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Shahabi-Adib-Masc-ECE-August A New Line Code for a Digital Communication System by Adib Shahabi Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Applied Science at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia August 2019 © Copyright by Adib Shahabi, 2019 To my wife Shahideh ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ v LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... vi ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED ............................................................................... ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 1 1.1 BACKGROUND ........................................................................................... 1 1.2 THESIS SYNOPSIS ...................................................................................... 4 1.3 ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS ............................................................ 5 CHAPTER 2 MODELLING THE LINE CHANNEL ....................................................... 7 2.1 CABLE MODELLING .................................................................................. 7 2.2 TRANSFORMER COUPLING ................................................................... 10 2.3 TEST AND MEASUREMENTS ................................................................. 13 CHAPTER 3 DIGITAL LINE CODING ........................................................................ 15 3.1 PROPERTIES AND CHOICE OF DIGITAL CODES................................ 15 3.2 VARIOUS TECHNIQUES OF LINE CODES ........................................... 17 3.2.1 Nonreturn to Zero ...................................................................... 17 3.2.2 Manchester ................................................................................. 20 3.2.3 Miller .......................................................................................... 22 3.2.4 8B/10B ....................................................................................... 24 3.3 THE QUADRATURE CODE ..................................................................... 27 3.3.1 The Quad Code Algorithm ......................................................... 28 iii 3.3.2 State Diagram of Quad Code ..................................................... 29 3.3.3 Trellis Diagram of Quad Code ................................................... 32 3.4 EFFECT OF THE CHANNEL ON THE DIGITAL LINE CODES............ 34 3.4.1 Effect of Long Sequences of Pulses............................................ 35 3.4.2 Effect of Low Pass Filter in Line Codes .................................... 36 3.4.3 Effect of High Pass Filter in Line Codes ................................... 39 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND MEASUREMENTS ....................................................... 43 4.1 QUAD CODE ENCODER/ DECODER...................................................... 43 4.2 PHASE DETECTION ................................................................................. 48 4.3 IMPLEMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT ......................................... 50 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................... 56 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................ 58 iv LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Cable parameters ............................................................................................ 8 Table 2.2 Pseudo-Random Bit Sequence Signal Source corresponding values ............. 8 Table 2.3 Cable parameters and their corresponding values ......................................... 9 Table 2.4 Transformer parameters and their corresponding values ............................. 10 Table 2.5 Electric Characteristics of CAT.3 Cable ...................................................... 13 Table 3.1 Definition of digital signal encoding formats .............................................. 17 Table 3.2 Definition of digital signal encoding formats .............................................. 20 Table 3.3 Definition of digital signal encoding formats .............................................. 22 Table 3.4 3B/4B Encoder ............................................................................................. 25 Table 3.5 Special code encoding list ............................................................................ 27 Table 3.6 State table ..................................................................................................... 31 Table 3.7 Representation of the different codes .......................................................... 32 Table 3.8 SNR for different codes as a function of SNR ............................................. 39 Table 3.9 SNR for different codes as a function of SNR ............................................. 42 Table 4.1 Bit error rate for different line codes ........................................................... 55 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Block diagram of Bi-directional Link .......................................................... 2 Figure 2.1 Transmission Line ........................................................................................ 7 Figure 2.2 Eye diagram for Different Values of Capacitance in RC cable: (a) C= 5pF, (b) C= 30pF ................................................................................................... 9 Figure 2.3 Transmission line ........................................................................................ 10 Figure 2.4 S-Parameters of different values of capacitance in RC cable ..................... 11 Figure 2.5 Simulation results of transformer and RC cable of digital source for different capacitor values ............................................................................ 12 Figure 2.6 Measured S-Parameters .............................................................................. 14 Figure 3.1 Waveform representations of typical Unipolar NRZ and Polar NRZ waveforms .................................................................................................. 18 Figure 3.2 PSD of NRZ ............................................................................................... 19 Figure 3.3 Waveform representations of typical Manchester and NRZ waveforms ... 20 Figure 3.4 PSD of Manchester ..................................................................................... 21 Figure 3.5 PSD of Miller ............................................................................................. 23 Figure 3.6 Waveform representations of typical Miller and NRZ waveforms ............ 23 Figure 3.7 8B/10B ........................................................................................................ 24 Figure 3.8 PSD of 8B/10B ........................................................................................... 26 Figure 3.9 Signaling format of NRZ and Quad code ................................................... 28 Figure 3.10 PSD for different codes technique ............................................................ 29 Figure 3.11 State diagram of the Quad code. The state is defined as the signal transmitted in the previous bit interval .................................................... 30 Figure 3.12 Trellis diagram of Quad code ................................................................... 33 vi Figure 3.13 Effect of high pass filter on LFSR ............................................................ 36 Figure 3.14 transient response of the signals for Lowpass filter at cut-off= 1 ............ 37 Figure 3.15 Eye diagram of codes for Lowpass cut-off =1: (a) NRZ, (b) Manchester, (c) 8B/10B, (d) Quad code, (e) Miller ...................................................... 38 Figure 3.16 transient response of the signals for Highpass filter at cut-off= 0.01 ....... 40 Figure 3.17 Eye diagram of codes for Highpass cut-off= 0.01 for: (a) NRZ, (b) Manchester, (c) 8B/10B, (d) Quad code, (e) Miller .................................. 41 Figure 4.1 Flowchart of Quad encoder ........................................................................ 45 Figure 4.2 Flowchart of Quad decoder ........................................................................ 47 Figure 4.3 Quadrant phase shift of clocks.................................................................... 48 Figure 4.4 Decoder of Quad code for four phases ....................................................... 50 Figure 4.5 Block diagram of implementation .............................................................. 51 Figure 4.6 PSD of 8 MHz ............................................................................................ 52 Figure 4.7 Eye diagram, at the transmitter ................................................................... 52 Figure 4.8 PSD of Quad code 8MHz ........................................................................... 53 Figure 4.9 PSD of Quad code ...................................................................................... 54 vii ABSTRACT Acoustic sensor arrays can be wired to a central processor, responsible for logging the payload. To avoid several lines and connectors, a single
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