The Baroque in Italy, 1600 - 1700 Europe in the 17th Century

2 Goals

• Understand the influence of the Roman Catholic Church on art and architecture in 17th century Italy and Spain • Recall hallmark formal devices used by Baroque artists and architects • Identify representative Baroque artists and their works • Identify representative Baroque architects and their works • Recognize and cite artistic terminology from this period

3 24.1 Baroque Art

• Recognize the distinctive characteristics of the Baroque style • Identify representative Baroque artists and their works • Identify representative Baroque architects and their works • Compare and contrast the work of Italian and Spanish Baroque painters • Recognize and cite artistic terminology from this period

4 Characteristics of Baroque Art in Italy Theatrical lighting Realistic People (unidealized) Focus on the dramatic moment Figure 24-15 ANNIBALE CARRACCI, Flight into Egypt, 1603–1604. Oil on canvas, 4’ x 7’ 6”. Galleria Doria Pamphili, Rome. 8 Figure 24-16 ANNIBALE CARRACCI, Loves of the Gods, ceiling frescoes in the gallery, Palazzo Farnese, Rome, Italy, 1597–1601.

9

Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio Figure 24-18 CARAVAGGIO, Calling of Saint Matthew, ca. 1597–1601. Oil on canvas, 11’ 1” x 11’ 5”. Contarelli Chapel, San Luigi dei Francesi, Rome 12

Where have you seen this hand before?

Caravaggio, The Conversion of Saint Paul, ca. 1601, oil on canvas, 7’6” x 5’9” The Conversion of Saint Paul • A major conversion • Saul (Saint Paul’s name before becoming a Christian) was a zealous persecutor of the early Christians • He was on the road to Damascus on his way to make some more arrests • A blinding light and the voice of Christ: “Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me?”

• Blindness, healing, and conversion • Becomes one of the most important Christian leaders • He wrote the most books in the New Testament (epistles to the early churches – ex. Romans, Corinthians, Galatians) Caravaggio, The Conversion of Saint Paul, ca. 1601, oil on canvas, 7’6” x 5’9” Figure 24-19 CARAVAGGIO, Entombment, from the chapel of Pietro Vittrice, Santa Maria in Vallicella, Rome, Italy, ca. 1603. Oil on canvas, 9’ 10 1/8” x 6’ 7 15/16”. Musei Vaticani, Rome.

22 The Death of the Virgin

Caravaggio, Judith Beheading Holofernes, ca. 1598

Caravaggio, Doubting Thomas Caravaggio, Supper at Emmaus

The Entombment

Some other Entombments Albrecht Altdorfer Fra Angelico Donatello Albrecht Durer Giotto El Greco Michelangelo Raphael Simone Martini Tintoretto Rogier van der Weyden Artemisia Gentileschi A “Caravaggista” Artemisia Gentileschi, Suzanna and the Elders, 1610, oil on canvas Figure 24-20 ARTEMISIA GENTILESCHI, Judith Slaying Holofernes, ca. 1614–1620. Oil on canvas, 6’ 6 1/3” x 5’ 4”. Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence.

51

Artemisia Gentileschi, Judith Beheading Holofernes

Judith and her Maidservant Self-portrait Other Italian Baroque Painters

•OVER THE TOP

•SPECTACULAR

•THEATRICAL

Figure 24-22 PIETRO DA CORTONA, Triumph of the Barberini, ceiling fresco in the Gran Salone, Palazzo Barberini, Rome, Italy, 1633–1639. 59 Figure 24-23 GIOVANNI BATTISTA GAULLI, Triumph of the Name of Jesus, ceiling fresco with stucco figures in the nave vault of Il Gesù, Rome, Italy, 1676–1679. 60 Figure 24-24 FRA ANDREA POZZO, Glorification of Saint Ignatius, ceiling fresco in the nave of Sant’Ignazio, Rome, Italy, 1691–1694.

61 Bernini Bernini, Apollo and Daphne

Bernini, David Figure 24-7 GIANLORENZO BERNINI, David, 1623. Marble, 5’ 7” high. Galleria Borghese, Rome.

69

Figure 24-1 GIANLORENZO BERNINI, inerior of the Cornaro Chapel, Santa Maria della vittoria, Rome, Italy, 1645-1652.

74 Figure 24-8 GIANLORENZO BERNINI, Ecstasy of Saint Teresa, Cornaro Chapel, Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome, Italy, 1645–1652. Marble, height of group 11’ 6”.

75

Rape of Proserpina, 1621-22

Who Dat?

Giovanni da Bologna, Abduction of the Sabine Women, 1579 – 1583, Mannerist

Italian Baroque Architecture Important Mannerist Antecedent

Figure 22-55 GIACOMO DELLA PORTA, facade of Il Gesù, Rome, Italy, ca. 1575– 1584. 90 Figure 22-56 GIACOMO DA VIGNOLA, plan of Il Gesù, Rome, Italy, 1568. (1) dome, (2) nave, (3) chapel.

91 Figure 24-2 CARLO MADERNO, facade of Santa Susanna, Rome, Italy, 1597–1603.

92 Figure 24-9 FRANCESCO BORROMINI, facade of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, Rome, Italy, 1665–1676.

93 Figure 24-10 FRANCESCO BORROMINI, plan of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, Rome, Italy, 1638–1641.

94 Figure 24-11 FRANCESCO BORROMINI, San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane (view into dome), Rome, Italy, 1638-1641.

95 Figure 24-12 FRANCESCO BORROMINI, Chapel of Saint Ivo, College of the Sapienza, Rome, Italy, begun 1642.

96 Figure 24-13 FRANCESCO BORROMINI, plan of the Chapel of Saint Ivo, College of the Sapienza, Rome, Italy, begun 1642.

97 Figure 24-14 FRANCESCO BORROMINI, Chapel of Saint Ivo (view into dome), College of the Sapienza, Rome, Italy, begun 1642. 98

2

Figure 22-23 DONATO 1 1 D’ANGELO BRAMANTE, plan for the new Saint Peter’s, the Vatican, Rome, Italy, 1 1 1505. (1)dome, (2) apse.

2 1 2

1 1

1 1

2

100 Figure 22-24 CHRISTOFORO FOPPA CARADOSSO, medal showing Bramante’s design for the new Saint Peter’s, 1506. Bronze, 2 1/4” diameter. British Museum

101 Figure 22-25 MICHELANGELO BUONARROTI, plan for Saint Peter’s, Vatican City, Rome, Italy, 1546. (1) dome, (2) apse, (3) portico.

102 Figure 22-26 MICHELANGELO BUONARROTI, Saint Peter’s (looking northeast???), Vatican City, Rome, Italy, 1546–1564. Dome completed by GIACOMO DELLA PORTA, 1590. 103 Figure 24-3 CARLO MADERNO, facade of Saint

Peter’s, Vatican City, Rome, Italy, 1606–1612. 104

Figure 24-4 Aerial view of Saint Peter’s, Vatican City, Rome, Italy. Piazza

designed by GIANLORENZO BERNINI, 1656-1667. 106 Figure 24-4 alternate view Aerial view of Saint Peter’s, Vatican City, Rome, Italy, 1506–1666.

107

Bernini’s contributions to the Interior of St. Peter’s

http://www.stpetersbasilica.org/floorplan.htm Figure 24-5 GIANLORENZO BERNINI, baldacchino, Saint Peter’s, Vatican City, Rome, Italy, 1624–1633. Gilded bronze, 100’ high.

112

Figure 24-6 GIANLORENZO BERNINI, Scala Regia (Royal Stairway), Vatican City, Rome, Italy, 1663–1666.

116

Scala Regia St. Longinus (in one of the crossing piers) Statue of Constantine Throne of St. Peter

The Baroque in Spain, 1600 - 1700 Figure 24-25 JOSÉ DE RIBERA, Martyrdom of Saint Bartholomew, ca. 1639. Oil on canvas, 7’ 8” x 7’ 8”. Museo del Prado, Madrid. 128 Figure 24-26 FRANCISCO DE ZURBARÁN, Saint Serapion, 1628. Oil on canvas, 3’ 11 1/2” x 3’ 4 3/4”. Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford (The Ella Gallup Sumner and Mary Catlin Sumner Collection Fund). 129 Diego Velazquez Figure 24-27 DIEGO VELÁZQUEZ, Water Carrier of Seville, ca. 1619. Oil on canvas, 3’ 5 1/2” x 2’ 7 1/2”. Victoria & Albert Museum, London.

131

His First painting of Philip IV Queen Isabel Equestrian Portrait of Philip IV

Baltasar Carlos on Horseback

Queen Doña Mariana of Austria

Figure 24-29 DIEGO VELÁZQUEZ, Surrender of Breda, 1634–1635. Oil on canvas, 10’ 1” x 12’ 1/2”. Museo del Prado, Madrid. 144

The Dwarf Sebastian de Morra The Buffoon Pablo de Valladolid The Rokeby Venus Juan de Parja Pope Innocent X Figure 24-30 DIEGO VELÁZQUEZ, Las Meninas (The Maids of Honor), 1656. Oil on canvas, approx. 10’ 5” x 9’. Museo del Prado, Madrid.

154

Figure 24-28 DIEGO VELÁZQUEZ, King Philip IV of Spain (Fraga Philip), 1644. Oil on canvas, 4’ 3 1/8” x 3’ 3 1/8”. The Frick Collection, New York.

162