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Manuel Espinar Moreno Bizancio Desde Su Nacimiento a Su Desaparicion (330-1453) MANUEL ESPINAR MORENO BIZANCIO DESDE SU NACIMIENTO A SU DESAPARICION (330-1453) LIBROS EPCCM GRANADA, 2020 MANUEL ESPINAR MORENO BIZANCIO DESDE SU NACIMIENTO A SU DESAPARICION (330-1453) LIBROS EPCCM GRANADA, 2020 1 2 MANUEL ESPINAR MORENO BIZANCIO DESDE SU NACIMIENTO A SU DESAPARICION (330-1453) LIBROSEPCCM Granada, 2020 3 Editor: Manuel Espinar Moreno ©HUM-165: Patrimonio, Cultura y Ciencias Medievales Primera edición: 2020 Bizancio desde su nacimiento a su desaparición (330-1453) © Manuel Espinar Moreno Diseño de cubierta: Manuel Espinar Moreno. Motivo de cubierta: Escribanos medievales y página de manuscrito sacadas de internet. Maquetación: Manuel Espinar Moreno Anexo a la Revista: EPCCM. ISSN: 1575- 3840, ISSN: e-2341-3549. Digibug http://hdl.handle. net /10481/ Edición del Grupo de Investigación HUM-165: Patrimonio, Cultura y Ciencias Medievales. Colaboración del Centro: “Manuel Espinar Moreno”, Centro Documental del Marquesado del Cenete y Departamento Historia Medieval y CCTTHH (Universidad de Granada) Cualquier forma de reproducción, distribución, comunicación pública o transformación de esta obra sólo puede realizarse con la autorización de sus titulares, salvo excepción prevista por la ley. Diríjase a CEDRO (Centro Español de Derechos Reprográficos. www.cedro.org) si necesita fotocopiar o escanear algún fragmento de esta obra. © 2018 DOAJ. The DOAJ site and its metadata are licensed under CC BY-SA 4 Introducción. En los momentos actuales en que vivimos, coma ya hemos dicho en otras ocasiones, a consecuencia del covid, la enseñanza universitaria ha cambiado casi radicalmente, pues aquellas clases tradicionales, denominadas por los enseñantes “clases magistrales” se han tenido que cambiar para facilitar a los alumnos el acceso a las lecciones. En este sentido la asignatura Historia Medieval, del primer curso del Grado de Arqueología en la Universidad de Granada, exige ofrecer al alumnado materiales que faciliten su formación y de esta forma poder superar lo exigido al menos mininamente en una asignatura tan amplia dado el enorme espacio de tiempo que abarca. En este sentido, ofrecemos estos materiales sobre el período que analiza la historia del Imperio bizantino desde su fundación por Constantino el Magno hasta la entrega de la ciudad a los turcos en 1453. Así pues, la mayoría de estos apuntes están tomados de varias obras en especial de la Novísima Historia Universal desde los tiempos prehistóricos hasta nuestros días escrita por individuos del Instituto de Francia G. Maspero, J. Michelet, Ernesto Renán, Victor Duruy, et. Dirigida a partir del siglo IV, por Ernesto Lavisse, de la Real Academia Francesa, Profesor de la Universidad de París, y por Alfredo Rambaud, del Instituto de Francia, Profesor de la Universidad de París. Traducción de Vicente Blasco Ibañez. Tomo VI. Los Origenes. Madrid, La editorial Española-Americana, Mesonero Romanos, 42. La hemos consultado en Biblioteca Nacional de España 52/508188, DN 18451, vol. 6, D 63987944. Los capítulo 4º y 13º del tomo 6 de esta obra citada, elaborados por C. Bayet, miembro correspondiente del Instituto de Francia y Director de la Enseñanza Superior, tienen el siguiente esquema: Cap. IV. EL IMPERIO ROMANO EN ORIENTE (395-717) por C. Bayet I.— Causas de la duración del Imperio de Oriente Separación de los dos imperios.— Por qué sobrevivió el Imperio de Oriente.— El helenismo.— Geografía y administración, páginas 94-97. 5 II.—Los emperadores de la casa de Teodosio y de la de Tracia Arcadio.— Teodosio II.— Marciano.— León I el Tracio.— Zenón.— Anastasio.— La Iglesia.— El vecindario de las ciudades, páginas 98-101. III.—Los emperadores de la casa Jusliniana Justino y Justiniano: La nueva política imperial.— Las guerras de conquista en Africa, en Italia y en España.— Las guerras defensivas: persas, hunos, búlgaros eslavos.— Líneas de defensa del Imperio de Oriente.— Mala administración del ejército.— Legislación.— Administración. — Política religiosa. — Comercio é industria.— Las Artes.— Destrucción de la obra de Justiniano.— Mauricio.— Focas, páginas 102-111. IV.—Los emperadores de la casa de Heraclio Heraclio.— La guerra contra los persas.—La conquista árabe.— La anarquía.— Guerra contra los lombardos, los búlgaros, los eslavos y los árabes.— Caracteres del Imperio bizantino al comienzo del siglo VIII. Bibliografía, páginas 112-116. Cap. XIII. EL IMPERIO BIZANTINO Del siglo VIII al XI por C. Bayet I.—Los emperadores de la causa Isauria Advenimiento de la casa Isauria.— La contienda de los iconoclastas; sus causas y caracteres.— León III y Constantino IV. — La reacción: el concilio de Nicea: Irene.— Fin de la contienda de los iconoclastas, páginas 344-350. II.— Los emperadores de la casa Macedónica La transmisión del poder tiende a regularizarse.— Luchas contra las invasiones.— Instalación de los eslavos en el Imperio.— La Italia bizantina: sarracenos y normandos. — Los vasallos del Imperio. — Relaciones con el Imperio germánico y el Papado, páginas 350-360. III.— Organización del Imperio El emperador y la corte.— La administración central: Senado: nobleza administrativa. — La administración provincial: los temas.— El feudalismo en el 6 Imperio griego: grandes propietarios.—La diplomacia. El ejército, páginas 362- 367. IV.—La civilización bizantina Prosperidad del Imperio— El comercio— Las Letras y las Artes, páginas 368-371. V.—Los primeros emperadores de la casa de Comneno Decadencia del Imperio en la segunda mitad del siglo XI.— El advenimiento de los Comnenos.— Bibliografía, páginas 374-376. En el tomo 7 dedicado a la Europa feudal y las cruzadas nos encontramos el capítulo 15 elaborado por A, Rambaud, miembro del Instituto y Profesor de la Facultad de Letras de Paris, el contenido es el siguiente: CAPITULO XV. LA .EUROPA DEL SURESTE Durante el período de las Cruzadas (1095-1261) Por A. Rambaud. I.—El Imperio griego hasta 1204. La dinastía de los Comnenos.— Usurpación de Andrónico.— Dinastía del Angel.— La intervención popular.— Debilitación del patriotismo romano-bizantino. — Vicios de la Constitución bizantina.— Prematura desmembración del Imperio.— Estado social.—Colonos y esclavos.— Administración municipal.— La Iglesia.— Persecuciones contra los herejes.— Los frailes bandoleros.— La industria y el comercio.— Exigencias fiscales.— Exacciones de los funcionarios.— Miseria económica del Imperio.— La marina militar.— El ejército.— La civilización bizantina.— Esplendor de Constantinopla, páginas 436-447. II.—Los vecinos y los enemigos del Imperio. Los turcos seldjúkidas.— Las razas turcas de Europa.— Croatas y dálmatas.— Servia.— Estéfano Nemanya.— Constitución de la unidad servia. Estéfano I y San Sava.— El reino de Servia.— Los búlgaros.— Los rumanos: sus orígenes.— Relaciones de los vlacos con Bizancio.— Fundación del Imperio vlaco-búlgaro.— El tsar Juannitsa.— Relaciones de Bizancio con Roma.— Los venecianos.— Los normandos de las Dos Sicilias.— Los alemanes.— Los cruzados, páginas 448-458. 7 III. — El Imperio latino y los Estados latinos. Los cruzados en el Imperio griego.— Reparto del Imperio.— El emperador Balduino y el rey Bonifacio.— Conflicto entre el Imperio latino y el Imperio vlaco- búlgaro.— Reinado de Enrique de Flandes.— Pedro de Curtenay y Roberto de Namur.— Juan de Briena: nuevo conflicto con el Imperio vlaco-búlgaro.— Balduino II.— Los Estados franceses de la Hélada Central.— Ducado de Atenas. — Principado de Acaía: Guillermo de Champlitte.—Constitución del principado.— Godofredo de Villeharduino.— Guillermo de Villeharduino.— Los Estados venecianos.— Las Assisas de Romania.— Huellas de la dominación franca en el Imperio griego, páginas 460-471. IV.—Reconstitución del Imperio griego. Restos del Imperio griego en 1204.— Imperio de Trebizonda.— Despotado de Epiro.— Imperio de Nicea.— Teodoro Lascaris.— Juan III Yatatzés. Advenimiento de los Paleólogo.— Miguel VIII. Reconquista de Constantinopla por los griegos (1261).— Bibliografía, páginas 471-475. Por último en el tomo 8 dedicado a ola Formaciób de los grandes estados encontramos el capítulo XVI dedicado a los últimos días de Bizancio, elaborado por A. Rambaud tiene el siguiente planteamiento: LA EUROPA DEL SUD ESTE. Fin del imperio griego — Fundación del imperio otomano (1282-1481), por A. Rambaud. I.— El Oriente hasta el siglo XV. Aspecto general de Oriente. — La anarquía en Epiro. — La anarquía en la Hélada Central y en Morea. — La anarquía del Archipiélago.— Páginas 480-484. II. —El Imperio griego. Decadencia militar del Imperio griego. — Andrónico II.— La gran compañía catalana. Los alanos. Los turcos.— Las guerras civiles. Los dos Andrónicos. Usurpación de Cantacuzeno. Juan V. El imperio griego y Occidente. La cruzada en el siglo XIV.— Juan V y sus hijos. El imperio tributario de los turcos.— Manuel II y el Peloponeso.— Helenos y romanistas: La cuestión nacional.— Caracteres del gobierno: Repúblicas municipales y dinastías locales — Situación económica.— 8 Controversias religiosas.— Derecho, literatura y ciencias. Lengua romaica.— Páginas 484-496. III.—Los osmanlíes. Primeros sultanes. Desmembramiento del Imperio seldjukida. Los diez emiratos.— Ertoghrul: El feudo seldjukida. — Osman. Conversión de los osmanlíes al islamismo.— Conquistas de Osman.— Urkhan. Instituciones y conquistas.—Páginas 496-500. IV. — Los osmanlíes en Europa. Murad I. Andrinópolis. Maritza. Bulgaria. Kossovo.— Bayaceto I. Primera conquista de la península balkánica.— La Cruzada. Batalla de Nicópolis.— Consecuencias de la batalla de Nicópolis.— Conflicto entre el Imperio osmanlí y el Imperio mongólico. Batalla de
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