ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Parts of the introduction were adapted from Henry Louis Gates, Jr., "The Trope of a New Negro and the Reconstruction of the Image of the Black," Representations 24 (Fall 1988): 129-55, and from Gene Andrew Jarrett, "New Negro Politics," American Literary History 18 (Winter 2006): 836-46. We thank the University of California Press and Oxford University Press for permission to incorporate these published essays.

Benjamin Brawley, "The Negro Literary Renaissance," Southern Workman 56 (April 1927): 177-84; and Lloyd Morris, "The Negro 'Renaissance,'" Southern Workman 59 (February 1930): 82-86, appear courtesy of Hampton University Archives.

Eugene Clay, "The Negro in Recent American Literature," American Writers' Con- gress, ed. H. Hart (New York: International Publishers, 1935), 145-53, is reprinted with the permission of International Publishers Company, Inc., New York.

We thank the Fisk University Library for permission to reprint two unpublished es- says by Charles W. Chesnutt: "The Writing of a Novel" (after 1899) and "The Negro in Books" {The National Buy-a-Book Campaign in the Interest of Negro Literature [Philadelphia, PA: December 5,1916]).

We thank The Crisis Publishing Co., Inc., the publisher of the magazine of the Na- tional Association for the Advancement of Colored People, for the use of the fol- lowing materials from The Crisis Magazine: W.E.B. Du Bois, "Criteria of Negro Art," The Crisis 32 (October 1926): 290-97; Allison Davis, "Our Negro 'Intellectu- als,'" The Crisis 35 (August 1928): 268-69, 284; J. W. Johnson, "Negro Authors and White Publishers," The Crisis 36 (July 1929): 313-17; George S. Schuyler, "The Rise of the Black Internationale," The Crisis 45 (August 1938): 255-57,274~75> V7\ and "The Negro in Art: How Shall He Be Portrayed," printed in The Crisis 31, no. 4 (February 1926): 165, 31, no. 5 (March 1926): 219-20, 31, no. 6 (April 1926): 278-80, 32, no. 1 (May 1926): 35-36,32, no. 2 (June 1926): 71-73,32, no. 4 (August 1926): 193-94,32> no. 5 (September 1926): 238-39, and 32, no. 7 (November 1926): 28-29.

Zora Neale Hurston, "Characteristics of Negro Expression," first printed in Negro: An Anthology, ed. Nancy Cunard (London: Wishart and Company, 1934), 39-46, ap- pears with the permission of the Estate of Zora Neale Hurston.

George W. Jacobs (George S. Schuyler), "Negro Authors Must Eat," The Nation (June 12,1929): 710-11, reprinted with permission of The Nation.

James Weldon Johnson, "Race Prejudice and the Negro Artist," Harper's Monthly Magazine 14 (November 1928): 769-76, copyright © 1928 by Harper's Monthly Magazine. All rights reserved. Reproduced from the November issue by special per- mission. Johnson, chapter 15 of Black Manhattan, is copyright © by James Weldon Johnson. Reprinted by permission of the Literary Estate of James Weldon Johnson, Dr. Sondra Kathryn Wilson, Executor. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Alain Locke, "The New Negro" (3-16), "Negro Youth Speaks" (47-53), and "The Negro Spirituals" (199-210), first appeared in The New Negro: An Interpretation, ed. Locke (New York: A. and C. Boni, 1925), copyright © 1925 by Albert and Charles Boni, Inc. Reprinted with the permission of Simon and Schuster, Inc.

Claude McKay, "For a Negro Magazine" (1934), appears courtesy of the Library Representative for the works of Claude McKay, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations. Used by permission of The Archives of Claude McKay.

The following texts are reprinted with the permission of the National Urban League: Brenda Ray Moryck, "A Point of View (An Opportunity Dinner Reaction)," Opportunity 3, no. 32 (August 1925): 246-49, 251-52; Fred DeArmond, "A Note on the Sociology of Negro Literature," Opportunity 3 (December 1925): 369-71; Willis Richardson, "A Negro Audience," Opportunity 3, no. 28 (April 1925): 123; Albert Barnes, "Negro Art, Past and Present," Opportunity 4 (May 1926): 148-49,168-69; Laurence Buermeyer, "The Negro Spirituals and American Art," Opportunity 4 (May 1926): 158-59,167; B. A. Botkin, "Self-Portraiture and Social Criticism in Negro Folk-Song," Opportunity 5 (February 1927): 38-42; Charlotte E. Taussig, "The New Negro as Revealed in His Poetry," Opportunity 5 (April 1927): 108-11; Harry Alan Potamkin, "African Plastic in Contemporary Art," Opportunity 5 (May 1927): 137-39; Eulalie Spence, "A Criticism of the Negro Drama," Opportunity 6 (June 1928): 180; Jules Bledsoe, "Has the Negro a Place in the Theatre?" Opportunity 6 (July 1928): 215; Sterling Brown, "Our Literary Audience," Opportunity 8 (February 1930): 42-46, 61; and Romare Bearden, "The Negro Artist and Modern Art," Opportunity 12 (December 1934): 371-72.

Walter White, "Negro Literature," first appeared in American Writers on American Literature, ed. John Macy (New York: Liveright, 1931), 442-51, is copyright © by Ho- race Liveright, Inc. Used by permission of Liveright Publishing Corporation.

Richard Wright, "Blueprint for Negro Writing," New Challenge 2, no. 2 (Fall 1937): 53-65, is copyright © 1937 by Richard Wright. Reprinted by permission of John Hawkins and Associates, Inc.

We thank the following individuals for their assistance at various stages of this project: Bob Bettendorf, Renee Boynton-Jarrett, Tom Broughton-Willett, Christo- pher Brown, Angela De Leon, Ellen Foos, Jason Jones, Joanne Kendall, Cameron Leader-Picone, Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, Jonathan Munk, Lakisha Odium, Heath Renfroe, Anna K. Steed, Hanne Winarsky, Abby Wolf, and Donald Yacovone.