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Criteria for Choosing Line Codes in Data Communication

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Criteria for Choosing Line Codes in Data Communication ISTANBUL UNIVERSITY – YEAR : 2003 (843-857) JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING VOLUME : 3 NUMBER : 2 CRITERIA FOR CHOOSING LINE CODES IN DATA COMMUNICATION Demir Öner Istanbul University, Engineering Faculty, Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department Avcılar, 34850, İstanbul, Turkey E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT In this paper, line codes used in data communication are investigated. The need for the line codes is emphasized, classification of line codes is presented, coding techniques of widely used line codes are explained with their advantages and disadvantages and criteria for chosing a line code are given. Keywords: Line codes, correlative coding, criteria for chosing line codes.. coding is either performed just before the 1. INTRODUCTION modulation or it is combined with the modulation process. The place of line coding in High-voltage-high-power pulse current The transmission systems is shown in Figure 1. purpose of applying line coding to digital signals before transmission is to reduce the undesirable The line coder at the transmitter and the effects of transmission medium such as noise, corresponding decoder at the receiver must attenuation, distortion and interference and to operate at the transmitted symbol rate. For this ensure reliable transmission by putting the signal reason, epecially for high-speed systems, a into a form that is suitable for the properties of reasonably simple design is usually essential. the transmission medium. For example, a sampled and quantized signal is not in a suitable form for transmission. Such a signal can be put 2. ISSUES TO BE CONSIDERED IN into a more suitable form by coding the LINE CODING quantized samples. Required Transmission Bandwidth: In applications where the transmission bandwith is Line coding must be applied by considering the the limiting factor, a multilevel line code is used properties of the transmission channel to be used. to reduce the symbol transmission rate. Here, For example, metallic cables show low-pass each transmitted signal represents more than one frequency characterstics. For applications using bit of information. A multilevel line code will this kind of medium, line coding is generally the require a better SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio) last coding function before transmission. For than a corresponding binary code. band-pass channels, such as optical fiber, radio systems and analog telephone networks, line Received Date : 03.01.2003 Accepted Date: 5.04.2003 844 Criteria for Choosing Line Codes in Data Communication Spectrum at Low Frequency: Low frequency transmission link by adding redundancy into the components (especially the D.C. component) of information stream. For example, if the line code the line code is to be kept at zero or near zero is constraint so that it never produces certain level. Because, the coupling circuit components symbol sequences, the occurrence of these illegal such as capacitors and transformers introduce sequences will provide a means of detecting low-frecuency spectral cut-off and do not permit transmission errors and hence estimating the the low-frequency components to pass. Hence, error performance of the link. long-term intersymbol interference is avoided. Efficiency: In order to provide the above Timing Content: Timing information must be features it is usually necessary to add extra reliable extracted from the transmitted symbol information (redundancy) into the transmitted sequence at the receiver and at the intermediate digital signal. This redundancy decreases the repeaters (if used) in order to time their decision- efficiency of the line code defined by Eq.1. making circuits. This process is generally called clock extraction. To enable clock extraction at E = % (H / H ) x 100 (1) the receiver (or at the repeater), the line code max should provide an adequate density of transitions Here, in the transmitted sequence. For example, in a E : Efficiency of the line code, binary signal, transition means changing of the H : Avarage information content per symbol level from 0 bit to 1 bit or vice versa. transmitted symbol. H : Maximum possible information content Error Monitoring: A line code can provide a max per symbol (with no redundancy added). means of monitoring the error rate of its 3. CLASSIFICATION OF LINE 4.1 Unipolar NRZ Code CODES NRZ (Non Return to Zero) means that the Line codes can be classified as follows [1]: voltage level of the coded signal does not change (1) Bit-by-bit codes, and it does not return to zero level in a T second (2) Block codes: bit interval. An example of unipolar NRZ code - Bit insertion, and the T second bit interval is shown in - Block insertion, Figure 2 (1). The coding of 0 bits and 1 bits in a (3) Correlative coding (or partial response unipolar NRZ code is as follows: codes) 0 bit : Coded as zero volt level for the T Some codes belong to more than one of these second bit interval. classes. 1 bit : Coded as +V volt level for the T second bit interval. 4. BIT-BY-BIT CODES Widely used bit-by-bit codes are illustrated in the This coding method has two disadvantages: The following paragraphs. spectrum of the coded signal contains D.C. Demir ÖNER Criteria for Choosing Line Codes in Data Communication 845 component and clock extraction at the receiver is impossible. An example of polar NRZ code and the T second 4.2 Polar NRZ Code bit interval is shown in Figure 2 (2). The The coding of 0 bits and 1 bits in a polar NRZ advantage of this coding method is that the code is as follows: frequency spectrum of the coded signal does not contain D.C. component. Disadvantage of this 0 bit : Coded as -V volt level for the T code is that clock extraction at the receiver is second bit interval. impossible. 1 bit : Coded as +V volt level for the T second bit interval. Demir ÖNER 846 Criteria for Choosing Line Codes in Data Communication 4.3 Bipolar NRZ Code level for the second T/2 part of the bit The coding of 0 bits and 1 bits in a bipolar NRZ interval T. code is as follows: 0 bit : Coded as 0 volt level for the T second An example of polar RZ code and the T second bit interval. bit interval is shown in Figure 2 (5). The 1 bit : Coded as alternating +V and –V volt advantage of this coding method is that it levels for the T second bit interval. enables clock extraction at the receiver. The disadvantage is that RZ type coding requires An example of bipolar NRZ code and the T twice the bandwidth required by NRZ type second bit interval is shown in Figure 2 (3). The coding. advantage of this coding method is that the frequency spectrum of the coded signal does not contain D.C. component. Disadvantage of this code is that clock extraction at the receiver is 4.6 Bipolar RZ (or AMI) Code impossible. Bipolar RZ code is also called AMI code (Alternate Mark Inversion Code) or 4.4 Unipolar RZ Code pseudoternary code. The coding of bipolar RZ RZ (Return to Zero) means that for 1 bit the is as follows: voltage level of the coded signal returns to zero 0 bit : Coded as 0 volt level for the T second volt level (changes the voltage level from +V or bit interval. – V to zero) at the middle of the T second bit 1 bit : Coded alternately as +V and –V volt interval. The coding of Unipolar RZ code is as levels for the first T/2 part of the bit follows: interval T, and as zero level for the 0 bit : Coded as 0 volt level for the T second succeeding T/2 part of the bit interval T. bit interval. 1 bit : Coded as +V or –V volt level for the An example of bipolar RZ code and the T second first T/2 part of the bit interval, and as bit interval is shown in Figure 2 (6). The zero level for the second T/2 part of advantage of this coding method is that the coded the bit interval T. signal does not contain D.C. component. There are two disadvantages: Successive 0 bit An example of unipolar RZ code and the T transmission makes clock extraction impossible, second bit interval is shown in Figure 2 (4). The and RZ type coding requires twice the bandwidth advantage of this coding method is that required by NRZ type coding. transmission of successively sent 1 bits enables clock extraction at the receiver. There are two disadvantages: Successive 0 bits in transmission 4.7 HDB3 Code makes clock extraction impossible. RZ type HDB3 (High Density Bipolarity with a coding requires twice the bandwidth required maximum of 3 zeros) code does not permit the by NRZ type coding. transmission of more than 3 zero bits in succession. In HDB3 code, 1 bits and up to 3 successive 0 bits are coded as described for the 4.5 Polar RZ Code AMI code. A substitution code (0001 or 1001) Coding of polar RZ code is as follows: is transmitted instead of 4 successive 0 bits. In order to enable the receiver to distinguish between 1 bits that belong to data and 1 bits 0 bit : Coded as –V volt levels for the first used in the substitution code, the substitution T/2 part of the bit interval T, and as code has a code violation. Here, The code zero level for the second T/2 part of violation means not to obey the rule of sending the bit interval T. 1 bits in alternate polarities as +V and –V 1 bit : Coded as +V volt levels for the first volgage levels.
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