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Common Forest Trees of Hawaii / Elbert L Little, Jr., Roger G

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Common Forest Trees of Hawaii / Elbert L Little, Jr., Roger G United States Department of Agriculture Common Forest Trees Forest Service of Hawaii Agriculture Handbook No. 679 (Native and Introduced) Elbert L. Little, Jr., and Roger G. Skolmen United States Department of Agriculture Common Forest Trees Forest Service of Hawaii Agriculture Handbook No. 679 (Native and Introduced) Washington, DC May 1989 Elbert L. Little, Jr. Chief Dendrologist (retired) Timber Management Research USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC Roger G. Skolmen Principal Silviculturist (retired) Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station USDA Forest Service, Honolulu, HI Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Little, Elbert L, 1907- Common forest trees of Hawaii / Elbert L Little, Jr., Roger G. Skolmen. p. cm. - (Agriculture handbook / United States. Dept. of Agriculture ; no. 679) Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Trees-Hawaii-ldentification. 2. Forest flora-Hawaii-ldentification. I. Skol- men, Roger G. II. Title. III. Series: Agriculture handbook (United States. Dept. of Agriculture) ; no. 679. QK473.H4L58 1989 582.1609969-dc19 89-7592 CIP Cover: 116. 'Ohi'a lehua, Metrosideros polymorpha Gaud. CONTENTS List of tree species 1 List of maps 6 List of color plates 6 Introduction 7 Geography, climate, and vegetation 7 Other publications 9 Preparation of this handbook 9 Plan 10 Hawaiian names of places and trees 11 Illustrations 11 How to use this handbook 12 Summary of Common Forest Trees of Hawaii 13 Origin of Hawaiian trees 13 Special lists 15 Special areas 75 Champion trees of Hawaii 15 Weed trees 16 Poisonous trees 76 Forests and forestry in Hawaii 18 Forest types 18 Forestry 25 Color plates 31 Acknowledgments 43 Tree species, descriptions and illustrations 44 Selected references 308 Index of common and scientific names 375 ABSTRACT Little, Elbert L, Jr., and Roger G. Skolmen. 1989. Common forest trees of Hawaii (native and introduced). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agric. Handb. 679, 321 p. This handbook provides an illustrated reference for identifying the common trees in the forests of Hawaii. Useful information about each species is also compiled, including Hawaiian, English, and scientific names; description; distribution within the islands and beyond; uses of wood and other products; and additional notes. The 152 species described and illustrated by line drawings comprise 60 native species (including 53 that are endemic), 85 species introduced after the arrival of Europeans, and 7 species introduced apparently by the early Hawaiians. The native tree species of Hawaii are mostly scattered in distribution and of small size. Only two native tree species presently are commercially important for wood, because of their abundance and large size: 'ohi'a lehua, Metrosideros polymorpha, and koa, Acacia koa. Of the two, only koa is considered to be of high value. The introduced species described include 13 species of eucalypts (Eucalyptus), 5 species of pines (Pinus), and 11 other conifers. Two plant families are well represented, the myrtle family (Myrtaceae), with 25 species, and the legume family (Leguminosae), with 15. One chapter is devoted to forests and forestry in Hawaii. Maps of the Hawaiian Islands show the physical features and place names, major forest types, and forest reserves and conservation districts. KEYWORDS: Hawaii, trees, forests. LIST OF TREE SPECIES Treefern family (Dicksoniaceae) 44 1. Hapu'u i'i, Hawaiian treefern, Cibotium chamissoi Kaulf. 44 2. Hapu'u pulu, Hawaiian treefern, Cibotium glaucum (Sm.) Hook. & Arn. 46 3. Meu, Hawaiian treefern, Cibotium hawaiiense Nakai & Ogura 46 Blechnum fern family (Blechnaceae) 48 4. 'Ama'u, sadleria, Sadleria cyatheoides Kaulf. 48 Araucaria family (Araucariaceae*) 50 5. Parana-pine, Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) Kuntze* 50 6. Columnar araucaria, Araucaria columnaris (G. Forst.) Hook.* 50 7. Hoop-pine, Araucaria cunninghamii D. Don* 54 Pine family (Pinaceae) 56 8. Slash pine, Pinus elliottii Engelm.* 56 9. Jelecote pine, Pinus patula Schiede & Deppe* 58 10. Cluster pine, Pinus pinaster Ait.* 58 11. Monterey pine, Pinus radiata D. Don* 60 12. Loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L* 60 Redwood family (Taxodiaceae*) 64 13. Sugi, cryptomeria, Cryptomeria japonica (L f.) D. Don* 64 14. Redwood, Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl.* 66 Cypress family (Cupressaceae*) 66 15. Arizona cypress, Cupressus arizonica Greene* 66 16. Mexican cypress, Cupressus lusitanica Mill.* 68 17. Monterey cypress, Cupressus macrocarpa Hartw.* 70 18. Italian cypress, Cupressus sempervirens L* 70 19. Bermuda juniper, Juniperus bermudiana L* 74 Screwpine family (Pandanaceae) 74 20. Hala, screwpine, Pandanus tectorius Parkins. 74 Grass family (Gramineae) 76 21. 'Ohe, common bamboo, Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex Wendl.* 76 Palm family (Palmae) 78 22. Coconut, niu, Cocos nucifera L** 78 23. Loulu, pritchardia, Pritchardia spp. 82 Agave family (Agavaceae) 84 24. Ti, common dracaena, Cordyline fruticosa (L) Chev.** 84 25. Halapepe, golden dracaena, Pleomele aurea (Mann) N. E. Br.* 86 Casuarina family (Casuarinaceae*) 86 26. River-oak casuarina, Casuarina cunninghamiana Miq.* 86 27. Horsetail casuarina, Casuarina equisetifolia L. ex J. R. & G. Forst.* 90 28. Longleaf casuarina, Casuarina glauca Sieber ex Spreng.* 90 Bayberry (waxmyrtle) family (Myricaceae*) 92 29. Firetree, Myrica faya Art.* 92 Birch family (Betulaceae*) 96 30. Nepal alder, Alnus nepalensis D. Don* 96 Species (or families) with scientific names followed by an asterisk (*) are introduced (or exotic) and are not native to Hawaii. Those with two asterisks (**) were introduced, apparently by the early Hawaiians. Elm family (Ulmaceae) 96 31. Gunpowder-tree, Trema orientalis (L) Blume* 96 Mulberry family (Moraceae) 98 32. 'Ulu, breadfruit, Artocarpus altilis (Parkins.) Fosberg** 98 33. Trumpet-tree, Cecropia obtusifolia Bertol.* 100 34. Chinese banyan, Ficus microcarpa L. f.* 102 35. A'ia'i, Hawaiian false-mulberry, Streblus pendulinus (Endl.) F. Muell. 104 Nettle family (Urticaceae) 104 36. Mamaki, Pipturus albidus (Hook. & Arn.) Gray 104 37. Opuhe, Urera glabra (Hook. & Arn.) Wedd. 706 Protea family (Proteaceae*) 706 38. Kahili-flower, Grevillea banksii R. Br.* 706 39. Silk-oak, Grevillea robusta A. Cunn.* 770 Sandalwood family (Santalaceae) 772 40. 'Iliahi-a-lo'e, coast sandalwood, Santalum ellipticum Gaud. 772 41. 'Iliahi, Freycinet sandalwood, Santalum freycinetianum Gaud. 774 Buckwheat family (Polygonaceae) 774 42. Seagrape, Coccoloba uvifera (L) L* 774 Amaranth family (Amaranthaceae) 776 43. Papala, Charpentiera obovata Gaud. 776 Four-o'clock family (Nyctaginaceae) 778 44. Papala kepau, Pisonia brunoniana Endl. 778 45. Aulu, Pisonia sandwicensis Hillebr. 778 Laurel family (Lauraceae) 722 46. Camphor-tree, Cinnamomum camphora (L) J. S. Presl* 722 47. Avocado, Persea americana Mill.* 724 Saxifrage family (Saxifragaceae) 724 48. Kanawao, Broussaisia arguta Gaud. 724 Pittosporum family (Pittosporaceae) 726 49. Ho'awa, Pittosporum confertiflorum Gray 726 Legume family (Leguminosae) 728 50. Formosa koa, Acacia confusa Merr.* 728 51. Koa, Acacia koa Gray 728 52. Black-wattle acacia, Acacia mearnsii De Wild.* 732 53. Blackwood acacia, Acacia melanoxylon Br.* 734 54. Molucca albizia, Albizia falcataria (L.) Fosberg* 734 55. Siamese cassia, Cassia siamea Lam.* 736 56. Kolomona, scrambled-eggs, Cassia surattensis Burm. f.* 738 57. Wiliwili, Erythrina sandwicensis Deg. 738 58. India coralbean, Erythrina variegata L* 742 59. Koa haole, leucaena, Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit* 744 60. 'Opiuma, Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth.* 746 61. Monkey-pod, 'ohai, Pithecellobium saman (Jacq.) Benth.* 746 62. Kiawe, algarroba, Prosopis pallida (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) H.B.K.* 750 63. Mamane, Sophora chrysophylla (Salisb.) Seem. 752 64. Tamarind, Tamarindus indica L* 754 Rue or citrus family (Rutaceae) 756 65. Queensland-maple, Flindersia brayleyana F. Muell.* 756 66. Mokihana, Pelea anisata Mann 756 67. Alani, Clusia-leaf pelea, Pelea clusiifolia Gray 758 68. Pilo kea, spatula-leaf platydesma, Platydesma spathulatum (Gray) Stone 758 69. A'e, Zanthoxylum oahuense Hillebr. 762 Mahogany family (Meliaceae*) 762 70. Chinaberry, pride-of-lndia, Melia azedarach L* 162 71. Australian toon, Toona c/7/afa M. Roem.* 764 Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) 766 72. Kukui, candlenut-tree, Aleurites moluccana (L) Willd.** 766 73. Hame, Antidesma platyphyllum Mann 768 Cashew family (Anacardiaceae) 770 74. Mango, manako, Mangifera indica L* 170 75. Neneleau, Hawaiian sumac, Rhus sandwicensis Gray 772 76. Christmas-berry, Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi* 772 Karaka family (Corynocarpaceae*) 776 77. Karaka, Corynocarpus laevigatus J. R. & G. Forst.* 776 Holly family (Aquifoliaceae) 778 78. Kawa'u, Hawaiian holly, Ilex anomala Hook. & Arn. 778 Bittersweet family (Celastraceae) 780 79. Olomea, Perrottetia sandwicensis Gray 780 Soapberry family (Sapindaceae) 780 80. 'A'ali'i, Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. 780 81. Aulu, Sapindus oahuensis Hillebr. 782 82. Wingleaf soapberry, manele, Sapindus saponaria L. 782 Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) 786 83. Kauila, Alphitonia ponderosa Hillebr. 786 Elaeocarpus family (Elaeocarpaceae) 788 84. Kalia, Elaeocarpus bifidus Hook. & Arn. 788 Mallow family (Malvaceae) 788 85. Koki'o ke'oke'o, native white hibiscus, Hibiscus amottianus Gray 788 86. Mahoe, Cuban-bast, Hibiscus elatus Sw.* 790 87. Hau, sea hibiscus, Hibiscus tiliaceus L. 792 88. Milo, portiatree, Thespesia populnea (L) Soland. ex Correa** 794 Chocolate family (Sterculiaceae) 796 89. Melochia, Melochia umbellata (Houtt.) Stapf*
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