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THE ISLANDS OF KARPATHOS, SAROS AND KASOS IN THE NEOLITHIC AND BRONZE AGES Emmanuel Melas Thesis submitted for the Ph. D. Degree Bedford College University of London ProQuest Number: 10098494 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10098494 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT The theoretical objective of this thesis is of a synthetic nature, for it makes an effort to build up a picture of human activity on the islands concerned, that is their social, economic and cultural evolution in Pre­ historic times. However, the method followed is largely analytical, since archaeological data are combined with results from other disciplines in order to reconstruct the Prehistory of these islands, no matter how incomplete and unambitious this may be. A total of 71 Prehistoric sites have been identified so far. Most of them are on elevated locations near the coast and date from Middle Minoan III to Late Minoan I. Late and Final Neolithic occupation is also represented by numerous sites, whereas the scantiness of Early Bronze Age sites may be attributed to the deficiency of surface investigation and lack of strati­ graphy. During Late Minoan/Late Helladic III the number of sites decreases and this implies new factors.then operating. In the Neolithic and Early Bronze periods the primitive inhabitants, who probably came from Anatolia, were pursuing a peaceful life based on a self-sufficient economy, which involved both food-appropriation and food- production (mixed farming). External relations are documented by Melian and Yali obsidian, and by parallel pottery forms. During the following Middle Minoan and Late Minoan I periods the Minoan colonization brought about different settlement patterns, social changes and wealth. After the Thera eruption, c. 1500, which probably had a disastrous effect, there is a radical change in the occupation patterns and new developments are reflected in the archaeological record: choice b defensible sites, decrease in the number of settlements, signs of emerging urbanization and settlement hierarchy. The arrival of Mycenaeans seems likely and is corroborated by Mycenaean imports. Yet the culture of the islands remains essentially Minoan to the end of the Bronze Age. Chapter One discusses the natural environment of the islands. In Chapters Two and Three the Prehistoric sites and associated finds are described. There follows an analysis and relative chronology of the objects (Chapter Four). In the concluding Chapter Five, a historical reconstruction is attempted with an emphasis on Prehistoric economy, religion and foreign contacts, as well as in the historical significance of the successive transformations of settlement patterns. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of figures 10 Acknowledgements 15 Introduction 16 CHAPTER ONE: THE PHYSICAL BACKGROUND 20 I, Geographical Setting 20 II. The Geology 21 III. Topography and Environment 23 III(A). Karpathos 24 III(B). Saros 28 nice). Kasos 28 IV. Climatic Conditions 29 V . Hydrography 33 VI. Economic Geography 34 VI(A). Minerals 34 VI(B). Agriculture 35 VI(C). Stock-breeding 36 VI(D). Hunting and Fishing 37 VI(E). Trade 38 VII. Natural Environment and Human Settlement 40 CHAPTER two: PREHISTORIC HABITATION 42 I . Southern Karpathos 42 1(A). Pigadia District 42 Al. Tsoulakis' Cave 42 A2. Ayia Kara-Kefali 43 A3. Lothiko 43 A4-6. Skopi 43 A4. Embasi-Diakonis' hotel 43 A5. Anemomiloi and Plateau 44 A6. The Anemomiloi and Makeli cemetery 44 A7. Xenona, Avia and Makeli 45 A8-10.Vroulidia 46 A8. Manolakakis* Land 46 A9. Sfayia 47 AlO. Sevdalis* Land 48 All. Sisamos 48 A12. Acropolis 48 1(B). Area of Lai 49 B13. Karvounolakos 49 1(C). Region of Laki 49 C14. Vathipotamo 49 C15. Ayioi Apostoloi 49 C16. Sakeli Kremos 50 I(D). Area of Afiartis 50 D17. Kremos Tis Kipou 50 D18. Vouno 51 D19. Damatria 52 D20. Ton Stavrou To Kefali 52 D21. Stous Fournous 52 D22. Laspoma 53 D23. Palio Mitato 54 D24. Midi 55 D25. Tripes 55 D26. Lakos 56 D27. Ais Minas 56 D28. Kastelos 57 D29. Psorari 57 D30. Baela 58 D31. Mastikharia 59 D32. Kourouklos 59 D33. Tsigounas 59 1(E). Arkasa District 59 E34. Poliatses 59 E35. Leftoporos 60 E36. Paliokastro 62 E37. Finiki 63 E38. Sakeli Krema 64 E39. Asomatoi 64 E40. Vonies 64 II. Central Karpathos 66 F41. Piles-Romani 66 F42. Aperi-Football field 67 F43. Apela 68 II(G-H). District of Mesokhoria 68 11(G). Lefkos Region 68 G44. Moutsonma 69 G45. Pelekito 70 G46. Ria 70 G47. Arolimna 71 G48. Rizes 71 G49 . Aouroi 71 G50. Mandraki 72 G51. Vounos 72 G52. Skamnos 72 H53. Mesokhori-Kaminakia 73 III. Northern Karpathos 73 154. Dafani-Kambi 73 J55. Avlona 74 J56. Vroukounda 75 IV. Saros 75 K57. Palatia 75 K58. Argos 76 K59. Kato-yi 77 V. Kasos 78 V(L). Southern Kasos-Khelatros 78 L60. Trapeza 78 L61. Kefala 79 L62. Tou Stamati Ta Lakia 79 L63. Amoudiarides 80 V(M). Northern Kasos 81 M64. Argos 81 M65 Ellinokamara 81 M66. Amoua, Faneromeni and Vrisi 82 M67. Tou Fridiou Tanefama 83 H68. Emborios 83 M69. Kato Vounara 83 M70. Pano Vounara 84 M71. Poli 84 CHAPTER THREE: CATALOGUE OF FINDS 86 CHAPTER four: CLASSIFICATION AND SUMMARY OF OBJECTS 153 I . Ceramic Industry 153 1(A). Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Pottery 153 a . Fabric 153 b. Shapes 155 1. Large Storage Jars and Basins 155 2. Open Bowls 155 3. Jars 158 3(a). Hole-mouthed Jars 159 Constricted-neck Jars 159 Cy1indrical^neck Jars 160 Tripod Pots 161 e. Handles 162 6 d. Plastic Decoration 163 I(B). Middle and Late Bronze Age Pottery 165 a. Summary of pottery characteristics 165 b. Shapes 167 1. Conical Cups 167 1(a). Straight-sided Conical Cups 171 l(a)a. Deep Straight-sided Conical Cups 171 l(a)b. Medium-height Straight-sided Conical Cups 171 l(a)c. Shallow Straight-sided Conical Cups 172 1(b). Concave-sided Conical Cups 173 1(c). Convex-sided Conical Cups 173 1(d). Convex-concave-sided Conical Cups 173 1(d)a. Deep Convex-concave-sided Conical Cups 173 l(d)b. Shallow and Broad-mouthed Convex- concave-sided Cups 174 2. Carinated Cups 174 3. Rounded Cups 175 3(a)a. MM III-LM I Semiglobular or Rounded Cups with Vertical Rims 176 3(a)b. LM III Rounded Cups with Vertical Rims 177 3(b). Rounded Cups with Flat Internally Bevelled Rims 178 3(c). Bell-shaped Cups 179 3(d)a. MM III-LM I Rounded Cups with Spreading Rims 179 3(d)b. LM III Rounded Cups with Spreading Rims 180 3(e). Rounded Cups with Everted Rims 181 3(e)a. Rounded Cups with Short Everted Lips 182 3(e)b. Rounded Cups with Long Out-and-Up Turned Lips 182 3(e)c. Rounded Cups with Off-set, Almost Horizontal Lips 182 3(e)d. LM III Rounded Cups with Everted Lips 183 4. Saucers and Shallow Plates 185 4(a). Saucers 185 4(b). Shallow Plates 185 5. Bowls and Basins 185 5(a). Straight-sided Bowls and Basins 185 5(a)a. Small Conical Bowls 185 5(a)b. Larger and Deeper Conical Bowls 186 5(a)c. Conical Basins 186 5(b). Concave-sided Bowls and Basins 187 5(c). Rounded Bowls and Basins 188 5(c)a. MM-LM I Rounded Bowls and Basins 188 5(c)b. LM/LH III Bowls and Basins 189 5(d). Cross-incised Basins 190 6. Goblets and Kyiikes 191 6(a). Goblets 191 6(b). Low-stemmed and Medium-sized Kylikes 193 6(c). Tall Kylikes 194 6(d). Plain Kylikes 197 7. Crater and Amphoroid Craters 197 7(a). Crater 197 7(b). Amphoroid Craters 198 8. Three-handled Piriform Jars 208 8(a). Three-handled Pithoid Jar 209 8(b). Broad-mouthed Piriform Jar 211 8(c). High-neck and Narrow-based Piriform Jars 212 8(d). Piriform Jars of the Standard Mycenaean Type 214 8(e). Small Piriform Jars 215 9. Stirrup Jars 216 9(a). Storage Stirrup Jars 217 9(b). Medium-sized Piriform Stirrup Jars 218 9(c). Small Piriform Stirrup Jars 220 9(d). Globular-conical Stirrup Jars 221 9(e). Depressed or Squat Globular Stirrup Jars 222 9(e)a. Squat Globular Stirrup Jars 222 9(e)b. Weighed-down Globular Stirrup Jars 223 9(e)c. Perked-up Globular Stirrup Jars 224 9(e)d. Globular Biconical Stirrup Jars 225 10. Jugs and Ewers 226 10(a). Middle Minoan Ill-Late Minoan I Jugs and Ewers 226 10(b). Bridge-spouted Jugs, Furumark form 22 228 10(c). Low-beaked Jugs, Furumark form 41 228 10(d). Tall Narrow-necked Ewer 230 10(e). Wide-necked and Broad-mouthed Jugs, Furumark forms 24-25 231 10(f). Small and Miniature Narrow-necked Jugs 231 11. Oval-mouthed Amphorae 233 12. Hole-mouthed, Bridge-spouted Jars 233 13. Pilgrim Flask 234 14. Cylindrical Side-spouted Jar 235 15. Alabastron and Pyxis 235 8 16. Various1 Jars 236 16(a). Middle Minoan-Late Minoan I Jar Fragment s 237 16(b). Late Minoan III and Late Helladic III Jars 238 17.
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  • Pronunciation Booklet

    Pronunciation Booklet

    PRONUNCIATION BOOKLET Word Phonetic pronunciation (mine) What Meaning (if known) Actual sacred space or enclosure attached to a temple of ab-are-ton Abaton Asclepius where those wanting to be cured slept Acayo a-key-owe Fictional character - a Spartan soldier Greek name meaning out of step/ill-timed Acropolis ac-rop-o-liss Actual fortified part of a city, normally built on a hill Actual ancient Greek King of Athens, father of the hero Aegeus ee-gee-us Greek name meaning protection Theseus Actual Ancient Greek name given to the public open space Agora ag-or-are Greek name meaning gathering place or assembly used for markets Agrias ag-ree-us Fictional character - Alexis' father, and King of Trachis Greek name of unknown meaning Aigai ay-gay Greek name meaning place of goats Actual ancient first capital of Macedonia, now called Vergina Fictional character - Princess of Thermopylae, daughter of Greek name meaning helper and defender (can be male Alexis al-ex-us Agrias & Melina or female name) Amazonomachiai am-a-zon-e-mack-ee Plural of the battle of the Amazonomachy Portrayal of a mythical battle between the Amazons and Amazonomachy am-a-zon-e-mack-ee Amazon battle Ancient Greeks Amphissa am-f-iss-are Actual ancient city in Phocis, now known as Amfissa Greek name meaning surround Actual Ancient Greek jar or jug with two handles and a Amphora am-for-a From Greek word amphoreus meaning to bear narrow neck (singular) Amphorae am-for-i Actual plural of the Ancient Greek jars or jugs called amphora Amyntas arm-in-t-us Actual King of Macedonia Amyntas