop. The output value of DFF is our Manchester value. Here, clock2 represents doubles the frequency. To enhance the performance of the encoder, the circuit is constructed with demultiplexer and multiplexer in parallel to Manchester code. Data is the input of demultiplexer and it divides into two outputs those are given to Manchester encoder that is passes through multiplexer. The arranging of parallel encoder increases throughput and reduces the area and power consumption. http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJMET 1210 [email protected] M.Janaki and Dr.M.V.Nageswara Rao 3.1. Multimode encoder architecture Manchester M1=1 M2=1 Differential Manchester M1=1 M2=0 Figure 4 Multimode encoder architecture [2]. The Multimode encoder [2] architecture is shown in Figure 4. This encoder has two modes: M1 and M2. Different types of encoders are known as multimode. This circuit consists of two D flip flops. Based on mode signals its behavior changed. If both M1 and M2 are high it is Manchester circuit. If mode1 is high and mode2 is low the operation is differential Manchester. The mode signals are opposite to above case it act as FM0 encoder. D flip flop A reserves the value of A and DFF B also. Multiplexer1 may be feed the outcome of DFF A Figure 5 High speed Manchester circuit [1] High speed Manchester circuit [1] is shown in Figure 5. This is an existing technique for the design of high speed Manchester they are used both D flip flop and T flip flop. http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJMET 1211 [email protected] A Hybrid Vlsi Architecture Of Manchester Encoder for Rfid Applications Demultiplexer outcomes are kept in series arrangement of D flip flops respectively. The relevant output is passed through the flip flops. These values are given to up and down paths as shown in the circuit. In certain individual cases inverter out is a clock signal of DFF. 4. PROPOSED CIRCUIT Figure 6 Proposed Manchester circuit. The Proposed Manchester circuit is shown in Figure 6. Here, A and X are taken as the inputs of the xor gate. Then the output is given to inverter both the outcomes of xor and inverter feed through 2x1 multiplexer and other input is the clock signal. the resultant output is given to D flip-flop. The flip-flop requires two inputs one is the outcome of the multiplexer another one is clock2 signal. Clock2 indicates double the clock. Frequency. The outcome of D flip-flop is feedback to input of A. The proposed circuit requires less number of transistors compared to existing circuits. As well as power consumption and delay is low. Simulation results of the proposed Manchester circuit is shown in Figure 7. Figure 7 Simulation results of the proposed Manchester circuit. http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJMET 1212 [email protected] M.Janaki and Dr.M.V.Nageswara Rao 5. RESULT ANALYSIS Implemented Manchester circuit, Manchester/differential Manchester circuit, Multimode encoder architecture, High speed Manchester circuit and proposed Manchester circuit and the results are compared considering Power consumption, time delay and the number of transistors used. The results are depicted in the Table.2 Table 2 Comparison of various Manchester circuits Architecture Power Delay No. of S.No (µw) (ns) transistors 1 Manchester circuit 77.4 30.2 20 2 Manchester/differential Manchester circuit 89.6 40.3 42 3 Multimode encoder architecture 131.9 39.6 64 4 High speed Manchester circuit 189.4 97.1 94 5 Proposed Manchester circuit 73.8 19.9 28 6. CONCLUSION Successfully implemented Manchester circuit, Manchester/differential Manchester circuit, Multimode encoder architecture and High speed Manchester circuit and the Proposed Manchester circuit and the results are compared considering Power consumption, time delay and the number of transistors used. It is observed that, out of all the techniques, Proposed Manchester circuit consumes less power with high speed. REFRENCES [1] Yu-Cherng Hung, “Time-interleaved CMOS chip design of Manchester and Miller encoder for RFID application”, Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, vol. 71, pp. 549- 560, 2012. [2] P. Ishwerya, V. N. Kumar and G. Lakshminarayanan, "An efficient digital baseband encoder for short range wireless communication applications," 2016 International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, and Optimization Techniques (ICEEOT), Chennai, 2016, pp.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Shahabi-Adib-Masc-ECE-August
    A New Line Code for a Digital Communication System by Adib Shahabi Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Applied Science at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia August 2019 © Copyright by Adib Shahabi, 2019 To my wife Shahideh ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ v LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... vi ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED ............................................................................... ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 1 1.1 BACKGROUND ........................................................................................... 1 1.2 THESIS SYNOPSIS ...................................................................................... 4 1.3 ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS ............................................................ 5 CHAPTER 2 MODELLING THE LINE CHANNEL ....................................................... 7 2.1 CABLE MODELLING .................................................................................. 7 2.2 TRANSFORMER COUPLING ..................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Criteria for Choosing Line Codes in Data Communication
    ISTANBUL UNIVERSITY – YEAR : 2003 (843-857) JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING VOLUME : 3 NUMBER : 2 CRITERIA FOR CHOOSING LINE CODES IN DATA COMMUNICATION Demir Öner Istanbul University, Engineering Faculty, Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department Avcılar, 34850, İstanbul, Turkey E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT In this paper, line codes used in data communication are investigated. The need for the line codes is emphasized, classification of line codes is presented, coding techniques of widely used line codes are explained with their advantages and disadvantages and criteria for chosing a line code are given. Keywords: Line codes, correlative coding, criteria for chosing line codes.. coding is either performed just before the 1. INTRODUCTION modulation or it is combined with the modulation process. The place of line coding in High-voltage-high-power pulse current The transmission systems is shown in Figure 1. purpose of applying line coding to digital signals before transmission is to reduce the undesirable The line coder at the transmitter and the effects of transmission medium such as noise, corresponding decoder at the receiver must attenuation, distortion and interference and to operate at the transmitted symbol rate. For this ensure reliable transmission by putting the signal reason, epecially for high-speed systems, a into a form that is suitable for the properties of reasonably simple design is usually essential. the transmission medium. For example, a sampled and quantized signal is not in a suitable form for transmission. Such a signal can be put 2. ISSUES TO BE CONSIDERED IN into a more suitable form by coding the LINE CODING quantized samples.
    [Show full text]
  • Telematics Chapter 3: Physical Layer
    Telematics User Server watching with video Chapter 3: Physical Layer video clip clips Application Layer Application Layer Presentation Layer Presentation Layer Session Layer Session Layer Transport Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Network Layer Network Layer Data Link Layer Data Link Layer Data Link Layer Physical Layer Physical Layer Physical Layer Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller Computer Systems and Telematics (CST) Institute of Computer Science Freie Universität Berlin http://cst.mi.fu-berlin.de Contents ● Design Issues ● Theoretical Basis for Data Communication ● Analog Data and Digital Signals ● Data Encoding ● Transmission Media ● Guided Transmission Media ● Wireless Transmission (see Mobile Communications) ● The Last Mile Problem ● Multiplexing ● Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) ● Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) ● Mobile Telephone System Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 3: Physical Layer 3.2 Design Issues Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 3: Physical Layer 3.3 Design Issues ● Connection parameters ● mechanical OSI Reference Model ● electric and electronic Application Layer ● functional and procedural Presentation Layer ● More detailed ● Physical transmission medium (copper cable, Session Layer optical fiber, radio, ...) ● Pin usage in network connectors Transport Layer ● Representation of raw bits (code, voltage,…) Network Layer ● Data rate ● Control of bit flow: Data Link Layer ● serial or parallel transmission of bits Physical Layer ● synchronous or asynchronous transmission ● simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex transmission mode Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 3: Physical Layer 3.4 Design Issues Transmitter Receiver Source Transmission System Destination NIC NIC Input Abcdef djasdja dak jd ashda kshd akjsd asdkjhasjd as kdjh askjda Univ.-Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • CODING for Transmission
    CODING for Transmission Professor Izzat Darwazeh Head of Communicaons and Informaon System Group University College London [email protected] Acknowledgement: Dr A. Chorti, Princeton University for slides on FEC coding Dr P.Moreira, CERN, for slides on the CERN Gigabit Transmitter (GBT) Dr J. Mitchell, UCL, for the sampled music and voice. June 2011 Coding • Defini7ons and basic concepts • Source coding • Line coding • Error control coding Digital Line System Message Message source Distortion, sink interference Input Output signal and noise signal Encoder- Demodulator modulator -decoder Communication Transmitted channel Received signal signal Claude Shannon • Shannon’s Theorem predicts reliable communicaon in the presence of noise “Given a discrete, memoryless channel with capacity C, and a source with a posi8ve rate R (R<C), there exist a code such that the output of the source can be transmi@ed over the channel with an arbitrarily small probability of error.” • B is the channel bandwidth in Hz and S/N is the signal power to noise power rao ⎛⎞S CBc =+log2 ⎜⎟ 1 ⎝⎠N Types of Coding • Source Coding – Encoding the raw data • Line (or channel) Coding – Formang of the data stream to benefit transmission • Error Detec7on Coding – Detec7on of errors in the data seQuence • Error Correcon Coding – Detec7on and Correc7on of Errors • Spread Spectrum Coding – Used for wireless communicaons Signals and sources: Discrete - Con8nuous m(t) n Continuous Time and Amplitude n Discrete Time, continuous Amplitude – PAM signal n Discrete Time, and Amplitude
    [Show full text]
  • Episode 3.11 – Polar and Bipolar Line Coding
    Episode 3.11 – Polar and Bipolar Line Coding Welcome to the Geek Author series on Computer Organization and Design Fundamentals. I’m David Tarnoff, and in this series we are working our way through the topics of Computer Organization, Computer Architecture, Digital Design, and Embedded System Design. If you’re interested in the inner workings of a computer, then you’re in the right place. The only background you’ll need for this series is an understanding of integer math, and if possible, a little experience with a programming language such as Java. And one more thing. Our topics involve a bit of figuring, so it might help to keep a pencil and paper handy. In Episode 3.10, we looked at the electrical connection between two digital devices and saw two ways we could use a positive voltage and a zero voltage level to code the logic zeros and logic ones of our data. This unipolar scheme had a disadvantage. The capacitance of a conductor could cause the signal voltage levels to drift toward the positive voltage making it difficult to identify when the transmitted signal was supposed to be zero volts. To solve the drift problem, some physical lines use polar signaling. In this case, the zero volt level is replaced with a voltage that is equal in magnitude and opposite in polarity to the positive voltage. Bipolar signaling is a further extension of polar signaling. Bipolar brings back the zero volt level along with the positive or high level and the negative or low level so that there are three electrical levels.
    [Show full text]
  • Analog Signal Is Unknown in Advance the Form Is Known in Advance Each Relay Amplifies Both the Signal and the Noise
    Signal Transmission Fundamentals Advanced Computing and Networking Introduction Joint master program Skoltech and CMC MSU Prof. R. Smelyanskiy Signals, Data, Transmission • Data - a description of facts, phenomena • Signals - presentation of data during transmission • Transmission is the process of interaction between a transmitter and a receiver in order to transmit a signal. Data Signals • Origin data can take many forms • Signals - analog vs digital - analog vs digital • Analog data: voice video • Discrete data (digital) - text: letter, symbol - picture: pixel AC&N Prof. R. Smelyanskiy 14-Sep-20 2 The mathematical representation of the signal AC&N Prof. R. Smelyanskiy 14-Sep-20 3 Signal spectrum AC&N Prof. R. Smelyanskiy 14-Sep-20 4 Fourier transformation Euler's formula Euler's formula AC&N Prof. R. Smelyanskiy 14-Sep-20 5 Discrete Fourier Transformation Direct Fourier Transformation: N is the number of signal values measured​​ over a period, as well as the number of decomposition components; xn, n = 0, ..., N - 1, are the measured signal values (in​​ discrete time N - 1), which are input data for direct transformation and output for the inverse one; Xk, (k = 0, ..., N – 1 are the indexes of the amplitudes in a complex form of the sinusoidal signals composing the original Invers Fourier Transformation : one) are output for direct conversion and input for inverse; since the amplitudes are complex, then they can be used to calculate both the amplitude and phase; k is the frequency index. The frequency of the k-th signal is k / T, where T is the period of time during which the input data was taken.
    [Show full text]
  • Performance Evaluation of Power Spectral Density of Different Line Coding Technique
    National Conference on Recent Trends in Engineering & Technology Performance evaluation of Power Spectral Density of different line coding technique Darshankumar C. Dalwadi1, Bhargav C. Goradiya2, Milendrakumar M. Solanki3, Mehfuza S.Holia4 1Asst. Prof., Electronics & Telecommunication dept., B.V.M. Engineering college, V.V.Nagar, 2Asso. Prof. & Head, Electronics & Telecommunication dept., B.V.M. Engineering College, V.V.Nagar, 3Asst. Prof., Electronics dept., B.V.M. Engineering College, V.V.Nagar, 4Asst. Prof., Electronics dept., B.V.M. Engineering College, V.V.Nagar Abstract—In this paper we have presented an effect of different the actual or implied integral clock cycle. The real question is line coding technique. We have plot power spectral density of that of sampling--the high or low state will be received different line coding technique like non return to zero, return to correctly provided the transmission line has stabilized for that zero and Manchester coding with respect to the different bit when the physical line level is sampled at the receiving frequencies. We have also shown the which line coding technique end. is best compare to all of them. We used the MATLAB in our simulation work. However, it is helpful to see NRZ transitions as happening on the trailing (falling) clock edge in order to compare NRZ- Level to other encoding methods, such as the mentioned I. INTRODUCTION Manchester code, which requires clock edge information (is The basic block diagram of digital communication system the XOR of the clock and NRZ, actually) and to see the involves sampler, quantizer and line coder. The sampler difference between NRZ-Mark and NRZ-Inverted.
    [Show full text]
  • Fully Reused VLSI Architecture of Differential Manchester Encoding Using SOLS Technique for DSRC Application B
    ISSN 2319-8885 Vol.06,Issue.24 July-2017, Pages:4770-4773 www.ijsetr.com Fully Reused VLSI Architecture of Differential Manchester Encoding Using SOLS Technique for DSRC Application B. TEJASWINI1, B. VAMSI KRISHNA2 1PG Scholar, Dept of ECE, Gudlavalleru Engineering College, Gudlavalleru, AP, India, Email: [email protected]. 2Assistant Professor, Dept of ECE, 2Gudlavalleru Engineering College, Gudlavalleru, AP, India, Email: [email protected]. Abstract: The Encoding techniques has received great attention in last few years due to their ability to reduce the power dissipation which is the main requirement in low power VLSI design. The dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) is an emerging technique to push the intelligent transportation system into our daily life. This paper proposes a Differential Manchester encoding using Similarity Oriented logic Simplification(SOLS) technique. This SOLS technique is based on two core methods 1)Area compact retiming 2)Balance logic operation sharing .The designed encoding technique has high hardware utilization rate. In addition to that the designed technique is better than the existing counterparts in terms of power consumption, delay. The designed technique is modeled using Verilog HDL and functionality is verified with Xilinx ISE 13.1. Keywords: DSRC, SOLS, VLSI, Manchester, Encoding. I. INTRODUCTION II. FM0 AND DIFFERENTIAL MANCHESTER Differential Manchester encoding is a line code in CODING PRINCIPLES which data and clock signals are combined to form a self A. FM0 Encoding synchronizing data stream. In various specific applications, The coding principle of FM0 is listed as the following this line code is also called by various other names, three rules. including BiphaseMark Code(BMC), Frequency Modulation If X is the logic-0, the FM0 code must exhibit a (FM).This SOLS consists of two core methods, area compact transition between A and B.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 4 Digital Transmission
    Chapter 4 Digital Transmission Digital-to-Digital Conversion Analog-to-Digital Conversion Transmission Modes Wireless System Lab, NCNU 1 Digital Transmission Before transmission, information is converted to Digital signal Analog signal Chapter 3 discusses advantages of digital transmission over analog transmission. Techniques used to transmit data digitally Digital-to-digital conversion. Analog-to-digital conversion. Transmission modes of data transmission. Wireless System Lab, NCNU 2 Digital Transmission Before transmission, information is converted to Digital signal Analog signal Chapter 3 discusses advantages of digital transmission over analog transmission. Techniques used to transmit data digitally Digital-to-digital conversion. Analog-to-digital conversion. Transmission modes of data transmission. Wireless System Lab, NCNU 3 Chapter 4 Digital Transmission Digital-to-Digital Conversion Wireless System Lab, NCNU 4 Digital-to-Digital Conversion How to represent digital data (0101011 bit stream) by using digital signals. Three techniques: Line coding Block coding Scrambling Line coding is always needed; block coding and scrambling may or may not be needed. Wireless System Lab, NCNU 5 Line Coding and Decoding Digital data: text, numbers, images, audio, or video, are converted as bit stream. Sender encodes digital data into digital signal. Receiver decodes the digital signal to digital data. Line coding maps binary information sequence into digital signal. (絞肉機) Ex: “1” mapped to +A square pulse; “0” to –A pulse Wireless System Lab, NCNU 6 Signal Element versus Data Element Data element The smallest entity that can represent a piece of information: this is bit. Signal element The shortest unit (timewise) of a digital signal. In other words Data element are what we need to send.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison and Analysis of Codes for Remodulation WDM-PON with Adaptive Code Selection
    Optics Communications 285 (2012) 3259–3263 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Optics Communications journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/optcom Comparison and analysis of codes for remodulation WDM-PON with adaptive code selection Yang Lu a,b, Shenglei Wang a, Duoduo Zeng a, Lei Xu c, Changjian Guo b,⁎, Sailing He a,b a Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research (COER), State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China b ZJU-SCNU Joint Research Center of Photonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China c NEC Labs America, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA article info abstract Article history: In a remodulation PON, the upstream signal quality can be improved when the downstream signal is coded. Received 15 October 2011 But low code efficiency may result in network congestion in downlink. Based on the downlink traffic, a self- Received in revised form 10 March 2012 adapting PON can select the proper downstream modulation codes to achieve the optimal network perfor- Accepted 12 March 2012 mance. With adaptive code selection, network congestion can be avoided and the remodulated upstream Available online 27 March 2012 signal suffers minimal performance degradation. Some codes of various coding efficiency are required to be selected in this self-adapting PON. These codes should induce as little crosstalk to the upstream signal as Keywords: fi Line codes possible. Several candidate codes with coding ef ciencies from 50% to 80%, such as Manchester code, 3b5b Code efficiency code, 4b5b code, 4b6b code and 6b8b code are tested through simulation and experiment in this paper, and WDM-PON their performances are compared.
    [Show full text]
  • Line Coding” Mobile Communications Handbook Ed
    LoCicero, J.L. & Patel, B.P. “Line Coding” Mobile Communications Handbook Ed. Suthan S. Suthersan Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 1999 c 1999byCRCPressLLC LineCoding 6.1 Introduction 6.2 CommonLineCodingFormats UnipolarNRZ(BinaryOn-OffKeying) • UnipolarRZ • Polar NRZ • PolarRZ[Bipolar,AlternateMarkInversion(AMI),or Pseudoternary] • ManchesterCoding(SplitPhaseorDigital Biphase) 6.3 AlternateLineCodes DelayModulation(MillerCode) • SplitPhase(Mark) • Biphase (Mark) • CodeMarkInversion(CMI) • NRZ(I) • BinaryN ZeroSubstitution(BNZS) • High-DensityBipolarN(HDBN) • TernaryCoding 6.4 MultilevelSignalling,PartialResponseSignalling,and DuobinaryCoding MultilevelSignalling • PartialResponseSignallingandDuobi- naryCoding JosephL.LoCicero 6.5 BandwidthComparison IllinoisInstituteofTechnology 6.6 ConcludingRemarks BhaskerP.Patel DefiningTerms IllinoisInstituteofTechnology References 6.1 Introduction Theterminologylinecodingoriginatedintelephonywiththeneedtotransmitdigitalinformation acrossacoppertelephoneline;morespecifically,binarydataoveradigitalrepeateredline.The conceptoflinecoding,however,readilyappliestoanytransmissionlineorchannel.Inadigitalcom- municationsystem,thereexistsaknownsetofsymbolstobetransmitted.Thesecanbedesignatedas {mi},i=1;2;:::;N,withaprobabilityofoccurrence{pi},i=1;2;:::;N,wherethesequentially transmittedsymbolsaregenerallyassumedtobestatisticallyindependent.Theconversionorcoding oftheseabstractsymbolsintoreal,temporalwaveformstobetransmittedinbasebandistheprocess oflinecoding.Sincethemostcommontypeoflinecodingisforbinarydata,suchawaveformcanbe
    [Show full text]
  • Serial Line Coding Converters AN-CM-264
    Application Note Serial Line Coding Converters AN-CM-264 Abstract Because of its efficiency, serial communication is common in many industries. Usually, standard protocols like UART, I2C or SPI are used for serial interfaces. However, in many industrial applications, dedicated or customized serial protocols may be very desirable. Some customized serial protocols are based on standard line codes, and conversion to custom can be simplified. This app note details using the Dialog SLG46537 CMIC for several line code conversion examples. In this way, line code customization can be achieved in an inexpensive and easy way. This application note comes complete with design files which can be found in the References section. AN-CM-264 Serial Line Coding Converters Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................ 1 Contents ............................................................................................................................................... 2 Figures .................................................................................................................................................. 2 Tables ................................................................................................................................................... 3 1 Terms and Definitions ................................................................................................................... 4 2 References ....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]