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Higher Secondary Course Part III English Literature STANDARD XII GOVERNMENT OF KERALA DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION 2015 PLEDGE THE NATIONAL ANTHEM India is my country. All Indians Jana-gana-mana-adhinayaka, jaya he are my brothers and sisters. I love Bharata-bhagya-vidhata. my country, and I am proud of Punjab-Sindh-Gujarat-Maratha its rich and varied heritage. I shall Dravida-Utkala-Banga always strive to be worthy of it. Vindhya-Himachala-Yamuna-Ganga I shall give my parents, teachers Uchchala-Jaladhi-taranga. and all elders respect, and treat Tava shubha name jage, everyone with courtesy. Tava shubha asisa mage, To my country and my people, I Gahe tava jaya gatha, pledge my devotion. In their Jana-gana-mangala-dayaka jaya he well-being and prosperity alone Bharata-bhagya-vidhata. lies my happiness. Jaya he, jaya he, jaya he, Jaya jaya jaya, jaya he! Higher Secondary Course - English Literature Optional - Part III Standard XII Prepared by: State Council of Educational Research & Training (SCERT) Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram -12, Kerala. E-mail: [email protected] Typesetting by: SCERT Computer Lab Printed at: Kerala State C-apt, Thiruvananthapuram, Ph: 0471-2365415 © Government of Kerala Department of Education 2015 Dear learners The English Literature Coursebook for Standard XII has been designed with a view to developing literary taste, critical reading skills, skills in expressing your ideas both in the spoken and written forms and reference skills. The learning of any language inevitably involves the learning of its rich and varied literature. The selections in this book represent authors from different cultures ranging from W B Yeats to Sugathakumari and Salwa Bakr to Leopoldo Lugones. It also brings in a variety of literary genres like poetry, short story, one-act play and non-fiction. You can enjoy reading the texts and think creatively once you enter the world of letters that the authors create for you. I hope you will make use of this book to hone your English language skills. The variety of activities presented in the book, I am sure, will provide ample opportunities for you to use the language in different contexts. Your teacher will guide you in your efforts to interact with the texts and do the activities in the book. Learn literature in all its vigour, variety and vivacity. Wish you all the best. Dr S. Raveendran Nair Director SCERT Textbook Development Team Members Anupama S S, VMCGHSS Wandoor, Malappuram Ashrafshah C.M., GHSS Perinad, Kollam Binuraj R S, GHSS Peruvallur, Malappuram Manju J Nair, DGHSS Tanur, Malappuram Preetha P V, GVHSS for Boys, Mancha, Nedumangad, Thiruvananthapuram Ramachandran Warrier, Kuthuparamba GHSS, Kannur Reshmi Reghunath, GVHSS Karakulam, Thiruvananthapuram Sabeena Jalal, GVHSS Vellanad, Thiruvananthapuram Sajeena Shukkoor, GHSS Cottonhill, Thiruvananthapuram Smita John, GHSS Chavara, Kollam Thankachen C A, GHSS Chuzhali, Kannur Experts Dr Chitra V R, Asst. Professor, University College, Thiruvananthapuram Dr Manju C R, Asst. Professor, Govt. Arts College, Thiruvananthapuram Dr Muraleedharan K C, Professor, Payyannur College, Kannur Smt Reeja Thankachan, Asst. Professor, University College, Thiruvananthapuram Dr Sherrif K M, Reader, Dept. of English, University of Calicut Artists Haridasan N K, Art Teacher, GHSS Azhiyoor, Kozhikode Rameshan P, Art Teacher, HSS Iringannoor, Kozhikode Academic Co-ordinator Jose D' Sujeev, Research Officer, SCERT, Kerala CONTENTS Section 1 - Poetry 7 - 45 1. The Wild Swans at Coole - W.B.Yeats 9 2. The Unknown Citizen - W H Auden 14 3. No More Hiroshimas - James Kirkup 17 4. The Journey of the Magi - T S Eliot 24 5. Ecology - A K Ramanujan 28 6. Bicycle - David Malouf 31 7. Million Man March - Maya Angelou 34 8. Africa - David Diop 38 9. Night Rain - Sugathakumari 41 Section 2 - Short Story 46 - 96 1. Doves on the Wing - Salwa Bakr 48 2. We too are Human Beings - Bama 55 3. My Old Home - LuHsun 60 4. Yzur - Leopoldo Lugones 74 5. Lt. Aaron Eats his Hat - Khyrunnisa A 84 Section 3 - Non-Fiction 97 - 138 1. Excerpts from The Sixth Sense - Manoj Night Shyamalan 99 2. In Memory of Azores - Samuel Langhorne Clemens 108 3. Role Play - V Geetha 116 4. Are the Rich Happy? - Stephen Leacock 126 5. The Story of English - An Overview 133 Section 4 - Drama 139 - 196 1. Pygmalion - George Bernard Shaw 141 Section 5 - Novella 197 - 248 1. The Metamorphosis - Franz Kafka 199 6 Poetry Section 1 Poetry Poetry is the rhythmical creation of beauty in words. - Edgar Allan Poe Poetry is when an emotion has found its thought and the thought has found words. - Robert Frost 777 Poetry PPPreface Modern poetry indulges in a lot of experimentation and innovation and has a wider canvas of choice of themes. The poems prescribed for study, delve deep into the intricacies of modern life with all its perplexities, confusions and the resultant anarchy. In these poems you may come across unflinching realism, pessimism, humanitarianism, mysticism and psychological profundity. This section intends to introduce you to different genres of poetry as well as poets of different nationalities and literary tastes. Learning Outcomes The learner will be able to: • identify the confusions and perplexities of modern life which were characteristic of 20th century poetry. • analyse poems and recognize new trends in modern poetry. • elucidate the socio-cultural and historical background of the period and its impact on poetry. • apply critical reading to identify the context, theme, message, mood, tone, emotions and language of the poems. • bring out the implied meanings of the text. • interpret the attitudes and feelings of the poet. • demonstrate awareness of ecological issues and the after-effects of war. • demonstrate knowledge of literary and figurative elements. 888 The Wild Swans at Coole Poetry William Butler Yeats (1865 - 1939) Born in 1865 in Dublin, W. B. Yeats is considered as one of the greatest writers of the twentieth century. Although he spent his childhood in London, Yeats' poems reflect his deep emotional attachment to his native land, Ireland. Being a staunch supporter of Irish nationalism, he devoted himself to native subjects - writing poems, plays, short stories and novels with Irish characters and setting. Many of his writings reveal a dreamlike nostalgia. He was a modernist who experimented with free verse and a symbolist who used allusive images and symbols throughout his career. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1923. In the poem ‘The Wild Swans at Coole’, Yeats laments the loss of his youth. The Wild Swans at Coole THE TREES are in their autumn beauty, 1. What does the The woodland paths are dry, poet mean by 'autumn beauty'? Under the October twilight, the water Mirrors a still sky; 2. How does the Upon the brimming water among the stones poet describe the autumn scene ? Are nine and fifty swans. The nineteenth Autumn has come upon me 3. How is Since I first made my count; 'nineteen years' connected with I saw, before I had well finished, the swans? Coole : a national park near Dublin in Ireland 999 The Wild Swans at Coole Poetry 4. What did the swans do suddenly? 5. What change has come over the poet now? 6. Pick out two All suddenly mount words that denote the movement of And scatter wheeling in great broken rings the swans. Upon their clamorous wings. I have looked upon those brilliant creatures, 7. What remains with the swans And now my heart is sore. wherever they go? All’s changed since I, hearing at twilight, The first time on this shore, The bell-beat of their wings above my head, 8. List some of the adjectives used by Trod with a lighter tread. the poet to describe the swans. Unwearied still, lover by lover, They paddle in the cold, Companionable streams or climb the air; Their hearts have not grown old; 10 The Wild Swans at Coole Poetry Passion or conquest, wander where they will, Attend upon them still. But now they drift on the still water Mysterious, beautiful; Among what rushes will they build, By what lake’s edge or pool Delight men’s eyes, when I awake some day To find they have flown away? clamorous: noisy sore: grieved mount: to get upon trod: walked heavily or laboriously paddle: to swim with short movements wheeling: moving in large circles Understanding the Text 1. In the first stanza, the poet expresses his delight at the sight of the swans. Does he remain happy throughout the poem? Why does the mood of the poet change? 2. Yeats says that everything has changed at Coole Park. What do you think he is talking about - the scenery or his own life? 3. The poet visits Coole Park in autumn and at twilight. Does this give any clue about the theme of the poem? What is its significance? 4. The paths in the wood are dry. Can you attribute any deeper meaning to the word ‘dry’? 5. The poet says that the swans took off suddenly as he was counting them. Yet he says that there are fifty nine swans. How does he know that? What may be the intention of the poet in choosing fifty nine as the number of swans? 6. What do the swans symbolise? 7. The poet creates a poignant and calm atmosphere in the poem. How does it support the theme of the poem? 11 The Wild Swans at Coole Poetry 8. What is the prevailing tone in the poem? You may notice an interplay of varying tones at different places. Pick out lines which reflect the following tones. a. calm/serene : ________________________________________ b. full of admiration : ______________________________________ c. regretful : ________________________________________ 9. In the poem, the poet contrasts the ‘dry paths’ with the ‘brimming lakes’. What other things are contrasted in the poem? 10.
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