À ™ ª ∞ TheÀ™ª∞ Acropolis Restoration News

À ¶ ¶ √ À¶¶√ 7 ñ July 2007

The Propylaia and its surroundings from the level of the Parthenon metopes. Photo S. Mavrommatis, June 2007

Ch. Bouras, Theoretical principles of the interventions on the monuments of the Acropolis ª. πoannidou, 2000-2007, The restoration of the Acropolis by the YSMA F. Mallouchou-Tufano, ∂. Petropoulou, Public opinion poll about the restoration of the Acropolis monuments D. Englezos, Protective filling of ancient monuments. The case of the Arrephorion on the Athenian Akropolis ∂. Lembidaki, On the occasion of the new restoration of the temple of Athena Nike. Looking back at the history of the cult statue of Athena Nike C. Hadziaslani, I. Kaimara, A. Leonti, The new educational museum kit “The Twelve Olympian Gods” F. Mallouchou-Tufano, News from the Acropolis F. Mallouchou-Tufano, The restoration of the Erechtheion: 20 years later Theoretical principles of the interventions on the monuments of the Acropolis* 3

Under the circumstances, we were obliged small to large scale. The type of the peripter- lated outlook of Alexandria and Rome. ies and works. The Charter satisfactorily same monument, “syn-anastelosis” a simul- monuments for public purposes. During to manage and to perform interventions of al temple was crystalized, while, from the The boundaries standards set by the Athe- responds to a set of values that the western taneous anastelosis of remains of more than the decades of the 70’s and 80’s, the reuse great importance on monuments of unique standpoint of morphology, a ceaseless perfect- nian monuments will never be surpassed. world sees in the monuments of the past one period, in this specific case, restoration of the monuments and “integral" restora- value for the entire world; on architectural ing of forms is evident, beyond the natural, Hellenistic and Roman architecture during and it is significant that it has neither been of the remains of the Byzantine apse of the tion was considered obligatory in all inter- works that expressed the artistic volition reaching its peak in the Athenian Acropolis, the next six centuries produced imitations renewed nor replaced during the past 43 church of the Christian Parthenon; in ad- ventions. Yet, what meaning has all this and merit of the citizens of a city that once precisely when both the political and cultur- with other goals and with quality in practi- years. dition, to restore the marble pieces that when applied to the monuments of anti- not only held hegemony over all Greece al floruit reach their peak of perfection. cally continuous decline. Thus, the Committee for Conservation of had been removed earlier from the Roman quity such as those of Athens? Their only but, in terms of culture, supremacy through Shaped through tragedy, poetry and philos- the Acropolis Monuments (ESMA), while west door of the monument, to their origi- “use” is to be considered exhibits of great all antiquity. The heavy responsibility of ophy, a new consciousness emerges, and at What have we, the modern Greeks, inherit- aware of the Charter’s deficiencies, has nal state as bases for ex-votos around the artistic and educational value. Thus, the undertaking this work of rescue required the same time the purpose of temple-build- ed from that architecture, unprecedented in accepted all its articles, on which I shall now temple. The reinforced cement fillings of monuments that are “not living” become from the very beginning that the circle of ing undergoes a change. Now the building all the world? After catastrophes (wrought by comment. the Parthenon west door placed by Bala- more useful when they are more compre- those responsible be as wide as possible programmes project primarily the prestige human beings and not by the forces of na- nos, however, can in no way be considered hensible to the general public and when, in and that a number of theoretical principles and superiority of the polis (city-state). ture) we have inherited a pile of ruins. The In 1975, the political leadership considered as “phases” of the great temple. various ways, they can “teach” their mes- be established as a standard for decisions, The principle value is the artistic. There is constructional and formal self-sufficiency of the interdisciplinary approach and the col- Article 5 of the Charter refers to utilitary sage and promote their aesthetic values. large or small. The principles, indeed, are complete purity and clarity of architectural the architectural members means that the laboration of scholars of different special- values, and recommends the use of the Article 8 of the Charter provides that “The ruins preserve their artistic value to a great ties, demanded by Article 2 of the Charter, degree. Since antiquity the structural nature as absolutely necessary for the works of the of the members gradually became apparent: Acropolis. Today this interdisciplinary invisible joints in both columns and overly- composition is considered self-evident for ing members became visible and for various the undertaking of any serious archaeologi- different reasons gave a new character to the cal work, because the great extent of what is monuments, the character of the ruin. now attainable in the scholarly sphere has The collapse of the roofs and the pillaging brought to light problems previously un- increased the ruinous aspect, which was known. The earlier errors on the Acropo- consolidated later on. This was not a natur- lis, for which Nikolaos Balanos bore the al collapse (where one observes the inner sole responsibility, must not be repeated. law of the damage and fall) but it is the pro- Articles 2 and 11 refer to the historical and duct of violent activities. Despite that, in more general academic values of the monu- the eyes of the travellers and painters of the ments and the consequent principle of pre- period before the War of Independence, serving the significant additions of all peri- the romantic image of the Acropolis mon- ods, since the purpose of restoration is not The Acropolis from the west. Photo S. Mavrommatis, 1987 The east portico of the Propylaia from the east. Photo S. Mavrommatis, 1986 uments was created, together with the de- the cohesive unity of the original order. sire for things to remain unchanged. Here the situation is particularly difficult, no other than respect for the values, which form, which is achieved through the use of Immediately following the Revolution in- for in most cases the historical values clear- the community renders to material mon- marble, a material both difficult and valu- terventions began on nearly all the mon- ly militate against the artistic and one is uments but especially to the spirit of the mon- able. This clarity of form is in total corre- uments of the Rock, for the purpose of therefore obliged to evaluate and to assess uments. This is the subject of the present spondence with the lucidity of the word, of removing all the later elements that had which is the greater good. In accordance talk. reason. The hidden harmony of the refine- changed their appearance and also, to an with these articles, the later deformations, ments combines with the Doric seriousness extent, in order to strengthen them. changes, even vandalism, are part of the But the ancient Greeks themselves, their and balance of volume to achieve a perfect, During the final years of the 19th century, history of the building, having left their creators, what were the values they attrib- harmonious result. And this is based on an exhaustive excavation followed and the marks on its body and they are therefore to uted to their works? Basically, they were perfection of construction, when sculptural big anastelosis programme of Balanos, with be preserved. Yet, they change the form of artistic values. A brief retrospection of the members many tons in weight are set in which the image of the Acropolis was com- the building and they remove us from the architecture of antiquity demonstrates this. place with the precision of a tenth of a mil- pleted. This situation remained until 1975, ideals of the creator of the work. On the During the archaic period, the impetus for limeter. when the works that are in progress today Acropolis, the massive clearing between erecting temples came from religious senti- For the ancient Greeks, there were no other were programmed and initiated. 1835 and 1890 (a well known example ment, at that time still lively. The protect- values. The temple was a dedication to the being the so-called Frankish Tower of the ing deity guarded the city-state in return god, without interior function and the rele- All now know a set of principles that gov- Propylaia) has delivered us of this dilemma. for the honour. During the long process of vant cult practices took place in the open ern the interventions on ancient and histor- Yet, valuable evidence of the mediaeval his- maturing, from the utilitarian shelter of the air. It had no utilitarian value. The concept ical architectural monuments. It is the Char- tory of all the monuments has been lost. Be cult statue we moved on to the monumen- of historical values began to be apparent ter of Venice, that from 1964 to the present that as it may, the tower in the opisthonaos tal building, from substances easily worked later on, with the treasuring of culture, the is internationally accepted as the framework of the Parthenon has survived and Profes- The Parthenon from the west. Visible to the right is the mediaeval tower in the opisthonaos. to noble materials, stone and marble, from collections, the copies and the whole re- guiding studies and the evaluation of stud- sor Manolis Korres has planned, for this Photo F. Mallouchou-Tufano, 2006 5

sculptural, painted or decorative elements, polis, has both advantages and disadvan- harmonising the colour with that of the members and the desired morphological available to everyone through the internet. cut stone members, as dry masonry, has which are an integral part, inseparably tages that have occupied the Committee monuments. These question have indeed continuity. At the same time, many of the studies have made it possible to respect two more prin- bound to the monument, may not be sepa- for years. The advantage, apart from saving been the subject of endless discussions in The systematic documentation and the been published as books and each year an ciples in addition to those of the Charter of rated from it, unless that is the only way of the sculpture, of course, is that they can be the Committee and long research by civil publications stipulated in 1964 by the Acropolis News Letter for the general pub- Venice. insuring their preservation”. The sculptural seen and appreciated in the museum sur- engineers, chemists and conservators. Charter have been greatly simplified by lic is published in Greek and in English. The principle of reversibility of the inter- decoration of the Parthenon, the Erech- roundings. The disadvantages are the lim- The principle that is retained in this case is computers and the technical assistance pro- This assures complete “transparency” of ventions, the possibility of reconsidering theion and the temple of Athena Nike, ited resistance of artificial stone over time that of the least possible change in the vided by digitisation. Meticulous draw- the work of both the Committee and the errors in the future, is based on ultimate after the destruction and theft of Elgin, in comparison to marble, the impossibility image of the monuments that we have to ings, photography and cinematography Service. respect for the architectural members that were well enough preserved in situ on the of giving the surface the clarity or translu- now. Thus, only the sculpture removed document all phases of the work, and are The method of construction in ancient are never to be recut, and on detailed doc- three monuments. Apprehension as to their cency of the marble and the difficulty of from each monument is replaced by a inserted in a data base, which will soon be Greek architecture, which was built from umentation of the interventions in all copy. Sculptures removed at another time phases. (such as those taken by Elgin) are not The second principle concerns the preser- replaced by copies, since there is always the vation of the structural self-sufficiency of fear that when copies exceed the limit of the architectural members with the restora- necessity, the authenticity of the monu- tion of each one separately to its original ment may suffer. The only exceptions to structural function, and employing the this comprise the northernmost column of ancient technology for their final cutting the east porch of the Erechtheion and one and filling. of the Caryatids, now in the British Muse- The general development of society creates um, which have been replaced by exact in the topics examined as well a drive to copies in order to restore the closed plan of assess the values of the architectural her- the two porches. itage and, as a result, continuous review Articles 9 and 15 refer to restoration with and improvement of the principles that the help of fillings and to the anastelosis of dictate the interventions on monuments archaeological finds. The use of fillings that and on historical complexes. This is a are not precisely correct morphologically never-ending process of evaluation of the or have not been preceded by an archaeo- ways in which the past is to be handed on logical study is forbidden. In the Acropolis to the future. That does not mean that the works, the systematic research that had Committee for Conservation of the Acrop- already been carried out has revealed every olis Monuments alters the principles it formal detail of the monuments and it has adopted in 1975, since the nature of our Detail of the restored east façade of the Erechtheion. Photo S. Mavrommatis, 1988 led to new discoveries by M. Korres on the Dismantling a north metope of the Parthenon. Photo R. Christodoulopoulou, 2007 monuments is unique: the problems of Parthenon, by A. Papanikolaou on the modern monuments and complexes that condition had already surfaced before the Erechtheion and on the Propylaia by T. occupy restorers internationally, by good war and it reached a peak in the decade of Tanoulas. Research in depth, indeed, fortune do not concern us. It means, rath- the 60’s when the accelerated destruction made possible the removal of architectural er, that our experience continuously ex- of their surfaces from acid rain and pollu- members that had been placed incorrectly pands and our critical ability improves, tion became apparent. The hesitation over in the anastelosis of N. Balanos. allowing us to make choices that are more cleaning them and exhibiting them in a Article 12 is concerned with the harmo- correct when alternate solutions are at hand. controlled atmosphere went on for decades, nious incorporation of the necessary fill- but the research of the late Theodore Skou- ings. Interposed, however, is the stipulation likidis on the mechanism of marble erosion that “the fillings must be distinguishable showed that the only escape route for as- from the authentic parts so as not to falsify suring their preservation was, indeed, to the artistic and historical evidence of the Professor Emeritus Charalambos Bouras remove them from the monuments. building”. For the classical Greek monu- President of the ESMA Some ask why we save the sculpture and ments in particular, this article must be not the architectural members. Because the applied with the utmost sensitivity because second can be made again and are geomet- each change in the original forms affects rically definable, but not the sculpture. The the morphological unity of the entire mon- only solution after they are removed from ument. In accordance with Article 15, fill- * The text in hand was presented at an the building is to replace them with pre- ings on the Acropolis have for years been One-day Conference on the works of the cisely cast copies in artificial stone. This so- Column and architrave of the north side of the Par- restricted to the absolutely necessary, in Making the new marble filling for an architectural member of the Parthenon, using the pointing device. Acropolis, on the 16th of March, 2007, in lution, which is being applied on the Acro- thenon. Photo S. Mavrommatis, 1988 order to assure the stability of the ancient Photo F. Mallouchou-Tufano, 2006 Thessalonike. 2000-2007, The restoration of the Acropolis by the YSMA 7

The Acropolis Restoration Service (YS- Service undertook the difficult task of ac- studies that had been approved for the from the 3rd Community Support Frame- of a personnel that is highly specialized in toration of eight columns (from the 4th to MA) was established in 1999 by Presiden- celerating the great work on the Acropolis, proposed interventions, and the realization work for the years 2000 to 2008 reached anastelosis interventions on classical monu- the 11th from the east) and the corre- tial Decree (¶¢ 97/99), as a special region- always adhering to the same principles and that during the period since its formation 31,3 million 4. To this funding should be ments and the development of special tech- sponding area of the overlying entablature. al service of the Hellenic Ministry of Cul- methodology that had been established in the YSMA had organized and prepared for added the expenses that are covered by nology for doing this work in a shorter The intervention began in October 2001 ture, its objective being the organization and the previous years and keeping the same the initiation of a large anastelosis pro- national funds and which to now have time. with the dismantling of eight columns and implementation of the works of restoration close connection with scientific research in gramme: a) using strict criteria in choosing, amounted to 5,3 million 4. ñ The effective use of the entire Commu- the corresponding entablature blocks (a to- on the sacred rock. The foundation of the all fields. it had taken on additional specialized The main features of the work of the YS- nity funding because of the advantages and tal of 230 members, weighing 900 tons) by YSMA, an autono- scholarly and techni- MA today, which in a sense assure its suc- increased strengths of the YSMA by-laws, means of a crane that was installed for this mous Service with cal personnel, b) it cess, comprise: mentioned above. purpose outside the monument. Then came specific administra- had already updated the removal of the rusted clamps and dow- tive and economic the equipment of the ñ The assuring of the highest possible stan- The works carried out on the monuments els and the replacement of the reinforced ce- facilities, responded work-sites and c) it dard of scholarly knowledge and experi- are as follows: ment, introduced in the older intervention, to a need that had had assured the quar- ence in programming and carrying out the In the Parthenon, under the direction of with fillings of new marble. In resetting the been recognized for rying of the masses works, through the collaboration of the the architect N. Toganidis and with the members, the iron clamps and dowels are re- a good many years: of marble needed for specialist scholars of the ESMA with the scholarly staff made up of the architects V. placed by similar ones in titanium, and all to accelerate the ana- the interventions from specialist personnel the ancient fragments stelosis interventions the Dionysos quar- of the works. Like- that have been iden- on the Acropolis mon- ries on Penteli. wise, the relation be- 1 2 tified are reset in the uments, responsibi- Three and a half years tween the works and monument. The ar- lity for which had after the approval of research is stable and chitectural members been held by the Com- the above programme continuous. In order to are restored to their mittee for Conserva- and shortly before the resolve the theoretical original positions so tion of the Acropolis beginning of the Oly- and technical problems as to correct the old- Monuments (ESMA) mpic Games of 2004, that emerge during er misplacements. An since 1975. The YS- Completed Works the YSMA handed the interventions, many original device that MA was joined by 1. Anastelosis of the Erechtheion over four completed research programmes was specifically de- 2. Consolidation of the rocks of the Acropolis slopes those who had been 3. Anastelosis of the Parthenon east façade separate programmes are carried out by the signed and made by engaged until then 4. Anastelosis of the eastern part of the south wall of the Propylaia on the Acropolis: the scholarly personnel of the YSMA greatly ac- in the works on the 5. Anastelosis of the Parthenon pronaos restoration of the opi- the works, either inde- celerated the cutting Acropolis. Because of 6. Anastelosis of the Parthenon opisthonaos sthonaos and pronaos pendently or in collab- of flutes in the column 7. Partial anastelosis of the north wall of the Propylaia its establishment by 8. Reburial of the House of Arrephoroi of the Parthenon, the oration with educa- drums of new marble. presidential decree conservation and clean- tional institutions or The final carving of and because of its by- Current Works ing of the west frieze other research organi- the surface of the flutes laws, the YSMA has 9. Recording and tidying up the scattered ancient material on the Acropolis plateau. of the same monument zations in our coun- will be done by hand a versatile system of 10. Restoration of the coffered ceilings of the central building of the Propylaia in the laboratory of try. by the experienced 11. Anastelosis of the Parthenon north colonnade decision-making and 12. Anastelosis of the Temple of Athena Nike the Acropolis Muse- ñ The system of car- YSMA marble tech- administering the um and the rebuild- rying out and super- 3 4 nicians after the drums Future Works funds that enabled it ing of the north wall vising the interven- 1.-2. The north colonnade of the Parthenon from the NE in 1986 (left) and 2003 (right). Photos by S. Mavrom- have been set in place. 13. Consolidation of the Acropolis Circuit Wall. to increase the schol- and the east colon- tions by the Service matis and L. Lambrinou respectively 3. Restoration of the capitals of the columns of the Parthenon opisthonaos. The greater part of 14. Anastelosis of the lateral walls of the Parthenon cella Photo R. Christodoulopoulou, 2002 4. The copies of the west frieze on the Parthenon. Photo R. Christodou- arly and technical staff 15. Restoration of the west wall of the Parthenon cella nade of the Propylaia. itself, applied to prac- this project has al- lopoulou, 2004 of the works. The in- 16. Restoration of the Parthenon west façade The handing over of tically all the works ready been finished clusion of the Acro- 17. Anastelosis of the Parthenon south colonnade theseworks took place on the Acropolis, which and work is proceed- polis works in the 3rd 18. Partial anastelosis of the south wall of the west hall of the central building of the Propylaia in a brilliant ceremo- assures their economic and effective comple- Eleutheriou, L. Lambrinou, A. Papandro- ing rapidly. Completion of the intervention Community Support 19. Restoration of the Propylaia north lateral wing ny on the rock, in the tion. Moreover, the programming of the poulos, C. Paraschi and R. Christodoulo- we are discussing is expected to give the 20. Restoration of the Propylaia south lateral wing Framework in 2000 21. Final display of the surface of the Acropolis plateau presence of the (then) works and the relevant studies by the spe- poulou, the civil engineers A. Vrouva, M. monument, apart from structural strength, and their funding with President of the Hel- cialized scholarly staff of the YSMA with Mentzini (to 2006), E. Toumbakari and the aesthetic wholeness since the north and west an estimate of 5.740. 000.000 drachmas up On the 13th of August, 2001, the Central lenic Republic, Konstantinos Stephanopou- the accomplishment of the works by the archaeologist E. Karakitsou, three parallel sides of the Parthenon together provide one to 2004, coincided in time with the cre- Archaeological Council approved the initi- los and the (then) Alternate Minister of Cul- extremely experienced technicians under programmes are being carried out, begin- of the fullest views of the temple, both for ation of the YSMA. The expansion of the ation of an extensive project of restoration ture, Fanny Palli-Petralia. the supervision of the scholarly personnel, ning in 2000: visitors to the sacred rock and from most works into parts of the monumentts that on the Acropolis, the largest that has ever From 2005 on, new programmes have assures the highest possible quality of the The restoration of the north colonnade and parts of the city. showed serious structural problems was an been undertaken on the monuments since been added to those already completed by works as well as their completion in the entablature of the temple is the most exten- In the pronaos of the temple, during the organizational challenge for the Service. 1975. Determining factors in the approval the Service, and Community funding has shortest possible time. sive of the restoration programmes of the summer of 2004, anastelosis of the 6 col- Using the powers it had been given, the of the programme were the existence of continued. The total amount of funding ñ The forming, in the course of the works, Parthenon, for it involves the structural res- umns was finished with fillings in the 9

drums made of new marble. In accordance mantled members of the entablature and way as also the study for application of the ting the some 700 wall blocks in their orig- previous intervention. The study showed four ancient fragments that did not belong with the relevant study by Prof. M. Kor- the cast copies of the west frieze, which had work. inal positions or in positions comparable to that a great many fragments of architectural together, has been kept in the Acropolis res, the first three columns from the north been made of artificial stone of a new im- In addition to the works in progress today, the original. Indeed the studies were pre- members (beams, coffered slabs and inter- Museum. The capitals of new marble, exact were fully restored, the other three par- proved composition, which was deter- studies are being made of the areas of the sented at the 5th International Meeting for beam slabs of the ceilings of the monu- copies of the ancient prototypes, were tially. In addition to the column drums, the mined after a series of relevant test-studies. Parthenon where future interventions are the Restoration of the Acropolis Monu- ment, could again be restored with the ad- carved by hand by the marble technicians of ancient architrave blocks of the first two Completion of this work, before the Oly- planned. The most important of these is ments of 2002. For their application a rele- dition of small amounts of new marble and the Propylaia. In a few months, when the intercolumnar spaces were set in place on mpic Games, made it possible to remove the study of the west façade since after vant structural study is needed, which is al- could be placed in the ceilings in their orig- anastelosis will have been finished, the en- the monument. In accordance with the the scaffolding from this area of the monu- detailed examination it is clear that the gen- ready under way. The structural study is ex- inal positions or in positions comparable to trance to the interior of the Acropolis along decision by the Central Archaeological ment. Thus, on the 12th of August 2004, eral condition of that area is very critical, pected to solve the problem of how to secure the original. Specifically, set again in the the central passage through the Propylaia, Council, the filligs in new marble of the col- the view of the west façade of the Parthe- both in the parts preserved in situ and in the blocks when setting them on the monu- ceiling of the east portico of the central between the two Ionic columns, will enable umn drums were to remain unfluted. Dur- non, free of scaffolding and illuminated, the sections where interventions were made ment and to determine the amounts of new building, in the three first from north inter- visitors to have the unique experience of the ing the actual work, however, in an effort to was beamed by television throughout the by N. Balanos. In accordance with the marble that will have to be added. The dif- beam spaces, are seven beams (four more roofed space of one of the most impressive improve the aesthetic result, 48 flutes were world during the ceremony of the lighting general study-plan for restoration of the ficulty is due to the fact that practically than in Balanos’ anastelosis) and coffered monuments of classical antiquity. Parthenon by Korres and Bouras of 1983, the entire inner side The partial restora- a rescue intervention is needed as a first of the walls was de- 1 2 tion of the north wall phase in order to replace the rusted clamps stroyed during the of the central build- and dowels in parts of the west façade that ancient fire. This is a ing and the east por- were restored in the past (corners of the difficult problem and tico was in essence a pediment, 1st, 4th, 5th, 7th column capital it is especially crucial work that was insert- etc). In a second phase it is planned to reset since it touches direct- ed into the program- in the façade of the building ancient frag- ly on serious aesthet- me of restoring the ments that have been identified and to do ical questions, such as ceilings of the Propy- restoration of an aesthetic/didactic nature. the appearance of the laia, when it was real- For a definite programme of intervention interior of the Parthe- ized, after the overly- (with credible time-schedule, economic- non, the encumbrance ing members were technical budget etc), what is needed is an or alteration of the dismantled, that the analytical study for its application, the pre- character of the mon- intervention of 1909- cise and in-depth knowledge of the pre- ument as a ruin, or the 1917 had included a served condition of the area and, espe- change of its texture. significant number of cially, the determination of the final extent blocks in those parts of of the intervention (if, for example, it will In the Propylaia the the monument. The include taking the west metopes to the architect T. Tanou- earlier intervention museum that are still in situ on the monu- las is in charge of the had in all probablility View of the Parthenon from the northeast. Behind the façade the restored columns of the Pronaos. ment, or even the end metopes on the north work, with the scho- 3 4 extended to the north Photo F. Mallouchou-Tufano, February 2007 and south sides at the west). Making deci- larly personnel, the wall in order to reduce 1. The cella walls of the Parthenon from the east. Photo S. Mavrommatis, 1986 2. The cella walls of the Parthe- sions on these matters is extraordinarily dif- architect K. Karana- non, dismantled, on the ground, from the east. Photo M. Korres, 1993 3. Restored architectural members of the the deformations that cut in fillings of ancient drum fragments of the Olympic Flame. ficult, since it concerns the main view of sos, the civil engineers north colonnade of the Parthenon ready to be reset on the monument. Photo L. Lambrinou, 2007 4. The were caused by the where their fluting was still preserved. In February 2007, the Central Archaeologi- the Parthenon, which dominates the site of V. Papavasileiou, V. Propylaia from the southwest. Photo F. Mallouchou-Tufano, February, 2007 great explosion of the The work of restoring the opisthonaos of cal Council approved the removal of the the Acropolis and which has never been Paschalidis († 2003), 17th century. This the Parthenon began in April 2001 with seven westernmost metopes of the north dismantled in the past. The relevant archi- the undersigned and the archaeologist E. slabs. Restored to the ceiling of the west hall realization, together with the obviously bad the assistance of the architect P. Koupho- side of the Parthenon, still in situ, in order tectural study has already been started. For Petropoulou. are six beams and the coffered slabs in the condition of the iron reinforcements of the poulos as technical advisor and was fin- to better protect them in the Acropolis Mu- access to that part of the monument with- The restoration of the ancient architectural two inter-beam spaces of the northeast cor- earlier anastelosis and the resulting cracking ished during the summer of 2004. The seum. It is planned to replace them on the out the installation of scaffolding, a special members of extensive parts of the magnifi- ner, that had been restored earlier, as well of the members, necessitated a gradual ex- twenty-one architrave blocks of the opi- monument, according to the usual practice, twin mast self lifting platform has been cent ceilings of the central building, that as in the two adjacent spaces to the N, tension of the work during the present in- sthonaos were dismantled and structurally with cast copies. The intervention planned installed, a solution that assures easy access very part of the monument which was so above the central passageway of the monu- tervention. It was now necessary to dis- restored while on the ground. The col- includes as well the removal and structural to the west façade of the monument with much admired already in antiquity, is pro- ment. mantle fifty-five architectural members of umns of the opisthonaos, damaged by fire restoration of four already restored cornice the least possible aesthetic interference. ceeding. Today’s anastelosis –over a sur- Among the members of new marble set in the north wall, among them the three ar- in ancient times, had already been restored blocks, four filling stones, one triglyph and, One of the future programmes of restora- face approximately double that earlier res- place on the monument in the present ana- chitrave blocks above the wall, the corner using special grouting. In addition to the in addition, the structural restoration of all tion of the Parthenon is the anastelosis of tored by N. Balanos– became possible stelosis a place of honour is held by the two triglyph, the metope and a block from the dismantling of architectual members, struc- the underlying members. With the conser- the long walls of the cella. The studies for through extensive research on the frag- Ionic column capitals that were restored to doorway wall. A similar problem emerged tural restoration was carried out on a con- vation of the metopes completed in situ, rebuilding the two walls, north and south, ments of members that were dismantled the west hall either side of the central pas- during the dismantling of the column siderable number of the underlying mem- work has begun on removing them. The of the cella of the monument have already from the restored ceilings and the ceiling sageway. The capital of the previous ana- drums of the east portico, where the known bers. Then came the resetting of all the dis- process of making their cast copies is under been completed, with proposals for reset- fragments that had not been used in the stelosis, which had been composed from documentation showed intervention on on- 11

ly 8 drums of columns 4 and 5 from the N. forced concrete, on which the temple had completed with the setting of copies of the ate, specialized conservators of the Service most suitable is the Laser method, in an dance with modern conceptions of conser- In the end, the number of dismantled mem- been assembled in the past, with a grid of Ionic frieze in artificial stone and the anaste- are the heads of the technical team now original system, with the simultaneous use vation. Thus, from July 2004, visitors to the bers in the east portico was extended be- stainless steel, on which the temple now losis of part of the east pediment, the cor- preparing and wrapping the sculpture that of two rays, infrared and ultraviolet, a sys- Acropolis Museum have been able to ad- yond the 6 column capitals and the 8 drums stands. After the crepis of the monument nice blocks and the sima of the temple with is to be transported from the old Museum tem developed by the Technology and Re- mire again this sculptural complex of of the 4th and 5th columns to take in 21 was restored, the cella blocks were reset in a extensive fillings in new marble. on the rock to the New Acropolis Museum search Foundation (ITE). The work was unique historic and artistic value, in all its more drums. new arrangement correcting the earlier mis- at the foot of the hill. carried out between 2002 and 2004 with richness and its beauty. placements, in accordance with the study The Acropolis Restoration Service has an excellent results. After cleaning, the sur- Since 2000, conservation and anastelosis by the architect K. Mamaloungas. Restora- organized Section of Surface Conservation Conservation of the blocks of the west faces were sealed with plaster without aes- In addition to the four great monuments, has been carried out on the temple of Athe- tion of the temple of Athena Nike will be of the Monuments, directed by the chemi- frieze of the Parthenon is certainly among thetic remodelling of the relief, in accor- the work of the YSMA extended to other cal engineer E. Papakonstantinou, with a scholarly personnel comprising the follow- ing conservators: D. Garbi, D. Damianos, Ch. Laskaridi, A. Maridaki, A. Panou (head of the Parthenon team), S. Papida, A Tsi- mereki (head of the temple of Athena Nike team), E. Frangiadaki, G. Frantzi (head of the Erechtheion team), K. Frantzikinaki (head of the Propylaia team), and A. Hatzi- pappa. Since 1987, the Conservation Sec- tion has been faced with damage to the marble surfaces of the monuments result- ing from internal composition, environ- mental factors and the actions of man. The methodology for interventions of surface conservation on the monuments was planned by the late professor and founding member of the ESMA, T. Skoulikidis. It is constantly enriched by new information stemming from the works in hand and from interdisciplinary collaboration with Restoration of the ceiling of the central building of the Propylaia. View from the northwest. specialists. The materials used in conserva- The restored central architrave block of the east The temple of Athena Nike from the level of the Propylaia ceiling. Photo M. Ioannidou, June 2007 Photo M. Ioannidou, June 2007 portico of the Propylaia. Photo T. Tanoulas, 2003 tion are inorganic, of lime composition, es- pecially designed as to their physiochemi- na Nike, in accordance with the study by cal and mechanical properties so as to be the most important conservation works on D. Giraud. The work is being directed by compatible with the damaged marble. the Acropolis. The work was undertaken the civil engineer D. Michalopoulou with Wherever reinforcement with metal ele- in order to repair the damage suffered by the scholarly personnel, K. Mamalougas, ments is needed, titanium is employed. Or- the frieze during its long existence on the architect, and E. Lebidaki, archaeologist. ganic materials have been ruled out because monument. Thus, a long period of research, The serious damage and structural prob- they have a limited life-span, they are af- tests and checks had as its goal a safe meth- lems that were evident in the temple, after fected by the ultraviolet rays of the atmos- od of intervention for preserving these the earlier anastelosis interventions of phere and they are incompatible with the masterpieces of classical sculpture with the 1835-1845 and 1935-1940, made neces- marble. Rescue and systematic interventions best possible aesthetic results. The inter- sary its restoration, with total dismantling, for surface conservation is being carried out vention began with the structural restora- structural restoration and resetting of its on the areas of the monuments being re- tion of the frieze blocks. Cleaning the 319 members. The frieze of the temple had stored and in other places that show severe frieze blocks of pollution deposits and the already been removed in 1998 and placed surface damage, including the Erechtheion. black incrustation that covered them was on exhibition in the Acropolis Museum. The Conservation Section of the YSMA is the most delicate and detailed operation, The intervention was expanded to include also working in the Acropolis Museum, since while this was being done, great care the remains of the poros shrine that is pre- doing research on sculpture fragments, had to be taken not to remove, but to save, served in the underground space beneath identifications, joins and preparing objects the historic layers of the surface of the the marble temple, whose members under- The two new Ionic column capitals of the central for exhibition in the New Acropolis sculpture that preserve information about went conservation. The programme includ- building of the Propylaia restored and in place. Pho- Museum. In the framework of this collabo- their initial carving and colouring. The ed also the replacing of the slab of rein- to E. Petropoulou, September 2006 ration of YSMA with the Acropolis Ephor- cleaning method that was chosen as the Conservation of the interior face of the ceiling of the north porch of the Erechtheion. Photo G. Frantzi, 2002 13

stant repairs made from antiquity to today record time of 5 weeks, in order to have it have helped to preserve it. Even so, struc- ready for the Oympic Games of August tural damage, such as cracking, gaps and se- 2004. Since then it has worked without rious deformations are apparent in many interruption due to high technical ability parts of the ancient construction, and in and experience and the technical equip- the more recently repaired sections as well. ment of the Service. The programme, which is well underway at present, comprises analytical documenta- Important and necessary for the YSMA to tion and systematic monitoring of the Wall function are the sections that support the by mechanical means and with fully up-to- work: that of Electromechanical support date methods of electronical recording, so as headed by the mechanical and electrical en- to explore its static efficiency, to make studies gineer, S. Oikonomopoulos, the Laborato- and to carry out rescue interventions where ry for producing moulds headed by the needed. Included with these methods are undersigned, the Laboratory of specialized geophysical diascopy and the installation of photography and cinema headed by the a system of optical fibres and a geodetic photographer S. Mavrommatis, the Ac- station. The Circuit Wall programme in- counting office headed by P. Katsimichas, cludes in addition the installation of a quick- the Secretariat headed by C. Papanicho- recording network for documenting the laou, the Supplies office headed by T. Fou- General view of the House of the Arrephoroi after reburial. Photo M. Ioannidou, June 2007 seismic behaviour of the geological forma- tsas. Special sections of the YSMA are those The educational kits of the Acropolis. Photo S. Mavrommatis, 2002 tion of the Acropolis. The analytical docu- of Information and Education headed by mentation of the Wall is expected to im- the architect-archaeologist C. Hadziaslani monuments too, examples being the House of the Arrephoroi, the remains of which prove our knowledge of its ancient form, and of Documentation headed by the ar- special symposia for educators and publishes which has been applied from the beginning of the Arrephoroi and the Circuit Wall of had been found northwest of the Erech- materials, building methods and its histori- chaeologist F. Mallouchou-Tufano. the proceedings. In addition to all this, it of the works on the Acropolis. All phases Rock, both of them necessary for their pro- theion and against the north Acropolis Cir- cal phases, thus providing the data base plans exhibitions in collaboration with the of the interventions are documented using tection and for study. Interventions were cuit Wall, in order to protect its fragile necessary for evaluation and budgeting of For every work of monumental restoration scholarly personnel of the works and others. various methods. This includes recording carried out with the architect V. Manidaki poros foundations. The work was complet- future interventions. –and all the more for the Acropolis– it is Analytical documentation of the works of the works in daybooks, documentation by and the civil engineer D. Englezos in charge. ed in May 2007. absolutely necessary that the citizen be con- anastelosis and conservation, apart from be- drawing (topographical drawings of the ex- The programme for Inventorying the scat- tinuously informed on the subject and that ing required by international restoration tant condition of the monuments, drawings The Acropolis Restoration Service decided The Acropolis Circuit Wall in itself is a tered ancient fragments lying on the it be connected to education. For this rea- ethics, assures in addition the theoretical to show the structural restoration of archi- to backfill the foundations of the House monument of great importance. The con- Acropolis began in 1977 and was finished son one of the priorities of the YSMA was principle of reversibility of the interventions, tectural members, mappings showing the at the end of 2006. The purpose was to rec- to be in touch with the general public and ognize the fragments, which were lying in with the educational world, in the belief 25 large piles, and to attribute architectural that the first step in respecting and conserv- members to the monuments, so as to be ing a monument is to make the citizen aware used in the anastelosis programmes. This from an early age. This is successful through was accompanied by the identification of the educational programmes, in which the fragments of sculpture and inscriptions that children come to know the monuments and were moved to the Acropolis Museum. By the works being done, they take part in the the end of 1999, 14,000 members had unavoidable theoretical discussions and been inventoried, and between 2000 and they gain direct experience. The Depart- 2007, the archaeologist K. Kissas had ment of Information and Education orga- recorded 7,000 more fragments. The pro- nizes educational programmes for defined gramme will continue from 2007 with the groups and in particular for school classes inventorying of scattered poros members. on the subject of the Acropolis and its mon- uments, holds seminars for educators and Likewise included in the works of the for students in order to educate them in the YSMA is the Lift giving access to the Acro- subjects of classical architecture and art and polis to people with special needs. The to inform them about the anastelosis of clas- installation of a lift on the north side of the sical monuments. It also produces educa- Acropolis, under the guidance of the tional material, special publications and mu- mechanical and elecrical engineer, S. seum kits that it sends out on loan or pre- Arrangement of the inventoried scattered on the Acropolis ancient fragments in piles. Photo K. Kissas, 2002 Oikonomopoulos, was finished in the sents permanently to schools. It organizes The data base of the documentation of the Acropolis restoration works 15 Public opinion poll about the restoration of the Acropolis monuments surface damage on the monuments and the Frantzikinaki-P. Pouli-V. Zapheiropoulos, Central Building of the Propylaia, N. To- A basic aspect of every large restoration pro- during three randomly chosen days each ticipated in the research. The age groups relevant interventions for conservation), Study for the Cleaning of the West Frieze ganidis-K. Matala, Study for the restora- ject is to inform the public, especially when month, from 11 a.m to 3 p.m. The question- best represented are 31 to 45 years (37%) and systematic photographic and cinemato- of the Parthenon, T. Skoulikidis, Methods tion of the North Wall of the Parthenon). this is being carried out in an archaeological naire was translated into five languages, and 18 to 30 years (35%). The remaining graphic monitoring of the works. of Conservation of Pentelic Marble, C. Pa- In addition the YSMA organized an inter- site that receives great numbers of visitors English, French, Spanish, Italian and Chi- sample ranges between the categories of 46 The vast amount of documentation accu- raschi-N. Toganidis, Study for the Resto- national meeting of specialists (2002: 5th daily. The regular evaluation of the general nese. A total of 1032 visitors took part in to 60 years (21%), over 60 years (4%) and mulated necessitated its digitization. The International Meeting on the Restoration public’s reaction to works of restoration the research. below 18 years (3%). An interesting find- documentation data base for the works of of the Acropolis Monuments), held exhibi- may well contribute to a more effectively ing of the research is that the overwhelming anastelosis on the Acropolis manages the tions (for example, the exhibition of pho- planned communication policy by a restora- The results, which were handed in to the majority of visitors (81%) had received up- material produced each day on the work- tographs by S. Mavrommatis), and its tion service, such as the YSMA. With this YSMA by the public opinion surveys com- per or higher education, while only a small sites, as well as the archival material of the scholarly staff took part in one-day confer- perception as starting point, research on pany, can be arranged in five categories, percentage of those asked (15%) had termi- Acropolis Committee. The ability of the ences and symposia, gave talks and so public opinion about the restoration of the corresponding to an equal number of units nated their education at the middle level. data base to handle complex answers about forth. Acropolis monuments was planned and put of the questionnaire: Exploration of nationality revealed that the the architectural members of the monu- into practice. The research was focussed on ñ General characteristics of the visitors European countries (with Spain, France, ments and the interventions carried out on Beginning in 2000, the YSMA has been exploring the visitors’ views about restora- (Quest. 13 to Quest. 16) Italy, Great Britain and Greece predomi- them, makes it a valuable tool for those publishing on a yearly basis its Newsletter tion in general and in nating), and United engaged in the work and for the scholarly providing information about the continu- particular about the States of America have world as well. ing anastelosis of the Acropolis monu- practices adopted by the strongest repre- In the wider framework of the documenta- ments, The Acropolis Restoration News. the Committee for sentation. tion of the YSMA interventions, designed the Conservation of and developed from 2007, by the under- The work of the YSMA during the seven the Acropolis Monu- Special characteris- signed together with the archaeologist D. years of its existence has, in my opinion, ments (ESMA). tics of the visit to the Moullou, is the work “Development of fully justified the establishment of this archaeological site Geographical Information Systems on the peripheral service of the Ministry of Cul- The method of a ques- In planning the ques- Acropolis of Athens”, funded by the Euro- ture. With the completion of the program- tionnaire with multi- tionnaire, it was con- pean Programme “Information Society”. mes still under way, a period in the works ple-choice questions sidered worthwhile Dismantling the westernmost north metopes of the The chief goal of the programme is to map Parthenon. Photo R. Christodoulopoulou, 2007 of restoration on the Acropolis will come was considered suit- to explore the special the relief of the Acropolis rock, using the to an end, a new one will begin. It is my able for approaching features of the visit. full topographical and photogrammetric belief that in this new phase of the works a large and complex Factors such as previ- survey of the Wall and the plan of the the guiding forces will be the knowledge public, with differ- ous experience, the Acropolis, together with the 3-dimensional already gained and the experience and with ing demographic char- social environment scanning of the Erechtheion and the Wall this always the creative spirit and enthusi- acteristics and vary- of the visit (visit as for its full length. All the information to asm, so that in a reasonable length of time ing interests. Questions part of an organized emerge is to be entered in a versatile Geo- we shall see the monuments of the Acropo- concerningknow- ledge group or indepen- graphical Information System that will be lis restored, not only as ageless symbols of were avoided in plan- dent visit) and the connected with the up-dating of the exist- the universal classical Greek spirit but also ning the questionnaire sources of informa- ing data base of the anastelosis works. In the as testimonia of the scholarly and technical as they might discour- tion used during the Visitors to the Acropolis. Photo E. Petropoulou, 2006 near future we expect also to have ready a knowledge of modern Hellas. age visitors from par- visit may affect the special website on the Internet, through ticipating in the research. Particular care was ñ Special characteristics of the visit to the process of absorbing information and, by which the interested public will be able to given in framing the questions so as not to di- archaeological site (Quest. 9 to Quest. 12) extension, the impressions and views of the follow on a regular basis the development rect those questioned to particular answers ñ Opinions about the restoration of the visitors. In this sense, they form an inter- and results of the works. but, to the contrary, to give them sufficient al- monuments (Quest. 1 to Quest. 5) esting base of analysis for the results of the ternatives so they could define their outlook ñ Degree of contentment with the restora- research. In the framework of firmly established pro- accurately. The limited amount of time the tion and the visit (Quest. 6 to Quest. 8) cedures of scholarly transparency and dia- visitors could spare before their departure ñ Spontaneous comments and observations During the processing of the answers, it logue as well as general circulation of infor- from the archaeological site was taken into ac- In the analysis that follows, for the sake of was found that 70% of those asked had mation about the Acropolis works, in the count as was the physical fatigue resulting simplicity, all fractional numbers have been visited the archaeological site of the Acrop- period 2000-2007 the YSMA continued at Restoration of the north colonnade of the Parthe- from their tour on the Acropolis. This meant rounded to the nearest whole number. olis on their own/alone, while 27% had undiminished rate the publication of stud- non. View from the northeast. Photo L. Lambrinou, the compiling of a questionnaire that was as come with an organized group. It should of ies for the restoration of the monuments 2006 short as possible. General characteristics of the visitors course be emphasized that this picture in (2002: K. Zambas, The Refinements of the Conduct of the research was assigned to To begin with it was thought worthwhile no way represents the total of the visitors. Parthenon Columns and Study for the ration of the South Wall of the Parthenon, Maria Ioannidou the public opinion surveys company Metron to explore the demographic profile of the Quite otherwise, every-day observation Structural Restoration of the North Façade T. Tanoulas-M. Ioannidou, Study for the Civil Engineer Analysis. Research was carried out over a visitors. Analysis of the replies showed that shows that the majority of visitors are par- of the Parthenon, E. Papakonstantinou-K. Restoration of the Superstructure of the Director of YSMA period of six months (June-November 2006), both men (53%) and women (47%) par- ticipants in some organized group. The 17

representation is due mainly to the unwill- the guide and 30% the archaeological MA were investigated through questions 3 second. Here too, 27% of those ques- and only 1% replied that the architecture enables us to understand the opinions of the ingness of members of organized groups to guidebook or other printed matter. In this to 5. For reasons of economy, but also to tioned took no position either for the one does not correspond “at all” to their previ- visitors about the restoration of the Acropo- participate in the research, evidently be- case too the visitors had the option of more make it simpler for the reader, in the analy- or the other proposition. To the opposing ous idea. Finally, to question 8 (“Accord- lis monuments. It would not be exaggera- cause of the strict time frame in which their than one choice. sis that follows the answers have been gath- propositions “the use of new marble con- ing to what you were expecting to see, how tion to say that as a whole the visitors react visit is carried out. Even so, because partic- ered into wider categories. Thus, com- tributes to the comprehension of the ap- satisfied or dissatisfied were you with the positively to the work of restoration. Even ipants in the same group tend to have simi- Opinions about the restoration of the bined in the category “I agree” are the per- pearance of the monuments” and “the use overall experience of your visit to the Acro- when they do not know the specific rea- lar demographic features and common monuments centages of the sub-divisions “I totally of new marble spoils the original character polis?”) 44% of those questioned replied sons that made restoration necessary, the perceptions during the visit, the results Questions 1 to 5 form the basic body of agree” and “I rather agree” and, corre- of the monuments”, 47% of the respon- “very satisfied”, 45% “rather satisfied”, visitors are convinced that the efforts being yielded by analysis of the answers, with a the questionnaire, since their purpose is to spondingly, the percentages of the sub- dents agreed with the first proposition, 6% “neither satisfied nor dissatisfied”, 3% made are for the protection of the monu- small margin of error, may be generalized investigate the opinions of the visitors divisions “I completely disagree” and “I while 26% agreed with the second. Again, replied “rather dissatisfied” and only 1% ments. This choice is indicative of the high in the population under investigation, as a about the restoration of the monuments. disagree to some extent” are combined in about a quarter of those asked (26%) claimed to be “very dissatisfied”. position the protection of the monuments whole. To question 1 (“According to your opin- the category “I disagree”. agreed with neither one nor the other pro- has on the scale of evaluation in the mind ion, what are the reasons for the restoration posal. The final opposing scheme com- Spontaneous comments and observations of the general public, in comparison to Of particular interest is the finding that of the Acropolis monuments?”), 73% of To question 3 (“During the restoration, prised the proposition/statement “the re- In an open question added at the end of their educational value or, much more, the monuments are being supplemented placement of the ancient sculptures with their profit-making potential. Beginning with new marble. What is your opinion of replicas is essential/necessary for the pro- with this conviction, most of the visitors this practice?”), 68% of those questioned tection of the sculptures” as against “the re- approve of the restoration practices that replied that they agree, whereas 16% dis- placement of the ancient sculptures with are being adopted, such as the filling in of agree. To question 4 (“During the restora- replicas spoils the original character of the ancient architectural members with new tion, the original sculptures are transferred monuments”. Most of those questioned marble, or the removal of sculpture from to the museum for maintenance/protection (50%) were in favour of the first proposal, the monuments in order to protect them. and replicas are placed on the monuments. whereas a significantly smaller percentage In particular for the critical question of What is your opinion of this practice?”), (22%) responded in agreement with the replacing the sculpture with replicas, it the percentage of the respondents who second. The percentage of respondents appears that there is almost unanimous agree is impressive, at 82%, whereas those who took no position at all came to 27%. approval on the part of the respondents. disagreeing are limited to 9%. These results are slightly different, without Degree of contentment with the work of reversing the general picture, when the vis- These viewpoints were explored further in restoration and with the visit itors are asked to take a position between a Question 5. Here the visitors were asked to It was considered necessary in making up positive and a negative statement. The pos- take a position between opposing proposi- the questionnaire to explore the visitors’ itive statement describes the need for the tions. Four opposing schemes were pre- total impression of the archaeological site monuments to undergo restoration with sented to those being questioned and they and the restoration of the monuments, the aim of bringing out their appearance were asked to choose the one with which especially in relation to their expectations and better preserving them. The negative they most agreed. The first opposing pair before the visit. The degree of contentment statement refers to the distortion of authen- comprised the statement “the restoration can be a significant factor in understanding ticity of the monuments or the reduction of Asking the visitors about the restoration of the Acropolis. Photo E. Petropoulou, 2006 Polling the visitors to the Acropolis. Photo E. Petro- brings out the appearance of the monu- the work being carried out on the monu- poulou, 2006 their aesthetic quality. A significant num- 36% of those asked had visited 2 to 5 those asked replied “for the protection of ments” as opposed to “the restoration dis- ments of the Acropolis, since a visitor who ber of visitors (a quarter of those asked, archaeological sites during the past 12 the monuments”, 35% replied “for making torts the appearance of the monuments”. leaves the archaeological site with positive the questionnaire, the visitors were asked to approximately) appear to hesitate in taking months, while 23% had visited more than monuments understanable to the general 44% of those questioned agreed with the impressions is more likely to consult sec- comment freely on the restoration of the a position on one or the other view. Even 5, a percentage considered particularly public”, 26% replied “in order to repair first supposition, whereas only 29% agreed ondary sources of information after his monuments of the Acropolis and on the so, the percentage of those who recognize high. The percentage of those who had vis- faults of earlier restorations” and only 12% with the second. A significant percentage visit. To question 6 (“What was your over- overall visiting experience. The replies the positive side of restoration remains ited only one site (23%) was the same, replied “in order to increase the visitors’ of the respondents (27%) took no position all attitude towards the restoration of the numbered 269, 32% of which had fa- high, reaching 50% in the case of the while 17% replied that they had not visited attendance”. This question had multiple either for the one or the other. The next Acropolis monuments during your visit?”) vourable comments in general about the removal and transportation of the original another archaeological site during the same answers. To question 2 (“The monuments’ opposing pair comprised the proposition 39% of the repondents replied “very posi- Acropolis, 15% made favourable com- sculpture to the Acropolis Museum. time. To the question exploring their first restoration consists of...”), the majority of “the colour contrast between the ancient tive”, 46% “rather positive”, 4% “rather ments about the restoration, 14% were neg- source of information about the Acropolis, the respondents (70%) replied “resetting marble and the new supplements con- negative” and only 1% had a “very nega- ative about the restoration, 12% expressed On the basis of the results of the survey, most of the respondents mentioned school of the ancient material and partial supple- tributes to the distinction between the an- tive” attitude. 10% of the visitors replied some disatisfaction with the archaeological one could argue that the appearance of the (62%) and books (52%). It may be noted menting with new marble”, while a smaller cient and the new material on the monu- “neither positive nor negative”. To ques- site of the Acropolis and 4% expressed Acropolis monuments corresponds to the that for this question the visitors could number, not insignificant, (23%) was the ments” as opposed to “the colour contrast tion 7 (“Would you say that the architec- impatience about the completion of the expectations the visitors had before their choose more than one answer. Finally, in percentage of those who replied “full between the ancient marble and the new ture of the Acropolis monuments came up works. visit. We can also say that the degree of sat- reply to the question exploring the sources reconstruction of the monuments”. supplements has unpleasant aesthetic re- to your expectations? If so, to what de- isfaction with the entire experience of the of information used by the visitors during The opinions of the visitors about the sults”. 43% of the respondents agreed with gree?”), 43% replied “absolutely”, 34% Conclusions visit and with the works of restoration, is the visit, 42% mentioned the signs, 36% methods and practices adoped by the ES- the first proposition, and 29% with the “very much”, 16% “quite”, 4% “a little” A penetrating look at the above results particularly high. The individual comments Protective filling of ancient monuments. 19 The case of the Arrephorion on the Athenian Akropolis

at the end of the questionnaire are, to a more modern methods of presenting the information on the history and architecture The case of the House of the Arrephoroi ronment. The course of this damage is clear vation that the buried sections of the foun- great extent, positive and encouraging for monuments and the works. of the monuments, particularly compared on the Athenian Acropolis is a characteris- from the photographs that have been taken dation walls were preserved in far better the works. A considerable number of the to the information given about the restora- tic example of a rescue intervention using at an interval of some 70 years (1932 and condition than the sections that had been visitors say that they would like to see the Of the comments in reply to the open tion project. the method of reburial. In view of the in- 2003 correspondingly). The backfilling of exposed above ground. work finished, while others compare the question at the end of the questionnaire, tervention, an architectural study was made the foundation walls of the Arrephorion present appearance of the To end our analysis, we by V. Manidaki in order to document the has the following goals: Planning the backfilling monuments with an image may say that the present construction of the monument after it was ñ Protection of the structural components derived from an earlier visit. survey describes along completely unearthed for archaeological of the foundation walls of the Arrephorion Principles of backfilling general lines the positive exploration and the relevant geotechnical from the adverse mechanical and physico- The backfilling of monuments is consid- For each question in the outlook of the visitors to study by the undersigned. Object of the chemical action of the environment. ered an intervention on ancient monuments questionnaire statistical ana- the work of restoration geotechnical study was the backfilling of ñ Protection of the amorphous marble frag- and therefore requires special attention. In lyses were made by sex, and their wider accord the foundation walls of the Arrephorion ments in the porch by burying them. making the geotechnical study for backfill- age, nationality and the with the methods being and the shapeless marble fragments that ñ Protection of the interior foundation ing, the general principles of the Charter of educational level of the vis- used. It would indeed be had piled up and were found in the re- walls, which are founded on ancient intro- Venice were borne in mind. itors, the way in which groundless to assert that moval of earth from the monument. The duced fill within the central hall. In accordance with these principles, we their visit was made, and this positive response is work was carried out by the EDRASO- ñ Relief of the section of the north Circuit aimed at the following: their previous experience based on an understanding MICHANIKI ATE, under the supervi- Wall of the Acropolis, which is in contact ñ Reversibility of the backfilling: the fill must with visits to archaeologi- in depth of the goals and sion of the YSMA be easily removable cal sites. These analyses the methods of anastelosis. without damage to show that the educational Rather, it is more expedi- The Arrephorion the monument. level and the previous ex- ent to interpret it as an ex- (House of the Arre- ñ Preservation of the perience are important fac- pression of confidence and phoroi), on the north existing structural fun- tors in understanding the recognition of the effort side of the Acropolis ction of the members works of restoration. This being made by all who are next to the Circuit of the monument. realization in part explains involved in the work of Wall, was a cult build- ñ Minimalizing cha- the positive (beyond all ex- anastelosis. An effort that, ing dedicated to the nges in the appear- pectation) results of the because of the extent and goddess Athena. The ance of the masonry survey. The visitors to the pace the work has assumed preserved parts of of the monument: Acropolis show a high ed- during the past years, is the building include the fill must not alter ucational level and consid- now particularly evident to the foundation walls, the technological and erable previous experience, anyone visiting the site. In which form two un- constructional char- a fact that implies –among any case, it would be no ex- derground halls. The acteristics of the ma- other things– an under- aggeration to say that in dimensions of the sonry as evidence of standing of the aims of an the consciousness of the central hall (À¶ 1) the technology of the attempt at restoration and visitor, the Acropolis works are 8.30 x 4.30 sq. m past. a certain familiarity with are well worthwhile. and the maximum ñ Bearing capacity: the limitations that a res- height of the foun- the backfill must be toration imposes. dation 4.90 m. The General plan of the Athenian Acropolis. Drawing by V. Manidaki (based on drawings by G. Kaveraw, J. Travlos, able to bear securely smaller hall, that is T. Tanoulas), 2006 self-weight loads or Another important, if not the porch (À¶ 2), the accidental (dead - definitive, factor for un- measures 8.30 x 2.30 sq. m and the maxi- with the north foundation wall of the cen- live) loads. derstanding the results is mum height of the foundation wall is 3.00 tral hall, from charging actions of the fill ñ Minimalizing the load on the structural age. The relevant analyses m. The foundation walls, which are rectan- under static or seismic conditions. members of the monument: the backfill of the replies demonstrate gular blocks of poros-stone (brittle marl must be introduced in such as way that its that the more elderly visi- limestone from Piraeus), range between A presupposition for accomplishing the charging action on the building blocks of tors tend to be more satis- Results of the polling: opinions about the restoration works in general, the use of new marble and 1.40 and 2.00 m in thickness. above goals is to insure –in so far as possi- the monument is minimized. fied with the work of res- the removal of the architectural sculpture to the Acropolis Museum ble– the necessary mechanical and physio- ñ Longevity of the backfill: The method of toration and the visiting Fani Mallouchou-Tufano Purpose of the backfilling chemical conditions (temperature - mois- backfilling must insure that the work has experience than the younger visitors, who the most useful is the request for the instal- Archaeologist, Ph.D., Head The main reason the backfilling of the ture) within the fill. the maximum longevity. seem to have more reservations. A likely lation of fuller visual material in the archae- Evi Petropoulou Arrephorion was considered necessary was It is worth noting that the technical solu- explanation of the phenomenon is that ological site. Quite a few visitors noted the Archaeologist, M.Phil. the continuous damage to the structural tion of backfilling was judged the indicated Choice of method for backfilling younger visitors, being more familiar with lack of a general information board at the components of the monument from the method for protecting the structure of the In order to comply with the above general the use of advanced technology, look for entrance to the site, and the need for more Documentation Office of the YSMA physical and chemical action of the envi- poros foundation walls, based on the obser- principles and with special requirements in 21

the case of the Arrephorion, alternate meth- ñ Minimal loading of the foundation walls for the deign of: the thickness of the soil mic conditions, shifts owing to shaking of 6. A reinforced embankment was made on reinforced fill and the north foundation ods of backfilling were examined as a pre- and of the part of the Circuit Wall that is in layers of selected gravel, the required ten- the foundation walls, shaking of the fill and the separation geotextile with successive wall, special arrangement was made for the liminary approach. contact with the ruins from the action of sile strength of the geogrid for each layer, in the long run distortion of the reinforced layers of compacted select gravel (at least construction of an antiseismic joint of grad- After comparative qualitative analyses, it horizontal thrust of the fill under static and the geometric characteristics of the rein- fill through creep of the geogrid. All this 95% of the modified Procter test), 25 cm ed width with the setting of a suitable, very was decided that the most suitable method seismic conditions: forcement and its positioning. The calcula- showed that it was necessary to make a thick and geomesh. The layers of geomesh deformable synthetic insert of sheets of of backfilling in the case of the Arrepho- ñ Facility in future removal of the fill to tions were made for the most unfavourable joint between the north foundation wall are set at intervals of 50 cm (each two layers polystyrene, 5 cm in width. Special care was rion is to introduce reinforced soil into the return the area to its former state. contour, in which the reinforced soil has a and the reinforced fill as follows: from the of fill), with the main tensile strength ori- taken also in the areas of contact between central hall and in the porch simple fill ñ Durability of the work (at least 120 years height of vertical slope equal to 5.00 m. A crest of the fill to the bottom 2 m joint b=15 ented N-S. The façade of the fill is formed the reinforced fill and the foundation cross- consisting of amorphous marble fragments with the endurance of the geosynthetics as lifetime of t=120 years was accepted for the cm and from a depth 2 m from the crest to by a geomesh wrap-around, and the encase- walls in the central hall, by placing supple- and supplemented by suitable well graded criterion). backfill, based on the strength of the geo- the base joint b=10 cm. ment of the ground material with the plac- mentary perimetrical layers of geomesh so selected granular soil. Around the edges of ñ Full analytical documentation and evalua- synthetics. ing of a separation geotextile within the as to improve the total contribution of the the monument smooth slopes were formed tion of the solution in static and seismic The intervention part of the geomesh that is wrapped around. reinforced fill in areas where the armature (with an inclination of about 30o) of well conditions. Examined in addition, in the framework of Briefly, in the framework of making the Particularly in the areas of contact between is interrupted because of the foundation compacted gravel. The reinforced soil rep- ñ Short time needed for doing the work. the geotechnical planning of the work, backfilling and giving functional shape to the fill and the foundation walls light com- cross-walls. resents a relatively modern technique, which ñ Facility in implementation of construc- were subjects such as: the wider environs of the area, between paction was applied in order to lessen the is already regularly used in our country tion. September 2006 and April 2007, the fol- lateral compaction pressures on the founda- 7. Covering the reinforced fill with separa- –primarily in road construction– as an alt- ñ Reasonable cost of the operation. ñ Sufficient drainage of the underground lowing works were completed: tion walls. In the areas of contact between the tion geotextiles and then placing a sealing areas. ñThe isolation of the monument from the 1. A base was formed for the backfill by filling material with adequate separation placing a levelling layer of selected gravel on geotextiles. the rock and covering it with an impervious ñSurface protection from rainwater seep- insulating membrane, in order to avoid age. seepage of local stagnant water. ñ Protection of the structural blocks of the Arrephorion with simple physical methods. 2. A separation geotextile was laid as a cov- ñ The suitable choice of surface materials ering for the area to be filled. The founda- and geosynthetics for implementing the tion walls in particular are covered with the process of backfilling. clean sand introduced between the foun- dation walls and the geotextile in order to c) Calculations for seismic action: These a) avoid direct contact of the foundation were based on the provisions of the Greek walls with the geotextile and b) create a Antiseismic Code (EAK2003) since the better adjustment of the geotextile against backfill constitutes a new construction the irregular side of the foundation walls. within the monument. 3. A drainage layer was placed (selected The House of the Arrephoroi. Section N-S. Drawing by V. Manidaki, 2006 In particular for the antiseismic planning of gravel with a <3% percentage of fine grains) the fill: on the separation geotextile of the floor with the slope necessary for water to flow i) The seismic loading was determined for out. Development over time of the damage of the Arrephorion foundation walls. Photographic composition by V. the design. On the basis of the Code (EAK Manidaki, 2006 2003) the area of the work is in a zone of 4. A drain made of pebbles (12-60 mm) seismic hazard “1”, with a seismic accelera- with a diam. 20 cm, was constructed in the ternative to costly retaining walls of rein- Geotechnical calculations tion of A=0.16 g. The design acceleration north side of the central hall and enclosed forced concrete. Briefly, the method com- The geotechnical study for the backfilling was increased because of the importance of in geotextile. For the exterior run-off of the prises layers of well compacted gravel, with comprises the following calculations: the work, the increased length of the lifes- water, a perforated pipe of PVC was placed suitable granulometry and geogrid sheets a) Calculations of external stability: these pan of the work and because of the amplifi- transversely at the end of the drain, with made of geosynthetics of high resistance include analysis for slide of the reinforced cation of the acceleration due to the topo- the opening of a hole in the northwest cor- introduced between the layers; the mesh of soil block on the geotextile of the base. Anal- graphical effect of the rocky Acropolis hill. ner of the central hall. the geogrid sheets interlock with the grains yses for overturning and bearing capacity of As a result, the design acceleration was de- of the soil filling. the subsoil stratum are considered redun- termined as A=0.30 g. 5. A separation geotextile was placed on the dant. ii) Calculated with well documented upper surface of the drainage layer as pro- With the method chosen for backfilling, empirical methods were the permanent dis- tection from chance pollution from fine the following advantages are assured: b) Calculations of internal stability are used placement of the reinforced fill under seis- grains of gravel. The House of the Arrephoroi. Section E-W. Drawing by V. Manidaki, 2006 23

layer of surface material of low permeabil- the amorphous marble fragments from the phorion with well compressed select grav- 15. In order to monitor the backfill, we the reinforced fill to monitor chance hori- Likewise, there was systematic documenta- ity comprising a mixture of argillaceous removal of fill from the monument, and the el. This perimetric fill was formed with a placed the following: a) pile witnesses on zontal pressure shifts. tion of the construction with the compiling matter and pebble (so as to combine imper- rest of the empty space was filled in with se- slope no greater than 1:2 (height: width). the foundation, the cross-wall in the cen- of a register of the work: daybook, plans meability with strength); also drainage was lect granular material. When the filling had tral hall and on the top of the reinforced During the work, in addition to continuous “as built”, photographs, tests of quality arranged for rainwater. been completed, a separation geotextile was 10. Construction of a wall of stone mason- fill, for the topographical monitoring of macroscopic monitoring, there was inces- control, technical record, statistical entries etc, and a conservation manual of the work. Used in carrying out the construction were approximately 1200 m3 choice inert mate- rials, such as sand, pebbles and gravel, 600m2 geomesh, 1000m2 geotextiles, 1000 kg cement, 30 m2 timber etc. The total time for completing the project (backfilling the monument and arranging the surrounding area) was around 7 months, a very short time considering the special difficulties of Stone masonry wall at NW border of the Arre- carrying out the task in the archaeological phorion. Photo D. Englezos, December 2006 site of the Acropolis. During this period the ry with mortar at the NW side of the mon- staff of the YSMA cooperated fruitfully ument at the boundary of the mediaeval with the contractor, particularly on mov- stairway, to support the fill. ing materials and on conservation - repair of tools and machinery. 11. Construction of a drain around the edge at the foot of the slopes of the fill (to Finally, it should be noted that the backfill- carry off rainwater) consisting of a pierced ing of the monument has already been suc- The House of the Arrephoroi. Construction of reinforced embankment with wrap around face formation. plastic pipe º100, enclosed in a separation Plan of the backfilling of the Arrephorion. Drawing by V. Manidaki, 2006. cessfully completed (May 2007) and that Photo D. Englezos, November 2006 geotextile, with a perimetric filter of fine- the work is now in the phase of conserva- grained gravel likewise surrounded on the tion by the contractor, in accordance with exterior by a separation geotextile. The his obligations in the relevant contract. drain empties through an opening in the neighbouring mediaeval stairway.

12. Transportation of the piles of amor- phous marble fragments from the south side of the Arrephorion to the area NW of the backfill and its covering over (with select gravel), with a slope toward the drain for the run-off of rainwater from the immedi- ate area.

13. Making the final coating of the fill over the water-proof sealing layer (with the in- sertion of geotextile) of well compressed gravel with an aggregate of a suitable colour, Dimitris N. Englezos so as to harmonize with the surrounding ar- Civil Engineer Ph.D., Geotechnical Engineer chaeological site. In charge of the work on the Circuit Wall of the Acropolis The House of the Arrephoroi. Perimetric drain to carry off rainwater. Photo D. Englezos, March 2007 14. Architectural arrangement of the fill to The Site of the House of the Arrephoroi after its backfilling. Photo F. Mallouchou-Tufano, May 2007 show the plan of the buried foundation 8. Together with the introduction of rein- placed on top, over which the insulating walls by means of zones of garbuglio 5 cm settling; b) optical fibre for monitoring sant quality control, with sufficient labora- forced fill in the central hall, the filling of sealing layer was spread and compressed. thick (reinforced with geogrid), of white possible movements of the north wall of tory and field tests relating to the determi- the porch proceeded to the same height. cement and of a suitable flat colour so as to the central hall; c) a pressure sensor on the nation of granulometry, permeability and Specifically, the porch was filled in part with 9. Extension of the filling around the Arre- harmonize with the final surface of the fill. north wall of the central hall at the base of the compaction of granular materials. On the occasion of the new restoration of the temple of Athena Nike. Looking back at the history of the cult statue of Athena Nike 25

On the top of the tower that guards the already by the middle of the 6th century in a specially constructed underground Both the term used by the two travellers for Acropolis rock, the temple of Athena Nike B.C. The oldest remains of that early sanc- space in the classical pyrgos. As is evident the cult statue of the marble temple of Athe- has been undergoing anastelosis since the tuary that came to light in the excavation of from its slightly different orientation from na Nike and the early features evident from year 2000. The monument, a work of the the preclassical fill within the classical pyr- that of the poros base, the shrine is later the description of Heliodoros, prompt us to architect Kallikrates, built in the years 427- gos, 1.83 m lower than the level of the than the figure that it housed. The monu- ask, whether the statue that was placed in 424 B.C., housed the cult statue of the marble temple, are the following: ment incorporated the base of the cult fig- the marble temple was the archaic figure of goddess for the second time in the history ure in its NW corner and not on its longi- the goddess that had survived the Perian of her sanctuary. ñ the inscribed fragment of the earlier tudinal axis, probably because the available Wars. The term xoanon in Heliodoros, as poros altar of the goddess (580-530 B.C.), space on the bastion did not permit further in other later writers, is synonymous with the The tower at the southwest corner of the founded or dedicated by Patrokles and of the building to the north. Scholars have term agalma (statue). In Pausanias, more- Acropolis, primary defensive position of various opinions about its chronology, over, it means that the cult statue of the the fortification wall, was already a cult site ñ the poros base measuring 0.96 x 1.08 x ranging from 500 to the middle of the 5th marble temple was assuredly made of wood in Mycenaean times. On the occasion of 0.41 m that held, according to most schol- century B.C. Yet, the form of the altar and (2, 15, 17). The position of the outstretched dismantling the temple and the classical ars, the archaic, wooden figure of the god- the lack of traces of burning on its walls hands holding the symbols, as the traveller phase of the pyrgos by the Archaeological dess (560 B.C.). The rectangular cutting in make it more likely to postdate the Persian Society of Athens in 1936, in order to the centre of the base, which was made to invasion. It appears that the venerated fig- strengthen the foundations of the monu- hold the cult statue, was found full of clay ure of the goddess escaped the catastrophe ment, excavations were carried out by Niko- figurines of a primitive female type (geo- of 480 B.C., because it was hidden in a safe laos Balanos. These excavations showed that metric – middle of the 5th century B.C.). place. Thus, it was that after the return of in that area of the sacred rock there stood in For this reason, when it was found it was the Athenians, probably in Kimon’s time, it Mycenaean times a strong tower of Cyclo- considered by those who studied it to be a was set again in its original place as soon as pean construction. Then too, in a small bothros for chthonic sacrifices. the base was housed in the first stone tem- double niche in the west side of the tower, ple. a goddess was worshipped who was the The first stone temple protector of the entrance to the Acropolis Around this base, which follows the orien- The placing of dedications in the rectangu- The temple of Athena Nike around 460-450 B.C. Drawing by D. Giraud, 1994 The first stone shrine of Athena Nike within the clas- sical pyrgos after its restoration in 2004. Photo D. and by extension the fortification Wall and tation of the Mycenaean bastion, there lar cutting of the base, about which there are Michalopoulou the palace. came to light remains of a little poros shrine opposing theories, appears likely to be Athens, was encircled by other ancient xoanon to the cult statue that was in the of ¶-shaped plan, measuring 3.125 x 2.46 connected with the end of the history of the cults of vegetation on the pyrgos (Hekate/ marble temple. He reports that the god was pictures the xoanon, is known as early as The early sanctuary m. The building, which was the first stone first stone temple. Perhaps this happened Artemis Epipyrgidia and the Charites) and portrayed wingless, with a chthonic sym- the archaic period, and agrees with the dat- The cult of Athena Nike, continuing the temple of Athena Nike, was discovered be- during the filling in of the monument, around it (Aphrodite Pandemos, Peitho, bol of fertility, the pomegranate, in her ing of the preserved base of the xoanon in religious tradition into historic times, had neath the NE section of the marble temple, which occurred before the founding of its Ge Kourotrophos, Demeter Chloe). She right hand, and holding in her left a hel- this early period. The pomegranate too is occupied the top of the Mycenaean tower together with its altar. Today it is preserved new marble successor, as an ultimate offer- was honoured on this spot by the Athenians met, symbol of war. This picture, connect- among the first symbols to become com- ing to the cult figure that had stood there as guarantor of success and protector of the ing the chthonian fertility nature of the mon in the Attic plastic arts from the be- until that time. fruits of every activity –athletic, artistic, goddess with her warlike aspect, shows the ginning of the 6th century B.C. In any military– yet with emphasis on the military deity as peaceful rather than martial. Four case, the evidence provided by Pausanias The marble temple and political side, which had developed centuries later, the evidence of Heliodoros (5, 26, 6), that this xoanon was the model The new marble, tetrastyle, amphiprostyle, further after the Persian Wars along with is verified by Pausanias, who, however, has for the Wingless Victory dedicated by the Ionic temple of Athena Nike was built in Athenian power. That is why in the sculp- probably taken the views of others without Mantineans at Olympia and made by the the framework of a basic renovation of the tural decoration on her temple, the histori- having actually seen the work himself. By sculptor Kalamis (second quarter of the 5th temenos of the goddess at the new level of cal struggles of the city of Athens are pre- his time the name of Athena had given way century B.C.), certifies its existence before the sanctuary, after the Mycenaean bastion sented as a continuation of the victorious to the essential quality of Nike. The official the marble temple was built. was replaced by a new defensive pyrgos. It struggles of the mythical ancestors of the inscriptions (IG II2, 1425) refer to the tem- was founded further west than its predeces- Athenians, struggles which are indeed col- ple as the temple of Nike and show that the Thus, it is highly likely that the statue that sor with its altar precisely above the earlier lated with the victorious struggle of the process had already started in the 4th cen- was placed around 425 B.C. in the marble poros one. Together with the brilliantly goddess in the mythical battle of the Gods tury B.C. The goddess is now known as temple of Athena Nike, on top of the re- conceived and executed marble sculptured against the Giants. the Wingless Victory, “Nike Apteros” (I, built pyrgos, inaugurating a new period in parapet that crowns the bastion, the monu- 22, 4-5) because of the absence of the the cult of the goddess, will have been the ment continues the tradition of being both The cult statue wings that might have been expected on same archaic xoanon of the goddess, refur- sign and ornament of the defensive pyrgos. In his first book about the Acropolis, frag- the Goddess of Victory. This representa- bished and placed on a new base. For the second time it houses in its little cel- ments of which are preserved by the 1st tion, according to the tradition of the time Likewise, we cannot exclude the possibility la the venerated cult statue. Athena Nike, century A.D. lexicographer Harpokration, of the ancient traveller, insured that the that its place was taken in the new monu- goddess protector of all that is fruitful, the Athenian traveller Heliodoros, a writer goddess would be forever beside the Athe- ment by an exact copy of the venerated The temple of Athena Nike from the east. Photo S. Mavrommatis, 1983 guardian of the well-being of the city of of the 2nd century B.C., applies the term nians (3, 15, 7). wooden prototype, the “ancient statue” (·Ú- 27

¯·›ÔÓ ¿Á·ÏÌ·) mentioned in the decree IG ments of the base (0.53 x 0.54m) and the liodoros’ description, as well as the likeli- decree had referred to the refurbishment of again in the NW corner of the area, exact- of 267 A.D., so catastrophic for the monu- I3 64 (440-415 B.C.) form of the cutting for setting the xoanon hood that the xoanon was a standing figure. the doorways or construction of the coffers ly as it was in the first stone temple. These ments of Athens, spread to the Acropolis. agree as well with a standing xoanon of large In a relief from the Acropolis of the first half or acroteria of the temple, as has been sug- slabs are the only ones to have escaped the It is a fact that traces of destruction by fire The ancient literary sources do not give a size as with a seated figure of smaller dimen- of the 4th century B.C., L. Beschi recog- gested by a number of scholars. dismantling of the floor of the monument were not observed on the temple of Athena fuller picture of its appearance. Some schol- sions. Yet, the relative depth of the cutting nizes the archaic xoanon of Athena Nike in during the Ottoman domination, in order Nike, which, exposed on top of the pyr- ars believe that the proportions of both (0.23 x 0.28 m) for holding the statue would a female figure shown standing within a The submission of a plan and the involve- to construct the vault of a gunpowder stor- gos, would have been at the centre of hos- shrine and base show that the xoanon of appear better suited to a standing xoanon of temple, with a table of offerings before her. ment of an architect mentioned in the de- age room beneath the cella. This repetition tilities. Yet, the cult statue, covered with Athena Nike was small enough to have large size. The figure is behind and to the left of a cree is perhaps to be connected with the re- in the second temple of the arrangement of valuable materials surely did not escape the been removed from the Acropolis in an seated goddess who is identified as Athena. quirements of planning the entire interven- the first is paralleled in the great temple of noice of the attackers, as is evident from the emergency, as was the wooden xoanon of Representations of Athena on pottery and The figure wears chiton and himation, but tion, which included the designing and set- Hera in Samos at the end of the 6th centu- inscription IG ππ2, 3198, which tells us that Athena Polias. It is a fact that the measure- in sculpture support the validity of He- the way in which the figure is depicted is ting of the new base of the xoanon, which, ry B.C., attributed to Polykrates. Here too the Athenian priest and historian P. Eren- reminiscent of Archaic statues: she wears a polos, she is frontal and her elbows are bent with her hands outstretched and holding symbols. The symbol in her right hand could be a fruit.

Of particular importance for the history of the statue that was set up in the marble tem- ple of Athena Nike is the decree IG I3 64 (440-415 B.C.), which refers to the an- nouncement of a contest for undertaking some unspecified work in the framework of the building programme of the late 5th century in the temenos of Athena Nike. According to the most recent interpreta- tion (D. Giraud, P. Schultz), the first deci- sion of the decree refers to the choice of valuable materials –gold leaf and ivory– that were needed for the renovation of the Restoration drawing of the first stone shrine with its altar and the statue. Long section. Plan of the temple of Athena Nike showing the posi- cult statue that was housed in the new mar- Drawing by D. Giraud, 2002 tion of the cult statue. Drawing by D. Giraud, 1994 Plan of the pyrgos of Athena Nike showing the Mycenaean fortifications, the first stone shrine and the classical ble temple and for setting its new base. The temple. Drawing by V. Douras, Archive of the Archaeological Society at Athens sort of renovation that comprises its sheath- probably faced with relief plaques, will the position of the cult statue of the preced- nios Dexippos, who took part in driving ing and redecorating with ivory and gold have shown off the statue to its best. Such a ing temple of Rhoikos and Theodoros of the Herulii out of Athens, set up the throne on the exposed parts was carried out as well base, made of the same valuable materials as 570/560 B.C. was abandoned, just as in of the statue of the divinity (ÙÔ ¤‰Ô˜ Ù˘ on the archaic xoanon of Athena Polias the statue, would have been entirely suit- the new temple of Athena Nike, and the ıÂÔ‡ ·Ó¤ÛÙËÛÂÓ), probably for the last time that was housed in the Erechtheion around able for the chryselephantine statue. In- old base was replaced by a new one. It may in its history. This inscription, incised in 540 B.C. The practice was employed also deed, ivory is mentioned in the treasury in- well be that the exact position occupied by 269 A.D. and set up opposite the temple, for other cult statues down to the 2nd cen- ventories of the Parthenon in the 4th cen- the archaic figure of Athena Nike in the on the central pilaster of the west façade of tury A.D. tury B.C. as a decorative material that was poros shrine was not retained in the succes- the south wing of the Propylaia, provides inlaid in the stone bases of cult statues. sor temple, as in the case of the most an- the last preserved evidence for the adven- This interpretation is supported both by cient statue of the Samian temple of the tures of the cult statue of Athena Nike on the word ‰Ú‡Ê·ÎÙÔÓ in the decree, which In its new position in the cella of the mar- 8th-mid-7th centuries B.C., while still re- her pyrgos. could refer to a barrier in the cella to safe- ble temple, even if the temple were closed, taining the tradition of its off-centre posi- guard the valuable cult statue or to the the restored figure of the goddess would tion. parapet of the pyrgos. It is supported also have been permanently visible through the by the reference to participation of the Al- fencing (‰Ú‡Ê·ÎÙ·) that connected the Until the 2nd century B.C. the cult figure Evi Lembidaki lies in the final decision, since it was a mat- two wall antae with the two pilasters in the of Athena Nike, according to Heliodoros’ Archaeologist, Ph. D. ter of using funds of the Delian League to centre of the east end of the cella. Two pry- evidence, still stood on top of the bastion. of the Temple of Athena Nike restore an important statue of the goddess holes, useful for setting a base 1.70 m wide, Whether the temple and the statue suffered Restoration Project protector of the Alliance that had been preserved in the two westernmost of the damage in 86 B.C., with the taking of the saved from the Persian invasion. This par- eight slabs that form the central part of the Acropolis by Sulla’s troops, is unknown. The temple of Athena Nike, under anastelosis, from the east. Photo E. Lembidaki, June 2007 ticipation would have been senseless if the cella floor, show that the cult figure was set Nor do we know if the Herulian incursion The new educational museum kit “The Twelve Olympian Gods” 29

From Prehistoric times down to the pre- material in the schools within the pro- The museum kit comprises various book- to chose works of art that will show the 3. An envelope with cards great artists of antiquity, that went on to dominance of Christianity in the 4th cen- gramme “Alternative Zones” of the Min- lets and games. children the many aspects of the ancient a. Thirteen myth-cards, wonderful works be copied in various sizes and materials in tury A.D., the Greeks, continuing with the istry of National Education and Religion world, of ancient art and the personality of by the painter P. Valasakis, show scenes and later times. The students try to recognize Romans, worshipped gods and goddesses organized then for the first time. 1. The book of the museum kit each god or goddess. Where possible, we myths characteristic of the gods. There is a each god and to imagine the statues in their who, according to tradition, dwelled on It includes an introduction to the subject. have given preference to works that are card for each divinity, and another with all original form. the untrodden heights of Mt. Olympos. This is a very pleasing museum kit, the sub- It describes and connects the various leaflets from the Athenian Acropolis. the gods together for the cover. The religion is a complex one and it is ject of which is of interest to Greeks and to and games. It has instructions on how to Recognizing the gods... on vases directly connected with a vivid mythology, foreign educators worldwide. The purpose use them and suggestions for the instructor The following principles have determined b. Five game-cards illustrate works of On this card twelve ancient vases are shown. which had a role for the ancestral leaders of of the kit is to give students and educators divided into the following categories: the choice of illustrative material: ancient and more recent art with represen- On each are depicted scenes with a god as the Greeks, the heroes of a shrouded but the opportunity of approaching the vast Mythology-History and Art. Mythology tations of the gods, in sculpture, on vases, protagonist. The students identify each god illustrious past, and above all the places, the richness of ancient and modern art, to and Language, Mythology and Natural ñ The form of the divinity on the first page on coins and on postage stamps. Each card from his characteristic attributes or from mountains, rivers and seas of the Greek learn some of the beautiful myths of anti- Sciences, Mythology and Contemporary was chosen from ancient sculptural works comprises a complete educational pro- the myths that are illustrated and they world. These numberless tales with their quity and to connect these with the sites, Professions. Many of these proposals have in marble. The purpose is to emphasize the gramme. The student identifies the divini- observe the shapes and types of decoration various versions, the myths about the monuments and history of our land. already been applied by educators with anthropomorphism of ancient Greek reli- ties and the myths and compares different of the vases. whom we have had a long collaboration. gion. The museum kit “The Twelve Olympian ñ The ancient sculptural works, be they Gods” has been designed to be used in the statues in-the-round or reliefs, have been classroom and then in a place of cultural selected from works of various sizes and importance, thus practically anywhere. A different materials. single work of art devoted to only a single ñ The vases have been chosen on the basis god is enough to activate the entire educa- of the clarity with which each divinity is tional force of this museum kit. depicted and according to the possibility of Information is thus given for using the recognizing him from his attributes. museum kit in a museum, an archaeological ñ Moreover, to demonstrate the richness site, an art gallery, a library or a bookstore. and range of ancient Greek pottery mak- ing, we have chosen black-figured, red-fig- 2. A file with twelve leaflets, one for each ured, relief-decorated vases, white ground god vases, and vases of various shapes: ampho- Each leaflet contains a brief description of rae, craters, kylikes, lekythoi, pyxides, hy- the characteristics of each divinity, the driae and so on. most important myths about him/her, the The architectural monuments dedicated to names of his/her companions and children, the gods likewise vary. We have open-air his/her principle epithets, characteristic fea- Sanctuaries in a natural setting (such as the The educational museum kit “The Twelve Olympian Gods”. Photo S. Mavrommatis, 2007 tures of the cult, the festivals held in his/her Sanctuary of Aphrodite at Daphne), sim- The book of the museum kit “The Twelve Olympian Gods”. Photo S. Mavrommatis, 2007 honour, and the main Sanctuaries and ple altars (such as that of Dionysos), sacred Temples dedicated to his/her name. Not- precincts surrounded by stoas (as at Brau- twelve immortal and most important gods, During the past years our museum kit has ed too are characteristic representations of ron), Telesteria (such as at Sangri in Naxos) types of statues, vases, coins and so forth, Recognizing the gods... on coins with an entire world of lesser divinities, become a favorite with educators and stu- the divinity in sculpture and vase painting and, of course, many temples of different as follows: Represented on one side of the card are an- provided themes that nourished and in- dents. It has provided the possibility of a and also the identifying attributes by which types, built in the Doric, Ionic or Corin- cient coins, two, usually different, for each spired for thousands of years both pre- multi-thematic approach through the the god may be recognized; so too, the an- thian styles. Recognizing the gods god, one showing the head and the other Christian antiquity and, after the European teaching equipment. As a result it has been imals and plants that are sacred to him/her. The ancient coins of the various Greek On this card are twelve ancient marble showing, in most cases, the entire figure of Renaissance, poets, writers, musicians, included with the new school books pro- One side of the leaflet has pictures only cities, of gold, silver and bronze, have been sculptures that represent the individual the divinity. painters, sculptors, in sum culture itself. vided for the 3rd Elementary grade as sug- and it can serve as a mini-poster in the class- chosen for their artistic values, and for the gods. Some come from statues in-the-round, On the other side of the card are shown gested supporting material for the History- room. The illustrations are varied and they ease with which each divinity can be recog- some from reliefs. The students try to coins of the 20th century and also paper With this as our theme and focusing on the Mythology course. At the same time, the are representative of each one of the twelve nized from his attributes. identify each divinity and to imagine the money, with representations of the ancient Olympian divinities shown in the number of requests for receiving it on loan gods and goddesses. Shown in each trip- Each leaflet contains a picture of a more figure without the missing fragments and gods. The students identify each god, and Parthenon frieze, we have prepared the has increased in Greece and abroad for the tych are the head of the god or goddess recent work of art, whose theme is drawn damage suffered through time, but with they are asked to make their own collection educational museum kit, “The Twelve English version. Thus, after 10 years, and from a well known work of ancient art and from ancient mythology and the gods and the colours it will have had originally. and to draw their own proposals for coin Olympian Gods”. It is a subject on which thanks to the generous funding by the smaller pictures from a piece of sculpture, a which show the extent to which they influ- design. we have worked for over 10 years. A first Stavros Niarchos Foundation, we have coin, a vase with mythological scenes, an enced later artists. The works comprise Recognizing the gods... in sculpture version of the museum kit appeared in developed the contents and form of the architectural work and a modern work of paintings and sculpture by both European Illustrated on this card are twelve works Recognizing the gods... on stamps 1998 in the framework of the programme museum kit and we have brought out what art from the Renaissance to the present. and American artists, covering a chrono- of ancient sculpture from different peri- On this card are stamps with scenes depict- “MELINA – Education and Culture”. In is actually a new museum kit, on the same We have chosen 101 works from 14 Greek logical span from the early Renaissance ods, archaic, severe style, classical, Hel- ing the gods and their myths as shown by 2001, it was chosen by the Institute of theme, with 500 copies in Greek and 300 Museums and 24 Foreign Museums in 8 (Sandro Botticelli, 1481) to modern times lenistic, classicistic, Roman. They show ancient statues, vases, and coins and also by Education to be offered as educational in English. different countries. An effort has been made (A. Karo, 1990). sculptural types, that were created by the more recent works of art by well-known 31

Greek artists. The students identify each pupil to imagine and to remodel creatively tagonists. In order to participate, the stu- Olympian Gods”, informing the educators god and create a collection of their own. the world of the ancient divinities. The stu- dent should send us photographs of one or in their district about the use and availabili- dents decode them and fill the envelope more works of art. The work can refer to ty of the kit on loan from the local institu- c. Two cards follow, entitled “Recognizing with their own objects - attributes. one or more divinities, it can be an ancient tions. plants and animals dedicated to the gods”, or more recent piece of sculpture, vase, For example, in March 2007, in Thessa- by the painter, M. Kallimopoulos. Various 5. The leaflet “The Olympian Gods in the coin, temple or neo-classical building, or a lonike, the four Officials in charge of Cul- myths from all over Greece lie behind the Parthenon Frieze” more recent work of art or whatever else tural Affairs in the Elementary School sys- attributes or the predilection and relation- A game is devoted to the Twelve Gods as offers the possibility of being matched with tem of the Prefecture, in collaboration with ship of each god for a specific animal or they are depicted in the frieze of the Parthe- the world of the ancient gods. the Tellogleion Foundation for the Arts of plant. The students are asked to indentify non. Information is given about the monu- and find what is sacred to each divinity, ment, and for each god an epithet and the Special care has been devoted to the picto- and to pick out the corresponding myths. animal and plant that are sacred to him. rial quality of the museum kit. The excel- The students try to identify the gods and lent artistic and editorial supervision of the d. A game-card with twelve figures-gods of their attributes. museum kit is the work of Ina Melengko- different colours stimulates the children to glou (AltSys), to whom warm thanks are create their own gods, to choose which 6. The game of recognizing the gods due; without her, the museum kit would not colour best expresses each one, to find pic- “Who’s Who on Mt. Olympos” have had the same quality. tures in periodicals and newspapers, to The game is based on the matching of pho- clothe the figures and to add their attrib- tographs of a characteristic head, of a sculp- Circulation of the museum kit utes, and so forth. tured work, a vase, a coin, a temple, and a From December 2006 to June 2007, 320 more recent work of art for each god. The museum kits were given to educational The cards of the museum kit “The Twelve Olympian Gods”. Photo S. Mavrommatis, 2007 4. An envelope containing a card on the student identifies the gods and chooses and institutions throughout Greece and it is subject of attributes and symbolism matches the photographs of the various estimated that some 10,000 school chil- the Aristotle University of Thessalonike, the educators of the Prefectures of Elis, In closing we should like to thank particu- Shown are 12 attributes - forms that lend works. dren will have made use of them. During organized a seminar addressed by C. Had- Achaia and Aitoloakarnania. larly the Stavros Niarchos Foundation, themselves to multiple interpretations. The Finally, in the museum kit the student finds the same time, around 2,000 children from ziaslani on the subject of the Educational A different situation applied in the Prefec- whose generous funding completed first multifacetted interpretations that each also an invitation to participate in a game 40 schools through Greece used them as Material of the Acropolis, and in particular ture of Rhodope, where our collaboration the museum kit “Let’s go to the Acropolis” attribute can be given, the sequences and of finding works of art of universal cultural material on loan. the use of the museum kit, “The Twelve with the educators of the Prefecture was in 2002, and now the museum kit “The correlations that can be made, help the heritage, with the gods of Olympos as pro- Olympian Gods” in educational practice. arranged through the local 19th Ephorate of Twelve Olympian Gods”. Great interest was shown in the loan of the One hundred seventy educators from 120 Antiquities, which had a tradition in educa- museum kit “The Twelve Olympian Gods” schools took part in the seminar, and were tional programmes. The archaeologist in by district schools. In order to meet the de- given an Educational Folder on the Acrop- charge of the Educational Programmes of mand for this circulation on a local level, a olis. the museum held a special seminar for the collaborative network was organized with The schools of the Prefecture no longer educators of the Prefecture on the subject of local institutions, to which we delivered the need to borrow the museum kit of “The the new museum kit, “The Twelve Oly- museum kits so that they could be lent to Twelve Olympian Gods” directly from mpian Gods” and its use in the Archaeolog- the district schools. Thus, for each Prefec- Athens. They can now receive it on loan ical Museum of Komotini. Between Octo- ture a museum kit was sent to the local from the institution of the Ministry of Na- ber 2006 and January 2007, 600 school Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Anti- tional Education and Religion (four Cul- children, with the help of the museum kit, quities, to the corresponding Ephorate of tural Officials of the Elementary School took part in a specially arranged educatio- Byzantine Antiquities, and to Museums system and four of the High School sys- nal programme in the Museum. with organized sections of educational pro- tem), from the institutions responsible at grammes. Likewise, for each Prefecture, the Ministry of Culture (16th EPKA, 9th Officials from abroad have shown special Cornelia Hadziaslani our Service gave a museum kit to the Offi- EBA, Archaeological Museum and Muse- interest in the museum kit. Museum kits Architect-Archaeologist, Head cial in charge of Cultural Affairs and Artis- um of Byzantine Culture), and from the have been presented to 17 Foreign Archae- Irini Kaïmara, Assimina Leonti tic Competitions in both the Elementary Tellogleion Foundation of Arts and the ological Schools in Athens. They have also Archeologists and High Schools. These kits were distrib- Museum of Casts of the Archaeology been given to educators from schools uted in the course of a special seminar held Department of the Aristotle University of abroad with whom we have worked during Department of Information and Educa- in Patras in February 2007, by invitation Thes-salonike. this period. Thus, in a first phase, museum tion of the YSMA from the Ministry of Education and the In- In the Prefecture of Pella too, the Official kits have been given to 33 institutions in stitute of Learning of the National Centre for Cultural Affairs in the High School sys- Australia, France, Germany, United States, of Public Administration and Local Gov- tem organized a similar seminar for educa- Spain, Italy, Lithuania, Great Britain, Hol- ernment. Many of the 100 Cultural Offi- tors. land, Poland, Romania and Turkey. We cials who took part in the Seminar, subse- Another such seminar has already been expect the sending of museum kits to se- quently organized in their own Prefectures scheduled for September in Athens for the lected institutions in Greece and abroad to The leaflets of the museum kit “The Twelve Olympian Gods”. Photo S. Mavrommatis, 2007 a similar presentation of “The Twelve schools of Attica and similarly at Pyrgos for have been completed in December 2007. News from the Acropolis 33

From July 2006 until now, much activity dition to the above schools, which bor- (Great Britain, Italy, Holland, United States) the “Valley of the Temples” at Acragas, or- has gone into informing the general public rowed the museum kits directly from the seminars were held for a total of 555 educa- ganized the conference in collaboration as well as specialists about the restoration of Department, another 3,416 children from tors and students and educational material with the Section of Cultural Possessions of the Acropolis and generally about the work 86 schools used the museum kits through was given to 145 individuals and 50 institu- the Region of Sicily. The occasion for the of the YSMA. agents, mainly in the provinces, with which tions. Among these we may note the semi- event was the completion of interventions the Department has been collaborating nar held in December 2006 for the Mayor on the Temple of Concord. A group of Educational activities during the past few years. These are various of Nashville Tennessee and the presenta- scholars from the YSMA were invited to The Information and Education Depart- institutions, such as the Ephorates of Anti- tion of the Department’s new museum kit participate and to present the works of the ment of the YSMA carried out a pro- quities (for example, the 19th and 25th “The Twelve Olympian Gods” at the 10th Acropolis. The Director of YSMA, M. gramme on the theme “Let’s Go to the Ephorates of Prehistoric and Classical An- Information Meeting of ICOM, Decem- Ioannidou, spoke on the past, present and Acropolis” at the Centre for Acropolis tiquities), Museums or Foundations that ber 2006 in Athens. future of the Acropolis works, the head of Studies for 2,100 school children. Yet, an- have departments with educational pro- The new museum kit “The Twelve Oly- the work on the Parthenon, N. Toganidis other year saw collaboration of the Depart- grammes (for ex., the Archaeological Mu- mpian Gods” of the YSMA educational presented the stages of the project of res- ment with the Greek Parliament, with 875 seum of Thessalonike, the Tellogleion programmes was presented on 30 Novem- toration of the monument, the head of the pupils, 23 of them from remote Gymnasia Foundation for the Arts of the Aristotle ber 2006 in a special event at the Centre for work on the Propylaia, T. Tanoulas, pre- in the Dodecanese, visiting the Acropolis University of Thessalonike), Schools (for Acropolis Studies. The gathering was greet- sented a theoretical approach to practical with the booklet “Let’s Go to the Acropo- ex. the 7th Lykeion (High School) of ed by the General Director of Antiquities issues in the anastelosis of the Propylaia, lis” in hand. All the Gymnasia that took Larissa, the 6th Lykeion of Aigaleo and the and Cultural Heritage, V. Vasilopoulou, and the architect in the same project, K. part in the programme of the Parliament 2nd and 3rd Educational District of the the Director of the Acropolis Restoration Karanasos, gave a special report of the Day-Conference on the Acropolis restoration works. Storeroom D, Thessalonike Harbour. Photo T. Souvlakis, received a folder containing educational Evros region) that belong to the pro- Service, M. Ioannidou, the Director of the anastelosis of the Ionic columns of the west March 2007 material for their libraries. gramme of School Libraries and who have 1st Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical hall of the central building of the monu- Likewise in 2006, it is estimated that a total copies of the museum kits “Let’s Go to the Antiquities, A. Mantis, and the President of ment. A report was given also by the YS- of 14,196 school children from 266 Acropolis”, “An Ancient Temple”, the the Organization for the Construction of MA archaeologist D. Moullou, who spoke schools worked with the Department’s “Parthenon Frieze” and the “Twelve Oly- the New Acropolis Museum, D. Panterma- on the principle of publicity in the restora- museum kits. This year, the museum kits mpian Gods”. This has been arranged lis. The head of the Information and Edu- tion works of the Acropolis and the contri- were used by 10,780 school children from through a yearly loan to the various institu- cation Department of YSMA, C. Hadzi- bution toward that made by the use of 189 schools (490 sections) in Attica, tions, so that the schools in these places aslani, gave an analytical presentation of the information technology. The head of the Lechaion of the Prefecture of Corinthia, have easier access to the museum kits and museum kit. YSMA educational programmes, C. Had- Kos, Katerini and Dion of the Prefecture can make use of them in their lessons. ziaslani, spoke about ancient culture in of Pieria, Kalamata, Pyrgos, Kerkyra, Vo- Likewise, 58 museum kits were presented Exhibitions modern education, with special reference los, Thebes, Trikala, and Kalabaka. In ad- this year to institutions in Greece and abroad The well known photographic exhibition to the teaching method of the Athenian of the restoration works of the Acropolis Acropolis. by the YSMA photographer, S. Mavrom- matis, continued its journey through the On March 16, 2007, the Office of the United States, where it was exhibited from General Secretary of the Hellenic Ministry January to March 2007 at the University of Culture, held a successful Day Confer- of Maryland. ence on the anastelosis works of the Athen- In March 2007, on the occasion of a spe- ian Acropolis, in Storeroom D at the Thes- cial Day Conference, a photographic exhi- salonike Harbour. The Conference was Day-Conference at the Centre for Acropolis Studies in memory of T. Skoulikidis, Photo F. Mallouchou- bition of the Acropolis restoration works opened with an address by the General Tufano, November 2006 was presented at Storeroom D of the Thes- Secretary of the Ministry of Culture, C. salonike Harbour. The exhibition was cu- Zachopoulos. This was followed by talks the conservation and cleaning of the west lou, “The Parthenon. The restoration of the rated by P. Psaltis and S. Mavrommatis. given by Ch. Bouras on the theoretical frieze of the Parthenon, by S. Oikonomo- east Façade” by D. Vernikos, “The Sacred principles of the Acropolis interventions, by poulos on the technical devices designed Rock” by M. Paraschi and “Conservation Symposia – Day Conferences M. Ioannidou on the past, present and fu- for carrying out the works, by K. Kissas on and Cleaning of the west Frieze of the Parthe- Held at Acragas in Sicily, from the 24th to ture of anastelosis on the Acropolis, by F. the results of research on the fragments non” by S. Mavrommatis. the 25th of November 2006, was the sec- Mallouchou-Tufano on the work of restor- scattered on the Acropolis, by C. Hadzi- ond scholarly Conference “IIa Giornata ing the Erechtheion, by N. Toganidis on aslani on the YSMA educational program- Lectures Gregoriana” on the theme “The temple of the restoration of the Parthenon opistho- mes. In between the talks, the following The Director of YSMA and other members Concord: History and Restoration”. The naos, by D. Michalopoulou on the restora- films were shown: “The Works on the of the scholarly staff of the Service gave Organization “Park-valley of the Agrigen- tion of the Temple of Athena Nike, by T. Athenian Acropolis. The People and the lectures and reports both in Greece and The photographic exhibition of the Acropolis restoration works in Thessalonike. tum Temples”, responsible for the protec- Tanoulas on the Ionic column capitals of Monuments” by S. Mavrommatis, “The abroad on general or special subjects about Photo P. Psaltis, March 2007 tion and management of the monuments of the Propylaia, by E. Papakonstantinou on Erechtheion and Time” by S. Drakopou- the restoration works of the Acropolis. 35 The restoration of the Erechtheion: 20 years later

Twenty years have passed since the restora- cal principles guiding the programmed vention on the Erechtheion had to be car- tion of the Erechtheion was completed restoration are stated as well. The proce- ried out, especially at the beginning, were (1979-1987). It was the first intervention dures that followed the publication of the extremely difficult (there can be no com- carried out on a monument of the Acropo- study were still more pioneering: it was sub- parison with the conditions of the current lis by the ESMA and in this work the mitted to successive assessments first by the interventions). The works proceeded under methodology, which later became the Acropolis Committee itself, secondly by the administrative jurisdiction of the established one for all the Acropolis inter- experts from all over the world during the Acropolis Ephorate with very limited and, ventions, was applied for the first time. The “International Meeting for the Restoration above all, unstable funding and exclusively process comprises dismantling the parts of of the Erechtheion” held at Athens in De- by personnel with a daily wage. There was the monuments already restored in the cember 1977 and, finally, by the members no work-site infrastructure for the execu- past, including some parts theoretically of the Central Archaeological Council of tion of large-scale interventions, especially “never disturbed”, in which there are seri- the Hellenic Ministry of Culture, which is for load-hoisting and transporting or for ous problems of cracking and fragmenta- responsible for all final decisions of inter- marble working. Used for the hoisting of tion, in the conservation of the dismantled vention on the monuments. This multiple loads from outside the Acropolis to the top, members on the ground, in their re-assem- sequence of assessment, discussion and was a manually operated winch with lifting bling on the monument, if possible in their approval was aimed at guaranteeing the capacity up to 500 kilos, handled by 8 original positions, in the transferring of the greatest possible objectivity in the decisions workmen. It was installed at the SE corner architectural sculp- of the rock. From tures (in the case of the SE corner the Visit of the President of the Hellenic Republic K. Papoulias and the Minister of Culture, G. Voulgarakis to the The President of the Hellenic Republic, K. Papou- the Erechtheion of loads were trans- Acropolis. At the left, the YSMA Director, M. Ioannidou. September 2006 lias, with the President of ESMA, Ch. Bouras in the the Caryatids) to the ferred to the area of Acropolis Museum. September 2006 Acropolis Museum the Erechtheion on In October 2006, M. Ioannidou spoke YSMA held a Day Conference in memory event were sections from the television pro- and in their replace- rollers, in the an- about the Acropolis works at an event of Theodore Skoulikidis, member of the gramme “Night Visitor” that were dedi- ment on the monu- cient way (the Acro- organized by the Association of Friends of ESMA continuously from its foundation cated to T. Skoulikidis. ment by casts made polis Committee of the Acropolis at the Centre for Acropolis and responsible for the physico-chemical in artificial stone. that time did not ap- Studies. She also took part in a Day Con- part of the Acropolis works. Visits prove the transport ference organized in Athens, in April 2007, Among those who gave talks about him On 29 September 2006, the President of Looking at this first of loads with wagons by the Technical Chamber of Greece, with were the President of the ESMA, Ch. Bou- the Hellenic Republic, K. Papoulias, ac- anastelosis interven- on rails, in order to a report entitled “Antiseismic protection of ras, the Director of the YSMA, M. Ioan- companied by the Minister of Culture, G. tion of the Acropolis cause the least possi- ancient monuments: the case of the Acro- nidou, the head of the Section of Conser- Voulgarakis,visited the works on the Acro- Committee after 20 ble aesthetic interfer- polis”. vation, E. Papakonstantinou-Zioti, the polis monuments. They saw the various years, with the expe- ence with the rock E. Toumbakari, structural engineer in the President of the EFA, M. Neiadas, col- work-sites of the monuments and were rienced eye gained landscape). Exterior restoration project of the Parthenon, gave leagues of the late professor at the Na- guided by those responsible for the works. thus far, we see many marble laboratories reports on subjects relevant to her specialty tional Technical University of Athens, stu- At the Propylaia they watched the setting points of interest. were charged with at symposia held in New Delhi in Novem- dents and friends and also his widow, the on the monument of the new capitals on the marble cutting. ber 2006, in St. Louis in the USA in June painter A. Venieri-Skoulikidi. Foreign col- the easternmost Ionic columns in the west 1. First of all, this is On the monument 2007, and in Alexandroupolis in October leagues in his field also spoke: M. Laurenzi hall of the central building. the first time in the the cutting and the The Erechtheion from the southeast. Photo F. Mallouchou-Tufano, March 2006 2006. She also gave a report at the Day Tabasso and L. Lazzarini. Shown during the long history of mon- elaboration of the Conference for the Protection of Cultural New publication umental restoration marble were done Heritage held by the Technical Chamber An elegant publication, in both Greek and in Greece that a multidisciplinary compre- adopted. The purpose was to avoid the sit- exclusively by hand with the traditional of Greece in Athens, in March 2007. Fi- English, was added in June 2007 to the list hensive study is published prior to any uations of the past, often characterized by tools (mechanical marble pantographs and nally, in April 2007, the head of the Docu- of publications on the Acropolis works. intervention on a monument. It is “The personalized, arbitrary decisions and actions cutters and the specifically designed ma- mentation Office of YSMA, F. Mallou- This is the “Restoration of the Propylaia of Study for the Restoration of the Erech- (such as those by Balanos or Orlandos). All chines for marble elaboration were installed chou-Tufano, gave a number of talks on the Athenian Acropolis”, by M. Ioanni- theion”, published in December 1977, a these procedures during the years that fol- in the Acropolis worksites after the year the restoration works of the Acropolis at dou, in the series “Ergon IV, Publications collective work by the young scholars lowed were to become established as stan- 2000). the Universities of Ohio and of Arizona in of Architectural Books”. working then in the Acropolis, in which dard qualitative features of the Acropolis For the hoisting of loads, a system of four the United States. the problems of the monument are exam- Restoration Project (to now 15 comprehen- bridge cranes on elevated rails had been ined from every point of view, archaeolog- sive studies for the restoration of the monu- chosen: one bridge crane with a 10-ton lift- Event in Memory of Theodore Fani Mallouchou-Tufano ical and architectural, structural, physical ments have been published and 5 Interna- ing capacity had been installed along and Skoulikidis Archeologist Ph.D. and chemical, and precise ways of dealing tional Meetings of Experts have been held). above the south wall of the monument, On 25 November 2006, the Association of The publication “The Restoration of the Propylaia Head of the Documentation Office of the with them are proposed. Another innova- another with a 5-ton lifting capacity along Friends of the Acropolis (EFA) and the on the Athenian Acropolis” YSM∞ tive feature of the study is that the theoreti- 2. The conditions under which the inter- and above the west wall. Two bridge cranes, 37

with a 5- and 3-ton lifting capacity, had rescue operation. The initial programme of vement of the monument against horizontal with the potentialities of titanium). As for lower courses of the Erechtheion walls a theion those restoration practices of Balanos been installed in the north porch. (It is the work, closely attached to the relevant charges of wind as well as possible seismic the new structural reinforcement of the cement compound has been used that is that are contrary to today’s restoration indicative that as the lifting capacity of theoretical principles adopted by the action. Also for the formal restoration of Caryatids’ porch, it is identical to the older richer in Portland Cement in proportion ethics, have been dealt with for the first time these bridge cranes was not sufficient for Acropolis Committee, comprised the dis- the eastern, main façade of the monument, one (a ¶-shaped titanium structure set in to silica sand. In the upper courses, the These are the erroneous and random posi- hoisting the marble beams of the ceiling of mantling and restoration only of those which had been mutilated by the Lord the interior of the architraves of the porch, composition of the cement compound tioning of the monument’s architectural the north porch, each weighing 8,5 tons, parts of the monument, that had been Elgin’s activity. Established during the with vertical supports that transfer the used was exactly the opposite, for the same members in their re-assembly and the prac- the beams, which were broken in two restored in the past, even excluding some course of the work was the material used weight of the ceiling to the podium, thus reason: the reduction in height of the resis- tice of creating architectural blocks by pieces, had been repaired in situ, on the of them. In the north porch, for example, for replacing missing architectural mem- relieving the statues of the Caryatids), with tance of the cement compound entails a “stitching them together” from various an- monument rather than on the ground). the intervention was limited to the ceiling bers: artificial stone for the replacement of the sole difference that the upright rein- bigger elasticity and freedom in the move- cient fragments of different origins. In 1982, The bridge cranes and the winches sus- and did not extend below to the parts of architectural members preserved outside forcements are now concealed inside the ment of the walls in case of charging. C. Zambas, the civil engineer in charge of pended from them were all manually oper- the columns previously restored. These the monument (as, for ex., of the NE col- casts of the Caryatids. This has improved the restoration, first systematically investi- ated (the Acropolis Committee excluded were preserved in very good condition (the umn preserved in the British Museum), the appearance of the porch, since the ver- ñ In the present restoration of the Erech- gated, with the aid, indeed, of a P.C., the natural stone, identical to the one used in tical supports were visible in Balanos’ inter- the initial construction, for replacing archi- vention, between the statues. tectural members that had definitively been An identical titanium bar replaced as well lost (such as the northern block of the east the older iron one above and along the ar- frieze or the NE cornice block). chitrave of the west wall of the Erech- theion. Behind the lintel of the north en- 4. The restoration of the Erechtheion saw trance, however, a sole titanium beam has the first application and testing of the ma- replaced the two iron beams set there dur- terials and the techniques of intervention, ing Balanos’ restoration. which were later to become standard in the Acropolis restoration project. We shall look ñ For joining the members new titanium at some examples. clamps and dowels have been used. The horizontal clamps are of various dimensions ñ First of all, this was the first use, interna- and shapes, double T-shaped (of various tionally, of titanium in the restoration of a sizes), ¶-shaped or of special profiles, de- monument. Titanium was employed for signed ad hoc (these replace joining ele- joining together either fragments of the ments of four types: the ancient ones, those ancient members, or for joining new mar- of Roman times, those of Pittakis’ restora- ble fillings with the ancient members, for tion of the middle of the 19th c. and those replacing the metallic elements of the pre- of Balanos’ intervention at the beginning of vious interventions, including clamps, Drawings of the titanium reinforcements used in the restoration of the Erechtheion. the 20th c.). In order to avoid further cut- Drawings by † A. Papanikolaou, C. Zambas, P. Psaltis, 1979-1987 dowels and the larger metallic reinforce- ting of the ancient pieces, the extant reused ments, such as the metallic structure in- sockets (the cavities that receive the clamps electrical movement of the hoisting ma- joins between the restored drums were her- serted in the interior of the architraves of and dowels) have been in the new restora- chinery, in order to better control the move- metically closed, with no sign of rusting or the porch of the Caryatids or the big iron tion, with the insertion, in each case, of the ments and operations). In general, the Acro- other damage). In the course of the works, beams from which the marble beams of the suitable joining element. The profiles of polis Committee of that period was cautious however, the exceedingly poor state of ceiling of the north porch had been sus- the new joining elements and their propor- about the use of modern technology in the preservation of the part of the north wall pended. This pioneering use of titanium tion in relation to the size of the sockets interventions. Moreover, the installation of a above the north entrance had been revealed. led to a faithful repetition of the solutions and the thickness of the cement compound wooden scaffolding instead of the bridge This obliged the Acropolis Committee to set forth by Balanos, especially for struc- of special composition introduced around cranes had initially been considered (the intervene for the first time on a section of tural reinforcement, although these solu- them (the new titanium joining elements installation of a slewing crane had not been the monument that had never been dis- tions were technologically behind the times are sheathed in cement mortar and not in considered at all by the Acropolis Commit- mantled in the past, although it had been and did not take full advantage of the lead, as in antiquity) have been carefully tee members, being a priori excluded). Yet, seriously disturbed by Balanos’ insertion of potentialities of the new material. (This is studied during their fabrication and place- these conditions for the execution of the two reinforcing bars, which were, indeed, particularly valid for the structural restora- ment in the monument. All these techno- work lent the Erechtheion restoration a man- the cause of the damage. tion of the ceiling beams of the north logical applications were completely origi- ual quality, and connected it directly to age- The restoration of the NE corner of the porch. In similar cases later on, such as the nal at that time, and the goal was to insure old traditions and practices. monument, visualized since the beginning, structural restoration of the ceiling beams the best behavior of the joining elements in was included in the initial programme of of the central building of the Propylaia, case of charging. The composition of the 3. The intervention on the Erechtheion the work. This intervention had been con- more technologically advanced solutions cement compound around the joining ele- The Erechtheion from the east in 1979 (above) and 1988 (below). Photos by A. Tzakou and S. Mavrommatis began –and largely remained– as a strictly sidered necessary for the structural impro- were adopted, which are more compatible ments has also been specially studied. In the respectively 39

correct position of the blocks of the south vention have been replaced by others of with the epicranitis course above. In these kidis, who had guided and supervised the wall of the monument. This study, pioneer- titanium, while Balanos’ arrangement of cases the problem of lack of coincidence inexperienced young scholars at the begin- ing in its time, opened the way for research the wall blocks has been followed. In this between the dowel sockets in the vertical ning of the works, established the proce- in that direction and invented the relevant case too, the wall blocks recomposed by joining of the blocks has been solved by the dures of studying and decision taking, for- methodology. In 1985, the corresponding Balanos have been retained. Only in a few use of joining elements designed specifi- mulated and defined the theoretical princi- study for resetting the blocks of the north cases, where it was considered necessary to cally ad hoc (in the specific case of the two ples and the methodology of the interven- wall was made by A. Papanikolaou, the ar- create a better bedding surface for the upper courses of the south wall, S-shaped tions, the choice of materials and the appli- chitect in charge and director of the whole superimposed course, have the blocks been dowels have been used). cation techniques. restoration operation of the Erechtheion. In filled with new marble. Secondly, the engineers in charge of the this way, the lateral walls of the cella of the The original positioning and sequence of ñ Finally, during the restoration of the work, Alecos Papanikolaou and Costas monument recaptured to a significant degree, the architectural members have been recov- Erechtheion, one of the most complex prob- Zambas. Despite their youth, in an exem- in their new restoration, their original struc- ered in other parts of the monument as lems in the restoration of the Acropolis mon- plary harmony and collaboration they han- ture and their original uments has been re- dled all the problems that emerged and structural inclinations solved, in my opin- brought to completion an operation, that (during the re-assem- ion successfully: the was pioneering in its time. bly, 23 blocks of the restoration of the in- Finally, the most valuable contributors: the north wall, that had ner faces of the walls marble technicians. In the restoration of been used for the res- of the monuments se- the Erechtheion three generations of mar- toration of the south riously damaged by ble technicians have worked: some old wall, returned to their fire. The missing por- technicians who had worked under A. original position; 6 tions cause great prob- Orlandos, in the large scale restorations of blocks of the south lems as far as the stabil- the period 1960-1970. These had returned wall took the opposite ity of the monuments is to the Archaeological Service – among route). The gaps that concerned. Thus, dur- them Nikolaos Skarris, son of Evangelos, resulted from repo- ing the intervention in the foreman of the crew, was distinguished sitioning the mem- the Erechtheion the for his character and above all for his bers have been filled orthostates of the lat- incomparable skill; some younger, but with completely new eral walls of the cella experienced technicians, who had occa- blocks of new Pentel- have been restored, for sionally worked on monuments; finally ic marble. Further- structural reasons, to young technicians, who had just finished more, through the their original thickness. the Technical School of Tinos island. repositioning of the Likewise, in the up- These are the foremen of today. blocks in their origi- per parts of the walls nal places, it became some other blocks The sudden and unexpected loss of possible to recapture have also been filled A.Papanikolaou in 1998 left unfinished the and reuse the original in with new marble, text of the final report on the work. Its sockets of the joining Installing the scaffolding for the restoration of the Erechtheion. Photo A. Tzakou, 1979 in order to amelio- completion and editing has been under- elements. In some cas- rate their structural taken by the personnel of the Documenta- es, the edges of the capacity. Depending tion Office of the YSMA in collaboration sockets had been destroyed in the past with well, for example, in the crown course of on the individual case, the surface of the with the President of ESMA Prof. Emeri- the violent extraction of the metallic joining the podium of the porch of the Caryatids new stone was given a final or semi-final tus Ch. Bouras. The work is almost com- elements; these had to be filled in new mar- or in the coffered ceiling of the north treatment to harmonize better with the adja- pleted and its publication is scheduled for ble in order to be used. The irrelevant an- porch. In other cases however, the older cent ancient blocks. Likewise, both for sta- the end of the current year. Thus, 20 years cient fragments that had in the past been arrangement had been kept: for example in bility and for didactic considerations, part later, the work of the restoration of the used to fill in the blocks of the lateral walls the entablature of the north porch and the of the inner, transverse wall of the monu- Erechtheion will become known. It will be of the Erechtheion have now been removed epicranitis course (crown course) of the ment was restored. rendered to the community as a whole, and replaced by new Pentelic marble. south wall. In some cases a course in which experts and non-experts, in a spirit that is Unfortunately it had proved impossible to the original structure has been recovered Many are those who contributed to the fully in accord with the international ethics identify the original location of the blocks meets another one that follows Balanos’ restoration of the Erechtheion. In this brief of restoration. of the west wall of the Erechtheion, recom- arrangement. This can be seen, for exam- article only a few could be mentioned: posed as a sort of “pastiche” by Balanos. ple, in the junction of the second from First of all the three founding members of Thus, in the new restoration, only the rusted above course of the south wall, in which ESMA, Charalambos Bouras, Sokratis iron joining elements of the previous inter- the original structure had been recovered, Angelidis and the late Theodore Skouli- Fani Mallouchou-Tufano Restoring the Erechtheion, 1979-1987 News Letter of The Acropolis Restora- tion Service of the Hellenic Ministry of Culture

Editor: Professor Emeritus Ch. Bouras

Editing and Production:. F. Mallouchou-Tufano, Ph.D.

Layout: O. Simeoforidou

Photographic Supervision: S. Mavrommatis

English Translation: M. Caskey, Ph.D.

The west metopes of the Parthenon. View from the north. Photo S. Mavrommatis, June 2007 The restoration and conservation works of the Acropolis Monuments as well as the present issue are jointly financed by the European Union.

Community Support Framework 2000-2008 Operational Programme “CULTURE” Community Contribution: 75% National Contribution: 25%

Managing Authority for Operational Programme “CULTURE”

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The Acropolis Restoration Service 10, Polygnotou Street

GR-10À™ª∞ 555 Athens À™ª∞ À™ª∞ Tel/Fax: (30) 210-32-43-427/ 32-51-620 e-mail: [email protected] À¶¶√ À¶¶√ À ¶¶√

The west façade of the Parthenon with the twin mast self lifting platform for inspection and study. Photo M. Ioannidou, June 2007 ©YSMA, 2007