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Mét Vµi Nhën Xðt Vò Viöc Phiªn Chuyón Thuët Ng÷ To¸Nc

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Mét Vµi Nhën Xðt Vò Viöc Phiªn Chuyón Thuët Ng÷ To¸Nc 20 ng«n ng÷ & ®êi sèng sè 6 (188)-2011 Mét vµi nhËn xÐt vÒ viÖc phiªn chuyÓn thuËt ng÷ to¸n-c¬-tin häc-vËt lÝ tõ tiÕng anh sang tiÕng viÖt ng« phi hïng (NCS, §¹i häc Vinh) 1. Đặt v ấn đề Tin h ọc, V ật lí. Trong các cu ốn t ừ điển được Hi ện nay ti ếng Anh đang ngày càng tr ở biên so ạn và xu ất b ản hi ện nay, chúng tôi nên thông d ụng trên th ế gi ới và c ả ở Vi ệt ch ọn Từ điển Anh - Vi ệt khoa h ọc t ự nhiên, Nam. Ti ếng Anh c ũng được coi là th ứ ngôn tập 1 ( Toán- Cơ -Tin h ọc) và t ập 2 ( Vật lí) ng ữ chung cho nhi ều l ĩnh v ực trong đó có Nxb Giáo d ục, Hà N ội do GS.TSKH Nguy ễn khoa h ọc t ự nhiên (KHTN). Vi ệt Nam là Văn M ậu (ch ủ biên) (2008) để kh ảo sát nước đi sau trong l ĩnh v ực khoa h ọc công (chúng tôi g ọi t ắt là Từ điển Toán-Cơ-Tin ngh ệ nên nhu c ầu phiên chuy ển thu ật ng ữ học, V ật lí ). khoa h ọc t ừ ti ếng Anh sang ti ếng Vi ệt ngày 2. Vi ệc phiên chuy ển thu ật ng ữ KHTN càng l ớn. Để đáp ứng nhu c ầu đó ở nước ta Toán-Cơ-Tin h ọc, V ật lí t ừ ti ếng Anh trong nh ững n ăm g ần đây đã có r ất nhi ều t ừ sang ti ếng Vi ệt điển Anh-Vi ệt ra đời, đặc bi ệt là thu ật ng ữ 2.1 Nguyên d ạng của các ngành KHTN. Trong bài vi ết này, Kết qu ả kh ảo sát và th ống kê c ủa chúng chúng tôi mu ốn đề cập đến vi ệc phiên tôi trong Từ điển Toán-Cơ-Tin h ọc, V ật lí chuy ển thu ật ng ữ KHTN t ừ ti ếng Anh sang cho th ấy nh ư bảng sau: ti ếng Vi ệt trên t ư li ệu thu ật ng ữ Toán-Cơ- Bảng t ổng h ợp thu ật ng ữ phiên âm, nguyên d ạng trong Từ điển Toán-Cơ-Tin, V ật lí ti ếng Vi ệt STT Từ điển Tổng s ố thu ật ng ữ Nguyên d ạng Phiên âm nguyên d ạng+phiên âm 1 Toán -Cơ-Tin h ọc 244 (28,5%) 39 (21,7%) 205 (30,3%) 2 Vật lí 612 (71,5%) 141 (78,3%) 471 (69,7%) 3 Tổng 856 (100%) 180 (100%) 676 (100%) Qua b ảng th ống kê, có th ể rút ra m ột s ố Ví d ụ: conic [5, 62], electron [5, 111], nh ận xét sau: menu [5, 221], helion [6, 198], microtron [6, Nh ững thu ật ng ữ để nguyên d ạng th ường 261],… là nh ững thu ật ng ữ tr ừu t ượng, ho ặc có th ể Trong 39 thu ật ng ữ Toán-Cơ-Tin h ọc mang quá nhi ều ngh ĩa. mượn nguyên d ạng, có 11 thu ật ng ữ ch ứa các bi ến th ể đồng ngh ĩa (chi ếm 28,2%). Sè 6 (188)-2011 ng«n ng÷ & ®êi sèng 21 Ví d ụ: cam: cam, đĩa l ệnh tr ục [5, 35], ắc quy [5, 6], và thanh huy ền có 1 ơ n v ị chat: hội tho ại tr ực tuy ến, chat [5, 41], (0,49%), (folium of Descartes: lá Đề các ) [5, hessian: ma tr ận Hess, d ạng hess, hessian 141]. [5, 168]. Trong 471 thu ật ng ữ Vật lí được phiên Trong 141 thu ật ng ữ Vật lí mượn nguyên chuy ển, có mặt hai thanh được tham gia dạng, có 6 thu ật ng ữ ch ứa các bi ến th ể đồng thanh không và thanh s ắc. Trong đó thanh ngh ĩa (chi ếm 4,3%). không có 469 thu ật ng ữ (chi ếm 99,6%). Ví d ụ: fermion: fermion, h ạt Féc-mi , Thanh s ắc có 2 thu ật ng ữ (0,4%). Ví d ụ: helion: helion, h ạt anpha [6, 198], tachyon: note: nốt [6, 277], Fermi particle: hạt Féc-mi tachyon, h ạt nhanh h ơn ánh sáng [6, 375]. [6, 291]. Ở cả hai từ điển các nhà biên so ạn đều Quan sát k ĩ có th ể th ấy, thu ật ng ữ mang ch ọn cách phiên vi ết li ền, có s ử dụng d ấu thanh s ắc này n ằm trong s ự lựa ch ọn b ắt ph ụ, d ấu thanh ở một s ố tr ường h ợp (tr ừ bu ộc gi ữa m ột trong hai thanh: s ắc ho ặc tr ường h ợp ắc quy, xi phông ). Tuy nhiên, đối không và s ự lựa ch ọn nghiêng v ề thanh s ắc. với nh ững thu ật ng ữ có y ếu t ố cấu t ạo là tên 2.2.2. Ph ụ âm đầu riêng c ủa các nhà khoa h ọc, các nhà biên Tiếng Anh có ph ụ âm đầu được th ể hi ện so ạn Từ điển Toán-Cơ-Tin h ọc ch ọn cách bằng con ch ữ mà ti ếng Vi ệt c ũng có thì được phiên vi ết li ền, có d ấu ph ụ, d ấu thanh (tr ừ đọc và vi ết nh ư ở trong ti ếng Vi ệt: b, l, m, n, Đề các ). p, r, g. h, t. Ví d ụ: Eulerian angle: góc Ơle [5, 15]. - Ph ụ âm b Trong khi đó Từ điển Vật lí lại ch ọn cách b chuy ển sang ti ếng Vi ệt là b. Ví d ụ: phiên vi ết r ời có d ấu ph ụ, d ấu thanh và có block: bloc [5, 30]; balancer: bal ăng , gạch n ối. balsam: banzam , base: baz ơ [6, 40-44]. Ví d ụ: Coulomb scattering angle: góc tán - Ph ụ âm l xạ Cu-lông , Bragg angle: góc Bréc-gơ [6, l chuy ển sang ti ếng Vi ệt là l. Ví d ụ: 25], Gregorian calendar: lịch Grê-gô-ri-ut lambda: lam đa [5, 197], logic: lôgic [5, [6, 57]. tr.208]; lambert: lambe , lamel: lamen [6, 2.2. Bi ến đổi 225], lethargy: letacgi [6, 232], liter, litre: lit 2.2.1. Thanh điệu [6, 238]. Các thu ật ng ữ ti ếng Anh phiên chuy ển - Ph ụ âm m sang ti ếng Vi ệt có cách đọc theo âm ti ết m chuy ển sang ti ếng Vi ệt là m. Ví d ụ: ti ếng Vi ệt nên có thanh điệu. Tuy nhiên, maser: maze [5, 215], median: me đian [5, không ph ải t ất c ả sáu thanh điệu đều. 220]; magneto: manhêto [6, 245], maser: Trong 205 thu ật ng ữ Toán-Cơ-Tin h ọc maze [6, 247], megohm: mêgaôm , meter: được phiên chuy ển ch ỉ hi ện di ện có ba met [6, 259], metre: met [6, 259]. thanh, đó là thanh không, thanh s ắc và thanh - Ph ụ âm n huy ền. Trong đó, thanh không chi ếm s ố n chuy ển sang ti ếng Vi ệt là n. Ví d ụ: lượng tuy ệt đối 202/205 thu ật ng ữ (chi ếm neutron: nơtr ơn [5, 237], normit: nomit [5, 98,5%). Ví d ụ: affine: afin, adic: ađic, 240], nu: nuy (v) [5, 241]; neper: nêpe , cactoid: cactoit,... ; thanh s ắc có 1 thu ật ng ữ neutron: nowtron , newton: niut ơn [6, 273- (chi ếm 0,98%), đó là thu ật ng ữ accumulator: 274]. 22 ng«n ng÷ & ®êi sèng sè 6 (188)-2011 - Ph ụ âm p Từ điển Vật lí : k chuy ển sang ti ếng Vi ệt p chuy ển sang ti ếng Vi ệt thành p. Ví d ụ: là k, c . Ví d ụ: kathode: catot , kation: cation , pascal: pascan [5, 257], phase: pha [5, 260], kelvin: kenvin , kilocalorie: kilôcalo , pile: pin [5, 261]; phase: pha [6, 295], pile: kilogram: kilôgam [6, 224]. pin , piston: pitông [6, 301], proton: prôton - Ph ụ âm j [6, 317]. Từ điển Toán-Cơ-Tin h ọc: j chuy ển sang - Ph ụ âm r ti ếng Vi ệt là j. Ví d ụ: jack: jăc, jacobian: r chuy ển sang ti ếng Vi ệt là r. Ví d ụ: jacobi [5, 195]. radio: ra điô [5, 287], relay: rơ le [5, 296]; Từ điển Vật lí: j chuy ển sang ti ếng Vi ệt là robot: roobot , rocket: roocket , roentgen: j, ch . Ví d ụ: jacobian: jacobien , jar: chai [6, rơnghen [6, 340-341]. - Ph ụ âm g 222]. g chuy ển sang ti ếng Vi ệt là g. Ví d ụ: - Ph ụ âm f grad, grade: grat , gradient: gra đien , grooss: Từ điển Toán-Cơ-Tin h ọc: f chuy ển sang grot [5, 160-161]; gram, gramme: gam [6, ti ếng Vi ệt là f. Ví d ụ: feeder: fi đơ , ferrite: 191], gaser: gaze [6, 186]. ferit [5, 135], flexowriter: flecxorait ơ [5, - Ph ụ âm h 140], fractal: fractan [5, 146].
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