Valve Tube Equivalents
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El156 Audio Power
EL156 AUDIO POWER Gerhard Haas Thanks to its robustness, the legendary EL156 audio power pentode has found its way into many professional amplifier units. Its attraction derives not just from its appealing shape, but also from its impressive audio characteristics. We therefore bring you this classical circuit, updated using high- quality modern components. 28 elektor electronics - 3/2005 AMPLIFIER Return of a legend The EL156 was manufactured in the enough to give adequate sensitivity, electrolytic capacitor: this voltage is legendary Telefunken valve factory in even before allowing any margin for further filtered on the amplifier board. Ulm, near the river Danube in Ger- negative feedback. The ECC81 many. The EL156 made amplifiers with (12AT7), however, which has an open- It is not possible to build an ultra-lin- an output power of up to 130 W possi- loop gain of 60 and which can be oper- ear amplifier using the EL156 with a ble, using just two valves in the output ated with anode currents of up to high anode voltage. The same goes for stage and one driver valve. Genuine 10 mA, can be used to build a suitably the EL34. The output transformer is EL156s are no longer available new at low-impedance circuit. therefore connected in such a way that realistic prices, and hardly any are Two EL156s can be used to produce an the impedance of the grid connection available second-hand. The original output power of 130 W with only 6 % to the output valve is much lower than devices used a metal valve base which distortion. -
Vacuum Tube Theory, a Basics Tutorial – Page 1
Vacuum Tube Theory, a Basics Tutorial – Page 1 Vacuum Tubes or Thermionic Valves come in many forms including the Diode, Triode, Tetrode, Pentode, Heptode and many more. These tubes have been manufactured by the millions in years gone by and even today the basic technology finds applications in today's electronics scene. It was the vacuum tube that first opened the way to what we know as electronics today, enabling first rectifiers and then active devices to be made and used. Although Vacuum Tube technology may appear to be dated in the highly semiconductor orientated electronics industry, many Vacuum Tubes are still used today in applications ranging from vintage wireless sets to high power radio transmitters. Until recently the most widely used thermionic device was the Cathode Ray Tube that was still manufactured by the million for use in television sets, computer monitors, oscilloscopes and a variety of other electronic equipment. Concept of thermionic emission Thermionic basics The simplest form of vacuum tube is the Diode. It is ideal to use this as the first building block for explanations of the technology. It consists of two electrodes - a Cathode and an Anode held within an evacuated glass bulb, connections being made to them through the glass envelope. If a Cathode is heated, it is found that electrons from the Cathode become increasingly active and as the temperature increases they can actually leave the Cathode and enter the surrounding space. When an electron leaves the Cathode it leaves behind a positive charge, equal but opposite to that of the electron. In fact there are many millions of electrons leaving the Cathode. -
The Beginner's Handbook of Amateur Radio
FM_Laster 9/25/01 12:46 PM Page i THE BEGINNER’S HANDBOOK OF AMATEUR RADIO This page intentionally left blank. FM_Laster 9/25/01 12:46 PM Page iii THE BEGINNER’S HANDBOOK OF AMATEUR RADIO Clay Laster, W5ZPV FOURTH EDITION McGraw-Hill New York San Francisco Washington, D.C. Auckland Bogotá Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto McGraw-Hill abc Copyright © 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as per- mitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-139550-4 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-136187-1. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trade- marked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringe- ment of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at [email protected] or (212) 904-4069. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. -
Operation, Tetrode, Pentode in the Single-Ended, Class-A
10-76 10. Guitar Amplifiers 10.5.1 Single-ended (class A)-operation, tetrode, pentode In the single-ended, class-A power-stage, one (single) power-tube operates in common- cathode configuration with the output transformer being part of the plate circuit (transformer- coupling). Without AC-drive (“quiescent state”), a stable balance appears – it is called the operating point (OPP). The characteristics shown in Fig. 10.5.2 yield an OPP at 250 V and 48 mA, if a voltage of -7.5 V between (control) grid (g1) and cathode is chosen. This can be done e.g. by using a cathode-resistor of 142 Ω. The cathode-current (the sum of the 48-mA- plate-current and the 5-mA-screen-grid-current) will then generate a positive cathode-voltage of + 7.5 V (relative to ground). With the control-grid at ground-potential (Ug1 = 0) a control- grid-to-cathode-voltage of -7.5 V results (i.e. the control grid is negative vs. the cathode). Fig. 10.5.2: Output characteristics of the EL84, power-stage circuit (single-ended class-A operation). AP = OPP As a drive signal appears (Ug1 ≠ 0), plate-voltage and –current change. As a first approach, it will be sufficient to consider the transformer in the plate-circuit as a large inductance connected in parallel with an ohmic resistor (Chapter 10.6). In this model we have only pure DC flowing through the inductance, and only pure AC flowing through the resistor. With a drive-signal present, the Ua/Ia-point will move along the load-line given in Fig. -
Liste Des Tubes À Vide Il S'agit D'une Liste De Tubes À
Liste des tubes à vide Il s'agit d'une liste de tubes à vide ou vannes thermo-ioniques et basse pression tubes remplis de gaz ou tubes à décharge . Avant l'avènement des semi-conducteurs périphériques, des centaines de types de tubes ont été utilisés dans l'électronique grand public et industriels; aujourd'hui seuls quelques types sont encore utilisés dans des applications spécialisées. Table des matières 1 chauffage ou notes filament 2 embases de tube 3 systèmes de numérotation 3.1 systèmes nord-américain 3.1.1 système RMA (1942) 3.1.2 système RETMA (tubes recevant, 1953) 3.1.3 Chiffre systèmes uniquement 3.2 systèmes d'Europe occidentale 3.2.1 système Marconi-Osram 3.2.2 système Mullard-Philips 3.2.2.1 tubes standard 3.2.2.2 tubes de qualité spéciaux 3.2.2.3 tubes professionnels 3.2.2.4 tubes Transmission 3.2.2.5 Phototubes et des photomultiplicateurs 3.2.2.6 stabilisateurs 3.2.3 systèmes Mazda / Ediswan 3.2.3.1 ancien système 3.2.3.2 tubes de signaux 3.2.3.3 Puissance redresseurs 3.2.4 STC / Brimar système de réception des tubes 3.2.5 Tesla système de tubes de réception 3.3 système de normalisation industrielle japonaise 3.4 systèmes russes 3.4.1 tubes standard 3.4.2 tubes électriques à très haute 3,5 tubes désignation Très-haute puissance (Eitel McCullough et ses dérivés) 3.6 ETL désignation des tubes de calcul 3.7 systèmes de dénomination militaires 3.7.1 Colombie-système nommage CV 3.7.2 US systèmes de dénomination 3.8 Autres systèmes chiffre uniquement 3.9 Autre lettre suivie de chiffres 4 Liste des tubes américains, avec leurs -
1999-2017 INDEX This Index Covers Tube Collector Through August 2017, the TCA "Data Cache" DVD- ROM Set, and the TCA Special Publications: No
1999-2017 INDEX This index covers Tube Collector through August 2017, the TCA "Data Cache" DVD- ROM set, and the TCA Special Publications: No. 1 Manhattan College Vacuum Tube Museum - List of Displays .........................1999 No. 2 Triodes in Radar: The Early VHF Era ...............................................................2000 No. 3 Auction Results ....................................................................................................2001 No. 4 A Tribute to George Clark, with audio CD ........................................................2002 No. 5 J. B. Johnson and the 224A CRT.........................................................................2003 No. 6 McCandless and the Audion, with audio CD......................................................2003 No. 7 AWA Tube Collector Group Fact Sheet, Vols. 1-6 ...........................................2004 No. 8 Vacuum Tubes in Telephone Work.....................................................................2004 No. 9 Origins of the Vacuum Tube, with audio CD.....................................................2005 No. 10 Early Tube Development at GE...........................................................................2005 No. 11 Thermionic Miscellany.........................................................................................2006 No. 12 RCA Master Tube Sales Plan, 1950....................................................................2006 No. 13 GE Tungar Bulb Data Manual................................................................. -
The Electron Volt
ApPENDIX A The Electron Volt Before we discuss the electron volt (e V) let us go over the following phe nomenon without the use of that unit. When a potential difference exists between two points, and a charged particle is in that field, a force is exerted on this particle by the electric field. An example of this is the beam of electrons in a TV picture tube. Each electron in this beam is accelerated by the force exerted on it by the electric field. As it is accelerated its kinetic energy is increased until it is maximum just prior to striking the screen at the front of the picture tube. When it strikes the front of the picture tube this energy must be conserved so the kinetic energy is converted into the form of electromagnetic energy or x rays. One problem is to find a description of the emitted x-ray photon. Let us assume that the accelerating voltage in the TV picture tube was 20 kV. Without the use of the electron volt as a unit the following units would be required in this calculation: 1. The charge on an electron (q) = 1.602 x 10- 19 coulomb. 2. Planck's constant (h) = 6.547 x 10-27 erg-second. 3. One angstrom (A) = 1 x 10- 10 meter (used to measure the wavelength of light). 4. The velocity of light (C) = 3 x 1010 cm/s. The force on an electron, due to the presence of an electric field, can be ex pressed as qE, where q is the charge on an electron and E is the potential differ ence, in volts, between the two points, divided by the distance between the two points, in meters. -
Pentodes Connected As Triodes
Pentodes connected as Triodes by Tom Schlangen Pentodes connected as Triodes About the author Tom Schlangen Born 1962 in Cologne / Germany Studied mechanical engineering at RWTH Aachen / Germany Employments as „safety engineering“ specialist and CIO / IT-head in middle-sized companies, now owning and running an IT- consultant business aimed at middle-sized companies Hobby: Electron valve technology in audio Private homepage: www.tubes.mynetcologne.de Private email address: [email protected] Tom Schlangen – ETF 06 2 Pentodes connected as Triodes Reasons for connecting and using pentodes as triodes Why using pentodes as triodes at all? many pentodes, especially small signal radio/TV ones, are still available from huge stock cheap as dirt, because nobody cares about them (especially “TV”-valves), some of them, connected as triodes, can rival even the best real triodes for linearity, some of them, connected as triodes, show interesting characteristics regarding µ, gm and anode resistance, that have no expression among readily available “real” triodes, because it is fun to try and find out. Tom Schlangen – ETF 06 3 Pentodes connected as Triodes How to make a triode out of a tetrode or pentode again? Or, what to do with the “superfluous” grids? All additional grids serve a certain purpose and function – they were added to a basic triode system to improve the system behaviour in certain ways, for example efficiency. We must “disable” the functions of those additional grids in a defined and controlled manner to regain triode characteristics. Just letting them “dangle in vacuum unconnected” will not work – they would charge up uncontrolled in the electron stream, leading to unpredictable behaviour. -
118 Bernards Radio Manuals 5
§ i PRACTICAL 118 voor de Historie v/d Radio iSHB 130. BERNARDS RADIO MANUALS 5/ ■ ■ tUOTHEEK N.V.H.R, i PRACTICAL F.M. CIRCUITS FOR THE HOME CONSTRVCTOR by R. Deschepper BERNARDS (PUBLISHERS) LTD. THE GRAMPIANS WESTERN GATE LONDON, W.6 General Editor Walter J. May First Published in Great Britain, February, 1955. First published in France under the copyright title “ Schemas de recepteurs pour la modulation de “ frequence,” by Societe des Editions Radio, 9, Rue Jacob, Paris (6e) i i ; i i iii THE FREQUENCY MODULATION ERA From its infancy Broadcasting has been considered to fulfill the primary function of conveying to very large audiences the sounds produced in front of the microphone or held in store in the form of recordings. In the early days, the possibility of picking up distant stations appealed strongly to the first amateurs. Long distance records used to be claimed on all sides, and the ‘‘last word” in 1925 was to “receive America.” Although in this way sen sitivity came into the foreground among the principal qualities demanded from a receiver, the density of the traffic through the ether soon brought up the critical problems of selectivity. However, up to 1930, radio remained the privilege of a small group of enthusiasts, since the installation, maintenance and control of a receiver layout (comprising, besides the receiver itself, a frame aerial, a loud speaker, a filament battery together with its charger, and an H.T. battery eventually to be replaced by a “battery eliminator”) necessitated a certain amount of technical knowledge and more than a little patience. -
Tabulation of Published Data on Electron Devices of the U.S.S.R. Through December 1976
NAT'L INST. OF STAND ms & TECH R.I.C. Pubii - cations A111D4 4 Tfi 3 4 4 NBSIR 78-1564 Tabulation of Published Data on Electron Devices of the U.S.S.R. Through December 1976 Charles P. Marsden Electron Devices Division Center for Electronics and Electrical Engineering National Bureau of Standards Washington, DC 20234 December 1978 Final QC— U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 100 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS U56 73-1564 Buraev of Standard! NBSIR 78-1564 1 4 ^79 fyr *'• 1 f TABULATION OF PUBLISHED DATA ON ELECTRON DEVICES OF THE U.S.S.R. THROUGH DECEMBER 1976 Charles P. Marsden Electron Devices Division Center for Electronics and Electrical Engineering National Bureau of Standards Washington, DC 20234 December 1978 Final U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary / Dr. Sidney Harman, Under Secretary Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director - 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Preface i v 1. Introduction 2. Description of the Tabulation ^ 1 3. Organization of the Tabulation ’ [[ ] in ’ 4. Terminology Used the Tabulation 3 5. Groups: I. Numerical 7 II. Receiving Tubes 42 III . Power Tubes 49 IV. Rectifier Tubes 53 IV-A. Mechanotrons , Two-Anode Diode 54 V. Voltage Regulator Tubes 55 VI. Current Regulator Tubes 55 VII. Thyratrons 56 VIII. Cathode Ray Tubes 58 VIII-A. Vidicons 61 IX. Microwave Tubes 62 X. Transistors 64 X-A-l . Integrated Circuits 75 X-A-2. Integrated Circuits (Computer) 80 X-A-3. Integrated Circuits (Driver) 39 X-A-4. Integrated Circuits (Linear) 89 X- B. -
History of Thethermionic Tube / Valve / Vacuum
History of theThermionic Tube / Valve / Vacuum Tube – Page 1 The following notes have been assembled by Phil (VK5SRP) from original material and material from several web sites, including Wikipedia for a class run at the North East Radio Club, South Australia January 2016. In electronics, a vacuum tube, an electron tube, or just a tube (North America), or valve (Britain and some other regions) is a device that controls electric current between electrodes in an evacuated container. Vacuum tubes mostly rely on thermionic emission of electrons from a hot filament or a cathode heated by the filament/heater. This type is called a thermionic tube or thermionic valve. A Photo-tube, however, achieves electron emission through the photoelectric effect. Not all electronic circuit valves/electron tubes are vacuum tubes (evacuated). Gas-filled tubes are similar devices containing a gas, typically at low pressure, which exploit phenomena related to electric discharge in gases, usually without a heater. Although thermionic emission was originally reported in 1873 by Frederick Guthrie, it was Thomas Edison's 1883 investigation that spurred future research, the phenomenon thus becoming known as the "Edison effect". Edison patented what he found, but he did not understand the underlying physics, nor did he have an inkling of the potential value of the discovery. It wasn't until the early 20th century that the rectifying property of such a device was utilised, most notably by John Ambrose Fleming, who used the Diode tube to detect (demodulate) radio signals. Lee De Forest's 1906 "Audion" was also developed as a radio detector, and soon led to the development of the Triode tube. -
A Relatively Simple Device for Recording Radiation Intensities in The
A RELATIVELY SIMPLE DEVICE FOR RECORDING RADIATION INTENSITIES IN HE ULTRAVIOLET PORTION OF THE SPECTRUM by HENRY WALLACE HENDRICKS A THESIS submitted to OREGON STATE COLLEGE in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE June 19S0 APPROVED: Professor of Physics In Charge of Major Chairman of School Graduate Committee Dean of Graduate School ACKN OWLEDGMENT Sincere appreciation and thanks are expressed to Dr. Weniger for his interest and assistance in the preparation of this thesis. TABLE OF CONThNTS a ge I NTROD[JCTION . ..... , . i Statement of . Problem . i Some Basic Information about Ultraviolet, Sun and Sky Radiation, Its Biological Etc. Effectiveness, . 1 INSTRUMLNTS FOR RECORDING ULTRAVIOLET INTENSITIES . 3 DESIGNOONSIDERATIONS. ... .. .. The R e e e i y e . r ....... The . Receiving Circuit . 9 The R e c o e . rd r . 9 . ThePowerSupply . .10 EX>ERIMENTAL . 1)EVELOPMENT . 11 THE FINAL CIRCUIT AND . 7OER SUPPLY . 16 PREPARATION AND SILVERING OF THE QUARTZ PLATES . 20 THERECEIVERUNIT..................23 TESTOFAPPARATtJS . .26 Adjustment8 . 26 Results and Conclusions . 27 . Data . 3]. BILIOGRAPHY . 37 LIST OF ILLUBTRATIONS Figure Page J. Spectral Sensitivfty of the S Photocathode 6 2 OriginalCircuit . 12 3 First Vacuum Tube Circuit . 12 Lj. Variation of the Counts per Minute with Filament Voltage . 11i The Final Circuit . ........ 17 6 The Power Suoply, Counter and Receiver . 22 The 7 Receiver ............... 2)4. 8 Step-diagram from Data ObtaIned on MaylO,l9O ............. 28 9 Step-diagram from Data Obtained on Mayll,l9O ............. 29 10 Step-diagram from Data Obtained on Mayl2,l95O ......... .. 30 A RELATIVELY SIMPLE DEVICE FOR RECORDING RADIATION .LNTENSITIES IN T}IE ULTRAVIOLET PORTION OF THE SPECTRUM INTRODUCTION Statement of Problem The purpose of this thesis is to develop a more or less portable aiaratua that will measure ultraviolet energy in or near the erythemal region.