DOCSLIB.ORG

Building the Northern Powerhouse: How Do We Boost Transformative Infrastructure Investment in Northern England? Graham Winch and Rehema Msulwa

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Building the Northern Powerhouse: How Do We Boost Transformative Infrastructure Investment in Northern England? Graham Winch and Rehema Msulwa Infrastructure@Manchester 1 Infrastructure@Manchester Building the Northern Powerhouse: How do we boost transformative infrastructure investment in Northern England? Graham Winch and Rehema Msulwa Report 1 of 4 2 Building the northern powerhouse: How do we boost transformative infrastructure investment in northern England? Infrastructure@Manchester 3 The publication of Transport When Barclays became the first for the North’s Strategic bank recognised as a UK Transport Plan in February Government official partner in 2019 was a momentous delivering the Northern Powerhouse step for the Northern programme, I was determined to Powerhouse. The Plan keep the momentum going in the builds on the work of the drive for equality of prosperity Northern Powerhouse across the whole UK. We went on to Independent Economic help found the independent, Review published in 2016 business-led Northern Powerhouse and shows how the North Partnership, coordinating campaigns can move from a “predict and economic advocacy across all and provide” to a “vision sectors based here in the north. and validate” approach to infrastructure development. The economy of the North of England continues to fall We are delighted to be working in partnership with Barclays This commitment is a personal one. As a proud Our commitment goes beyond this, however. We are behind that of the South East, and a core part of reversing on this series of thought pieces from Infrastructure@ Yorkshireman, I joined Barclays as an apprentice in Barnsley determined to convene the north of England’s most that relative decline is transformative investment in Manchester here at Alliance Manchester Business School, over 35 years ago, and as my career has progressed, I’ve experienced and influential businesses, policymakers and transportation, energy, and digital infrastructure. which aims to support the development of transformative remained firmly rooted in this part of the world, doing my academics, working with them to generate new and Together these will enable the Northern region to yield infrastructure for the Northern Powerhouse. best to help clients, customers and colleagues along the innovative solutions for improving prosperity for this the kind of dynamic economic benefits from which the way. I’ve never been more excited at the role we can and dynamic and potential-rich part of the UK. South East has long benefited. Improved infrastructure The first two papers in the series lay out the challenges for the should play in unleashing the next generation of technology, means employers will be able to draw from a wider pool of Northern Powerhouse in financing and funding infrastructure skills and innovation to deliver wealth and prosperity for I am delighted to introduce this new research series, skilled workers; stimulate innovation through more intense investment, while the last two in the series turn to the society and business across the north of England. Infrastructure@Manchester, from Alliance Manchester Business interaction; and facilitate access to higher paying jobs for challenges in delivering infrastructure assets once they have School. The series is one of our flagship thought partnerships those in the more impoverished parts of the region. been financed to the budgets and schedules expected. Barclays’ heritage across the north stretches back as far as in support of the Northern Powerhouse programme, and one the late eighteenth century. We were involved in some of the I’ve been greatly looking forward to. Whilst the views and Together with investments in skills and education, the most crucial infrastructure investments of the time, such as opinions expressed are those of the University’s academics and North’s new infrastructure plans will transform economic the financing of the Manchester Ship Canal in the 1890s and not Barclays, we are nonetheless pleased to be part of shaping growth, particularly in the high tech, professional services, the Stockton to Darlington Railway earlier that century. the policy debate about the north of England’s exciting future. and cultural sectors. Today, we are proud of have a significant presence in the region - with 12,000 colleagues employed across the This higher rate of growth is only sustainable if it is regions, innovative and world-leading contact and accompanied by decarbonisation of transportation technology centres at Sunderland, Wavertree and Radbroke, through smart digital ticketing, electrification of motive and 2019 sees the first anniversary of our popular £500m power, and promotion of active travel. This will also make Professor Fiona Devine CBE Northern Powerhouse Growth Fund to help SME’s grow and Tony Walsh our cities healthier and more pleasant places to live. Head, Alliance Manchester Business School scale across the north. Head of North and Mid Corporate, UK Barclays 4 Building the northern powerhouse: How do we boost transformative infrastructure investment in northern England? Infrastructure@Manchester 5 Executive summary Understanding the role of infrastructure and its value Welcome to the first in a series of papers in a new research Infrastructure is the cornerstone of modern This research will focus on economic infrastructure such as economies and productive societies. transportation, energy, and digital technology with the potential to transform the economic performance of the programme, Infrastructure@Manchester, produced by Increasingly complex and interconnected Northern Powerhouse. We will not cover direct consumption infrastructure services – unimaginable even a goods such as housing, or social infrastructure such as Alliance Manchester Business School and Barclays. decade ago – are required to address the hospitals. These are no less important, but play a different role in economic development. challenges of today’s world. These challenges The purpose of this research is to support the development of In this first paper, we will argue that transformative range from social stability, rapid urbanisation The variety of infrastructure services (see technical below) economic infrastructure for the Northern Powerhouse by infrastructure investment in Northern England is presently and technological advances to globalised offered by infrastructure assets is indicated in Technical Note: faced with two main challenges. First, it suffers because Infrastructure Services Classification, on page 21. providing original analysis and ideas, thereby challenging issues such as climate change2 preconceptions about infrastructure development policy. of the historic under-investment by the UK as a whole in . which details a series of definitions of infrastructure infrastructure, and second it suffers because the investment services, developed from earlier Alliance Manchester 3 There is a huge opportunity for policymakers at all levels in transformative infrastructure that has been made favours Business School research . across the UK to fully unlock the benefits of infrastructure the South East. If the UK is to achieve the ambitions of the investment in order to achieve the aims of the Industrial Industrial Strategy for the whole country, both of these Strategy. This will require a number of significant changes to challenges need to be addressed. More specifically, we will: current best practice in infrastructure investment. Our methods for selecting projects will need to change so that they • Explain why infrastructure investment is important for Technical Note: Infrastructure Services capacity to earn future income; and third, it affects real reflect the full range of benefits from the investment, thereby economic development in the Northern Powerhouse wealth. Infrastructure services are, therefore, valued as stimulating growth rather than following growth. Our methods through an evaluation of the current context. According to the World Bank, the primary measure of essential for health and the creation of environmental of project delivery will also need to change so that promises economic benefits from infrastructure derives from the amenities (e.g. water and sanitation); made in the investment case are met rather than overrun. We • Distinguish between enabling and transformative operation and the value of the services generated by or as items of consumption in their own right (e.g. believe that such a modernisation will be crucial in realising the infrastructure assets and the infrastructure services the physical asset, rather than the asset itself. To that recreational transport, residential ambition of rebalancing the UK economy and ensuring all areas they provide. end, infrastructure services contribute to economic telecommunications). Moreover, infrastructure of the UK benefit equally from infrastructure investment. This development both by increasing productivity and by services provide access to jobs, education, and way, every pound spent will contribute to greater levels of • Review the financing of infrastructure, identifying providing amenities which enhance the quality of life. opportunities for the consumption of other goods. national productivity, stronger levels of employment, and the principal challenges in financing and funding greater prosperity for people’s lives across the UK. such investment. Regarding productivity, infrastructure services Reducing the cost of infrastructure services and stimulate aggregate supply and demand through at improving service provision can, therefore, have Following this we will: least two channels. First, transport, water, and far-reaching implications. Realising the benefit
Load more

Recommended publications
  • This Northern England City Called York Or Jorvik, During the Viking Age, Is Quite Medieval in Terms of Cultural History
    History of York, England This northern England city called York or Jorvik, during the Viking age, is quite medieval in terms of cultural history. York is a tourist‐oriented city with its Roman and Viking heritage, 13th century walls, Gothic cathedrals, railroad station, museum‐gardens an unusual dinner served in a pub, and shopping areas in the Fossgate, Coppergate and Piccadilly area of the city. Brief History of York According to <historyofyork.org> (an extensive historical source), York's history began with the Romans founding the city in 71AD with the Ninth Legion comprising 5,000 men who marched into the area and set up camp. York, then was called, "Eboracum." After the Romans abandoned Britain in 400AD, York became known as "Sub Roman" between the period of 400 to 600AD. Described as an "elusive epoch," this was due to little known facts about that period. It was also a time when Germanic peoples, Anglo‐Saxons, were settling the area. Some archaeologists believe it had to do with devasting floods or unsettled habitation, due to a loss of being a trading center then. The rivers Ouse and Foss flow through York. <historyofyork.org> Christianity was re‐established during the Anglo‐Saxon period and the settlement of York was called "Eofonwic." It is believed that it was a commercial center tied to Lundenwic (London) and Gipeswic (Ipswich). Manufacturing associated with iron, lead, copper, wool, leather and bone were found. Roman roads made travel to and from York easier. <historyofyork.org> In 866AD, the Vikings attacked. Not all parts of England were captured, but York was.
    [Show full text]
  • North West of England Plan Regional Spatial Strategy to 2021 the North West of England Plan Regional Spatial Strategy to 2021
    North West of England Plan Regional Spatial Strategy to 2021 The North West of England Plan Regional Spatial Strategy to 2021 London: TSO September 2008 Published by TSO (The Stationery Offi ce) and available from: Online www.tsoshop.co.uk Mail, Telephone, Fax & E-mail TSO PO Box 29, Norwich NR3 1GN Telephone orders/General enquiries: 0870 600 5522 Fax orders: 0870 600 5533 E-mail: [email protected] Textphone 0870 240 3701 TSO Shops 16 Arthur Street, Belfast BT1 4GD 028 9023 8451 Fax 028 9023 5401 71 Lothian Road, Edinburgh EH3 9AZ 0870 606 5566 Fax 0870 606 5588 TSO @ Blackwall and other Accredited Agents Communities and Local Government, Eland House, Bressenden Place, London SW1E 5DU Telephone 020 7944 4400 Web site www.communities.gov.uk © Crown Copyright 2008 Copyright in the typographical arrangements rests with the Crown. This publication, excluding logos, may be reproduced free of charge in any format or medium for research, private study or for internal circulation within an organisation. This is subject to it being reproduced accurately and not used in a misleading context. The material must be acknowledged as Crown copyright and the title of the publication specifi ed. For any other use of this material, please write to Licensing Division, Offi ce of Public Sector Information, 5th Floor, Pretty France, London SW1H 9AJ or e-mail: [email protected] Any queries relating to the content of this document should be referred to the Government Offi ce for the North West or the Regional Planning Body at the following address: Government Offi ce for North West, City Tower, Piccadilly Plaza, Manchester M1 4BE.
    [Show full text]
  • Releasing Growth in Northern England's Sparse Areas
    Releasing growth in northern sparse areas Roger Turner Rural Economies Consultant Northern region: City and Sparse Newcastle city: Sparse northern areas: 295,000 residents 305,000 people • 113 sq. km • 33% of north England’s territory (12,837 sq. km) • One Council – Newcastle • At least 15 Local City Council (NCC) authorities, 4 National Park Authorities, 4 Local Enterprise Partnerships • One Economic Strategy • No Single Economic for NCC and Gateshead Strategy for sparse areas Northern England’s sparsely populated region State of the countryside update: Sparsely populated areas. Commission for Rural Communities,2010 Economic challenges • 3 of England’s least productive economies [Northumberland <75%, East Cumbria 77% of UK mean) • High levels of economic inactivity, under employment, second jobs • High dependency on public sector jobs and their higher wages • Male wages on average 90% higher than those for women (ASHE 2009) • Markedly fewer residents in easy distances of health, education and retail services than other rural and urban areas • Low broadband speeds, poor mobile communication, limited business premises • National Policy leadership by Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs NOT Departments for Business, Work or Communities • Rural Development Programme for England seen as most critical support for area’s economic health, NOT European Social Fund, European Regional Development Programme and UK business growth programmes. Economic strengths • Higher levels of: – self employment, – firm survival rates, – residents
    [Show full text]
  • England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales the Union Jack Flag
    1 Pre-session 1: Existing Knowledge What do I know about the United Kingdom? 1 Session 1: What is the United Kingdom and where is it located? Key Knowledge ‘United’ means joined together. ‘Kingdom’ means a country ruled by a king or queen. The ‘United Kingdom’ is a union of four countries all ruled by Queen Elizabeth II. The four countries in the United Kingdom are: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The United Kingdom is in the north-west of Europe. Key Words United Kingdom union north England country south Northern Ireland Europe east Scotland world west Wales Who is the person in this picture and what does she do? __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ 2 Can you label the four countries in the United Kingdom? The United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Challenge: Can you label the map to show where you live? 3 Can you find the United Kingdom and circle it on each of the maps? Map 1 Map 2 4 Map 3 Map 4 5 Map 5 Map 6 6 Session 2: What is it like to live in Scotland? Key Knowledge Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland. Edinburgh has a famous castle and is also the location of the Scottish Parliament. In the Highlands there are large mountains called Munros, valleys and enormous lakes called lochs. One of the deepest lakes in the UK is Loch Ness. Key Words Edinburgh Highlands capital mountains (munros) castle valleys parliament lakes (lochs) Glasgow Loch Ness rural Knowledge Quiz 4.1 1. United means… joined together split apart 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Northern Devolution Through the Lens of History
    This is a repository copy of From problems in the North to the problematic North : Northern devolution through the lens of history. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/113610/ Book Section: Martin, Daryl orcid.org/0000-0002-5685-4553, Schafran, Alex and Taylor, Zac (2017) From problems in the North to the problematic North : Northern devolution through the lens of history. In: Berry, Craig and Giovannini, Arianna, (eds.) Developing England's North. Building a Sustainable Political Economy . Palgrave Macmillan . Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Submission for the WR Network book. DRAFT. DO NOT DISTRIBUTE From problems in the North to the problematic North: Northern devolution through the lens of history Daryl Martin, Department of Sociology, University of York Alex Schafran, School of Geography, University of Leeds Zac Taylor, School of Geography, University of Leeds Abstract: Current debates about Northern English cities and their role in national economic strategies cannot be read simply through the lens of contemporary politics.
    [Show full text]
  • Evidence Review
    Greater Manchester: Evidence Review November 2018 Greater Manchester: Independent Prosperity Review Background Paper 1 The Greater Manchester Prosperity Review In the 2017 Autumn Budget and as part of the city region’s sixth devolution deal, Greater Manchester Combined Authority (GMCA) and Government agreed to work together to develop one of the UK’s first local industrial strategies. The GM Local Industrial Strategy will reflect the main themes of the national Industrial Strategy White Paper whilst taking a place- based approach that builds on the area’s unique strengths and ensures all people in Greater Manchester (GM) can contribute to, and benefit from, economic growth. A robust and credible evidence base is critical to underpin the Local Industrial Strategy and to make the case for what needs to be done to deliver growth for Greater Manchester and its residents. It will also be critical to ensure buy-in from local and national public and private stakeholders – building on the success of the Manchester Independent Economic Review (MIER)1 a decade ago. Development of the evidence base underpinning the Local Industrial Strategy is being taken forward under the Greater Manchester Independent Prosperity Review. The review is being led by a panel of independent experts chaired by Professor Diane Coyle (Bennett Professor of Public Policy, University of Cambridge). The other members of the panel are: Professor Ed Glaeser (Professor of Economics, Harvard University); Stephanie Flanders (Head of Bloomberg Economics); Professor Henry Overman (Professor of Economic Geography, London School of Economics); Professor Mariana Mazzucato (Professor in the Economics of Innovation, University College London); and Darra Singh (Government & Public Sector Lead at EY).
    [Show full text]
  • Northern England- Destination Highlight Cheat Sheet
    Northern England- Destination Highlight Cheat Sheet Focus #1: ACTIVE LAKE DISTRICT: Guided hiking in the famous “fells” or mountains of the lake district making use of the traditional steam boats to journey to and from the trail heads. LAKE DISTRICT: Grizedale Forest Park is a haven for adventure pursuits such as guided walking, climbing and mountain biking. The choice is yours! YORKSHIRE DALES: Conquer the 3 peaks of Pen-y-ghent, Ingleborough and Whernside with your own private outdoor guide. YORKSHIRE COAST: Join your private guide to explore the impressive 26 miles of coastal cliff top trails, quaint fishing villages and breathtaking views. YORKSHIRE: ROAD CYCLING: So many amazing options! Hilly in places but good tea shops en route and made famous by the Grand Depart of the Tour de France Focus #2: CULINARY LAKE DISTRICT: CUMBRIA: Explore the culinary delights of the region with a private cookery lesson in the heart of the scenic lake district national park. YORKSHIRE DALES: The region is famous for its cheeses so why not have your clients learn for themselves by joining a 1 day cheese making course with a local expert. LAKE DISTRICT: Many microbreweries to tour and visit (Hawkshead, Keswick, Jennings area). Award winning gin & vodka lakes distillery now open too in Cumbria region! Focus #3: CULTURAL LAKE DISTRICT: Visit the former homes of renowned literary figures William Wordsworth’s and or Beatrix Potter followed by a relaxed steam boat ride on Lake Windermere. LAKE DISTRICT: Visit the ruins of a 12th century abbey and discover limestone plateaus interspersed with ancient stone circles, burial mounds, and prehistoric settlements.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Thatcherism in the Urban North of England Mark Bailoni
    The effects of Thatcherism in the urban North of England Mark Bailoni The economic policies of Margaret Thatcher’s governments polarised not just opinion but also whole swathes of the UK. In particular, the cities of northern England – Labour heartlands in an economically divided country – represented a counterweight during the Thatcher years. Weakened by relative decline and the continued application of Thatcherite policies post-1990, these cities now appear to have converted to a form of governance tailored to territorial competitiveness. Reactions following the death of Margaret Thatcher reflected deep divisions on the subject of her political legacy. Tributes and contemplation contrasted with demonstrations of joy – an extremely rare phenomenon following the death of a political leader in a democracy. All these events were extensively covered by the media, but without any real analysis of their representativeness. For example, on 9 April 2013, pro-conservative tabloid the Daily Mail’s headline read “The Woman Who Saved Britain” while left-wing tabloid the Daily Mirror deliberately took a different angle, leading with “The Woman Who Divided a Nation”. Despite the attention-grabbing headlines of the tabloid press, this is the sentiment that dominates on the left and in certain areas particularly marked by deindustrialisation and unemployment in the 1980s. Indeed, Margaret Thatcher is often accused of having increased inequality and created new social and territorial divisions during her 11-year tenure.1 To what extent is this perception
    [Show full text]
  • Northern English: a State of Mind It’S a Difficult Thing, Working on Accents and Dialects of English, If You Come from Northern England Like I Do
    Here’s an article on Northern English which appeared in emagazine, a publication for A-level English Language and English Literature students. To what extent to do you think that the things the author says about Northern English are applicable to Scots and Scottish English? What evidence do you have to support your view? Northern English: a state of mind It’s a difficult thing, working on accents and dialects of English, if you come from northern England like I do. As an academic who works on varieties of English, I strive to show that all varieties are linguistically equal, with no accent or dialect being inherently better than any other; as a northerner, I know that northern English is the best accent of the lot, no matter what academics think. It all boils down to this. There are two groups of people in the world: those who have a northern English accent, and those who wish they did. But what is ‘northern English’, exactly? If we ignore any sociolinguistic variation within the north, and try to concentrate just on a traditional, regional definition of a ‘dialect’, we run into problems. What land mass corresponds to the area in which northern English is spoken? Historically, for instance, much of lowland Scotland could legitimately be considered part of the linguistic north, given what we know about the early history of English, and the similarities between the dialects of the far north of England, and those of southern Scotland. But because political boundaries and social groupings have formed and reformed since the Anglo-Saxon period, we have to recognise that geography alone cannot serve to delimit linguistic varieties.
    [Show full text]
  • The New Housing Paradigm Residential Forecasts – Northern England
    The New Housing Paradigm Residential forecasts – Northern England UK Residential Research | February 2018 The New Housing Paradigm Contents Pg 4 UK and regional economic backdrop A range of factors are colluding to deliver more moderate UK house price growth over the next five Pg 6 Northern England housing to ten years. However, and despite the intrusion market forecasts of Brexit, we believe this transition will provide Pg 10 Household dynamics a more stable and healthy UK housing market. Pg 12 UK housing market forecasts This new housing paradigm should be embraced and welcomed. Pg 14 From the ground up It is good for government, the economy, buyers, Pg 15 Our forecasts 2018-2022 sellers and industry participants. But it also will take some getting used-to. House price growth averaging 2½% pa for the next five years will not excite investors or homeowners, but will lay the foundations for a less volatile UK housing market in the medium-term. Main regional city centres across the UK are expected to outperform with higher sales price and rental growth as the rise of city centre living continues. All the main cities in Northern England – Manchester, Liverpool and Leeds, have seen resurgent sales and rental markets in recent years. City living has gained strong momentum in Manchester, Liverpool and Leeds over the past three years and, together with a active student market, has pushed demand in both the sales and lettings markets notably higher. And with housing supply in these city centres severely constrained, prices and rents have soared. Despite these strong increases we still anticipate further upward pressure over the next five years.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman North-West England: the Process of Annexation
    ROMAN NORTH-WEST ENGLAND: THE PROCESS OF ANNEXATION David Shatter Read 19 October 1996 A quarter of a century ago it was the normal practice of historians to attribute the annexation of north-west England without question to Gnaeus Julius Agricola, governor of Britain between A.D. 77 and 83. This was in effect a ringing endorsement of the art of the 'spin doctor'; for Tacitus, Agricola's son-in-law and biographer, successfully omitted or relegated into the background evidence which would have supported the propositions that the process of annexation was more cumulative and gradual and that others, besides Agricola, made significant contributions to it. Further, in his Histories (published c. A.D. 106), Tacitus presented as fact the suggestion that, after Agricola's recall from Britain (which, in the Life of Agricola, he had indicated as an extremely devious and unreasonable act), Roman activities in Britain represented, at best, a lost opportunity and, at worst, a sell-out.' It is the purpose of the present paper to re-examine these views in the light of the greater body of evidence that is now available to us; whilst it will concentrate on the area of north-west England, this will, where appropriate, be related to the wider context of northern Britain. Since the late 1960s, archaeologists and historians have come increasingly to question older propositions, subjecting Tacitus, Histories, 1.2,1; Tacitus, Life of Agricola, 39 II 2 David Shatter them to the evidence resulting from new programmes of survey and excavation, and from greater refinement in handling the artefactual material.- Consequently, we can now appreciate that the annexation of the north-west not only pre­ dated Agricola's governorship, but also in some aspects the Flavian period (A.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Highlights of Northern England Itinerary
    scotland.nordicvisitor.com HIGHLIGHTS OF NORTHERN ENGLAND ITINERARY DAY 1 DAY 1: ARRIVAL IN EDINBURGH Welcome to Edinburgh. For an easy and comfortable way to get from Edinburgh Airport to your hotel in the city centre, we are happy to arrange a private transfer for you (at additional cost). After settling in, go out and explore. Edinburgh has a long and storied history, so there’s no shortage of UNESCO World Heritage Sites, museums and landmarks to visit, including the majestic Edinburgh Castle. Spend the night in Edinburgh. Attractions: Edinburgh DAY 2 DAY 2: THE SCOTTISH BORDERS & ENGLAND‘S LAKE DISTRICT Head for the scenic Scottish Borders area today with its charming old villages and gently rolling hills. On the way you can visit Glenkinchie Distillery and taste its 12-year-old single malt whisky, which was named Best Lowland Single Malt in the 2013 World Whiskies Awards. For a great photo opportunity, don‘t miss a stop at the scenic Scott‘s View, one of the best known lookouts in the southern Scotland! Another suggestion is to visit the area‘s historical abbeys. Perhaps the most famous is the St Mary’s Abbey, also called Melrose Abbey, a partly ruined monastery of the Cistercian order, the first of its kind in Scotland. The ruins make for a hauntingly beautiful sight, especially with moody clouds hanging low overhead. We also recommend a visit to Abbotsford House, the ancestral home of Sir Walter Scott, the famous 19th century novelist and poet, beautifully located on the banks of the River Tweed. Continue making your way south passing Hawick, Langholm and eventually the Scottish-English border, to arrive at Keswick, your destination tonight in the beautiful Lake District.
    [Show full text]