Period General Cell Photosynthesis Nitrogen Metabolism Mineral Nutrition Water Relations T_at.cn Rc SPlrat,on Growth World Events

GOO Theophrastus (Greek: /.'. Bacon (English: 1211,-9!,) Aristotle (Greek: 384-322BC) Vergil (Roman: 70-19BC) Aristotle (Greek: 384-323BC) Thales (Greek: 6/,0-5/,6BC) Theophrastus (Greek: 1372- 5S8BO Fall of Babvlon '/.'(' \c Th< uphrashis (Greek: J7.>- obM'ived beneficial effect of Plants obtain food from the all things made of water. ;.i >!' BC 372-287BC) 1 drawings of cells & 1'ealli \l.-xainbT tin- 1G00 father of botany .:s7 in.: 1 taught elaborated growing legumes before cer- Great

the r:>.\ 1 >. s. t iv" Tnnipeii AD plant food obtained from a ru.t i- .n looi) Lief Krieksi.n to New Eng-

/ i r> ^ Columbus to America

Van Belmont (Belgian: VanHelmont (Belgian: 1577- 1513 Balboa discovered Pacific If.fMl- 1577-16 ',-',) first nriinliil li; >,',) concluded all plant nur-'s & ash increase crops Vanllelmont (Bchjian: 1577- 15SS Spanish Armada defeated lii-i'il concluded plant sub-

tin:.' Uo„l;< (English: Glauber (German: 1650) Malpighi (Italian: 1671) Malpighi (Italian: 1679) 16t>7 1G00_ Malpiffhi (Italian : 1605) de- Jamestown settled 167$') ,-ui. *;,-. ,l-:,,al,slt ihh:i scribed plant cells "''"™ Uulpuihi 'itahan: pio- KNO.,pnimntrs plant grouth crude sap moves upward in 16.U) Pilgrims landed I ,( „

1691) i wood, HS^'' tureil nodules on Vicia faba Woodward (English: elaborated sap moves 16.16 1 hirvard founded water culture experiment- /'J.s.; [, nn's treaty with Indiana believed soil contributes all plant substance

1700- Hales (English: 1727) Corti (Italian: 1774) ob- .7. Priestley (English: 1771) Hales (English: 1727) mea- Hales (English: 1727) swell- Scheclc (Swede: 1777) germ- 'lalcs (English: 1727) mea- 1707 union of England and Scot- lSl'tO "Vi getaMe Staticks" smvd protoplasm and pro- & Ingt nhousz (D»trh:_ 177-1 sured root pressure. wat--r inating seeds absorb C and father of plant physi- toplasmic streaming Mow, lifting power of tran- produce C03 1776 Declaration of Indepcnd I- Lints purify air in light Ingenhausz (Dutch: 1779) all darkened plants, & non- 17S7 Const ilnti'Ui drawn up firm dioxide from the air green plants in light, pro- 1789-92 French Revolution duce CO s

1800- Brown (English: 1S31) dis- Dc Saussure (Swiss: ISO!,) DeSaussvre (Swiss: 180/,) T. A. Knight (English: 1801) DeSaussure (Siciss: 180.',) OcSaussure (Swiss: 180V 1803 Louisiana Purchase covered nucleus. Dujardin plants absorb soil salts in cut stems in dy-s indicate sei-il germination & growth 1*12 War with England (French: 1 8 .1 5 1 described gas exchange and water up- dilute solution form & in seeds'LcoV ..'i-oh.-d — t'l82.F) 18 PJ Fir.si sh-a at eross, a take. Bovssingault (French: different proportions than Heat produced by flowers Atlantic '(':'. // ;^;'i/nanied"proto- 183),) P.Q. = 1.0. accompanied by O a absorp- ix.'-i Monroe doctrine plasm. Scluiden d Schwann in in Mexican war (German: 1839) cell theory, Von Mohl (German: lS/,6) applied term protoplasm to plant cells.

SchuUze (German: 1861) Sachs (German: 1862) Ville (French: 1857) .Bons- Strasburgcr (German: 1891) Hartig (German: 1S5S) mass Pfeffer (German: 1885) al- Sac/is (German: 187/,) JS55-7 Atlantic cable uf tlv minimum Sachs (Ger- flow in lumen of xvlem w-s- flow in sieve tubes. Sachs 186 1 5 Civil War r>i,tql (German: 1879) dis- man- 1860) Knopf (German: sels. Dixon if Join (British (German: lS6.il sugars move p'l'ant respiration. Pallndin od, turgor effects, growth /vis Spanish-American War sulislance covered plasmodesmata I n it 1 I r linr.l l-lrffrr 1 German: (Russian : 1898 ) respiration suggested. C. Dai- 189S Cuii'.s disr-ovi.'red radium A mod) Water culture formu- mass How. DfVrics (Dutch: expressed on protoplasm win (English: 1X80/ regions ): «°c7, cr' IcelZan' J-V"' iss:,) movement by cytoplas- of perception & response in miilili hyde hypotln.-.-is

chlorophyll absorption sp-'c- S. !: ijennvk (DuUh i*ss, isolated nodule bacteria. \Vin;rjrndski, (Russian :

1890 > isolated nitrifb rs- (1893) isolated Clostridium.

1 Willstattcr (German: 1918) Beijerinck (Dutch: 1901J Haze (French: 1915) addi- Browne d Escombe (English: Curtis (American: 1920) up Bouscn-Jcnscn (Dane: 1910) !<>(,., Wright brothers flight isnNit-d Azotobacter tional essential (trace) ele- and down movement in respiration of starved lea\ .-s put!> Peary ilis.o\ eie-i north ji"l- toVconcept. hypothesis Of photosynthesis Kraus d Kraybill (Ameri- ingston (American: 1906) phloem, inorganic solutes iu< leaded with sugar. (1908) full Amundsen discovered south Wee rem (Dutch: 192',) pri- can: 1918) carbon-nitrogen atmometer & relative tran- Paul (191',) flow of growth mary sugar in photosyn- relation spiration. Briggs d shant: Knshat, r (Russian: 1910) 1914-18 World War I

(American : 1912) wilting co- (American : 19!t>) pliotoperi- efficient & water require- Ihmrr ihntch: 1915) heat mlisrn. Roberts, ,„ (lHOti) au- ment Ma.rimov (Russian: releases in respiration 1917) efficiency of transpira- Spoehr d MeGee (American: 19 2. i) respiration Increased A Revised Chronology for Plant Physiology

Raymond E. Girton, Purdue University

A chronological chart for plant physiology was first described at the fall meeting of the Indiana Academy of Science four years ago, but was not published. A revision has now been made by the inclusion of additional entries and by the insertion of the nationalities of the scientists listed, where known. The chronology embraces a period of over 2500 years from the early Greeks to modern times. Subjects dealt with are: General, the cell, photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism, mineral nutrition, water relations, translocation, respiration, and growth. A reference column of world events is included for the purposes of orienting scientific discoveries in the field of plant physiology with political history.

It is realized that this chronology has many gaps in it. Some of these gaps may be filled as the result of further search into the history of plant physiology. Other gaps undoubtedly represent definite lack of advance- ment in the subject over certain periods. It will be of considerable interest to extend the chronology to the present, or perhaps to the future-say the year of 1950. Obviously it will be necessary to wait several years before this additional step can be taken.

References

Green, J. R., 1909. A history of botany, 1860-1900. Clarendon Press, Oxford. Greene, E. L., 1909. Landmarks of botanical history. Smithsonian In- stitution, Washington. Locy, W. A., 1925. The growth of biology. H. Holt and Co., New York. Nordenskiold, E., 1928. The history of biology (transl. by L. B. Eyre). Knopf, New York and London. Rabinovitch, E. I., 1915. Photosynthesis and related processes. Inter- science Publishers, New York. Reed, H. S., 1942. A short history of the plant sciences. Chronica Botanica, Co., Waltham, Mass. Sachs, J. von, 1S90. History of botany, 1530-18C0, (transl. by H. E. F. Garnsey). Clarendon Press, Oxford. Stiles, W. and W. Leach, 1936. Respiration in plants (2nd ed.). Methuen and Co., London.

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