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Vratislav Zervan Die Lehnwörter Im Wortschatz Der Spätbyzantinischen Historiographischen Literatur Byzantinisches Archiv

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Vratislav Zervan Die Lehnwörter Im Wortschatz Der Spätbyzantinischen Historiographischen Literatur Byzantinisches Archiv Vratislav Zervan Die Lehnwörter im Wortschatz der spätbyzantinischen historiographischen Literatur Byzantinisches Archiv Begründet von Karl Krumbacher Als Ergänzung zur Byzantinischen Zeitschrift herausgegeben von Albrecht Berger Band 34 Vratislav Zervan Die Lehnwörter im Wortschatz der spätbyzantinischen historiographischen Literatur unter Mitarbeit von Johannes Kramer, Claudia Römer, Michael Metzeltin, Bojana Pavlović und Andrea Massimo Cuomo Veröffentlicht mit der Unterstützung des Austrian Science Fund (FWF): PUB 517-Z25 ISBN 978-3-11-058538-4 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-058767-8 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-058545-2 Dieses Werk ist lizenziert unter der Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Lizenz. Weitere Informationen finden Sie unter http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Library of Congress Control Number: 2018952435 Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar. © 2019 Vratislav Zervan, publiziert von Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Satz: Meta Systems Publishing & Printservices GmbH, Wustermark Druck und Bindung: CPI books GmbH, Leck www.degruyter.com Vorwort Die vorliegende Studie ist das Resultat der FWF-Projekte P 23912-G19 „Imitation/ Innovation im Wortschatz der spätbyzantinischen historiographischen Literatur“ (Hauptmitarbeiter: Andrea Cuomo) und P 24289 „Die Kirchengeschichte des Nike- phoros Xanthopulos: Chrysostomos bis Phokas“ (Projektleiter: Christian Gastge- ber). Als vorbereitende Zwischenstufe fand im Juni 2013 das Symposion „Die Lehn- wörter im Wortschatz der spätbyzantinischen historiographischen Literatur“ statt, an das sich im September 2014 ein weiteres anschloss „A Sociolinguistic Approach to Late Byzantine History Writing / Die soziokulturellen Tendenzen der Paläologen- zeit im Spiegel der zeitgenössischen Historiker“. Den unmittelbaren Ausgangspunkt dieser Tätigkeiten bildet freilich das seit Jahrzehnten in Wien und Bonn vorbereitete und seit 1994 im Verlag der ÖAW er- scheinende „Lexikon zur byzantinischen Gräzität“ (LBG), dessen Fertigstellung (bis Omega) bereits erreicht ist und dessen letzter, achter Faszikel 2017 erschienen ist. Ausgangspunkt für diese Studie war die im Rahmen der Erstellung des LBG für sinnvoll und notwendig erachtete weitere Aufarbeitung des Materials nach Themen, Autoren, Stilhöhe, Verwendungsdichte und -entwicklung, und auf Einflüsse fremder Sprachen und Neologismen hin. Diese Punkte konnten im LBG nicht berücksichtigt werden, da sie den Rahmen des Möglichen weit gesprengt und keinen Abschluss garantiert hätten. Daher wurde mit diesem Projekt ein erster Weg zur besagten Aufarbeitung und Vertiefung begangen. Wie beim Lexikon zwang das vom FWF geförderte Projekt durch ein Zeitkorsett zu einer Beschränkung des Materials; diese wurde thematisch und zeitlich gewählt: die (vorwiegend hochsprachlichen) Histo- riker der Palaiologenzeit. Die Konzentrierung auf die Palaiologenzeit ergab sich durch eine deutliche Zunahme an Lehnwörtern aus den Byzanz umgebenden oder in Byzanz präsenten Sprachen; Historiographie wurde deshalb gewählt, weil sich darin auch die im Projekt intendierten soziolinguistischen Aspekte sehr gut im Dreieck Autor – Text – Publikum manifestiert haben. Zudem konnte damit an zwei Schwerpunkte der Wiener Byzantinistik angeschlossen werden, eben an das LBG- Material und an den thematischen Fokus auf die Palaiologenzeit. Die Studie hat ebenso von der fruchtbaren Zusammenarbeit mit dem Soziolingustischen Forum (www.oeaw.ac.at/sociolinguistics) profitiert. Was die stoffliche Abgrenzung des vorliegenden Bandes betrifft, so ergibt sie sich also aus dem im LBG bearbeiteten Material, das in weitgehender Abgrenzung zum Lexikon der mittelalterlichen volkssprachlichen griechischen Literatur von Emmanuel Kriaras (fortgesetzt von Ioannes Nikolaou Kazazes) die vorwiegend hochsprachlichen Texte behandelt. Was nun gerade die Historiographie betrifft, so ist im vorliegenden Fall nur diejenige gemeint, die sich auf das byzantinische Staatsgebiet bzw. dessen Teilreiche bezieht, wozu die griechischen Chroniken frän- Open Access. © 2019 publiziert von De Gruyter. Dieses Werk ist lizenziert unter der Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Lizenz. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110587678-202 VI Vorwort kisch-italienischer Gebiete (v. a. die Chroniken von Morea und Zypern) grundsätz- lich nicht zählen. Das Material für dieses erste Speziallexikon, das im Rahmen des LBG entstand, wurde nach einer Idee und Vorarbeiten von A. Cuomo maßgeblich von Vratislav Zervan ausgearbeitet und erweitert; ein wichtiger Aspekt war dabei auch die Einbe- ziehung soziolinguistischer Gesichtspunkte des Sprachgebrauchs – ein Themenbe- reich, der auch im Projekt behandelt wurde. Zur Absicherung des Sprachgebrauchs aus den jeweiligen entlehnten Sprachen wurde darauf Wert gelegt, bei der ausführ- lichen Ausarbeitung der einzelnen Lemmata die fachkundige Unterstützung von KollegInnen benachbarter Philologien heranzuziehen, denen hiermit besonders ge- dankt sei. Dies waren für die Romanistik und Latinistik: Johannes Kramer, Michael Metzeltin; für die Orientalistik: Claudia Römer, Emanuel Beška; für die Slavistik: Bojana Pavlović. Für wichtige Korrekturen sei Günther Steffen Henrich herzlich gedankt und für die redaktionelle Betreuung Frau Ingrid Weichselbaum von der ÖAW. Schließlich sei noch betont, dass diese Studie nicht als Abschluss, sondern vielmehr als Ausgangspunkt für weiterführende lexikalische Forschung gedacht ist, besonders auch im Hinblick auf unsere inzwischen stark angewachsene Samm- lung von Addenda sowie die wichtige Kooperation mit dem Thesaurus Linguae Graecae (TLG). E. Trapp Inhalt Vorwort V Einführung 1 Lemmata 7 Bibliographie 209 Quellen 209 Lexika 217 Literatur 221 Indices 235 Sprachlicher Index 235 Historiker-Index 240 Thematischer Index 250 Index der neugriechischen Evidenz 256 Lehnwort-Index 258 Index der Lehnwortchronologie 263 Grammatik-Index 268 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 275 Abkürzungen der vorkommenden Sprachen 275 Verzeichnis der Abkürzungen für Zeitschriften und Reihen 276 Einführung Im Jahr 1909, als die grundlegende Arbeit zum Phänomen des Lehnwortes in By- zanz von Manolis Triandaphyllidis erschien, bestand noch kein besonderer Bedarf, den Begriff Lehnwort näher zu erläutern.1 Im vorliegenden Werk verstehe ich den Begriff Lehnwort so wie Werner Betz als einen Oberbegriff für Fremdwort und assi- miliertes Lehnwort.2 Obwohl diese Unterscheidung in der jetzigen Kontaktlinguis- tik umstritten ist, wird sie auch in der neueren Literatur zu Kenntnis genommen.3 Die Kriterien für ein assimiliertes Lehnwort können im Fall des Mittelgriechi- schen oder des byzantinischen Griechischen vielfältig sein. Außer der lautlichen und grammatischen Anpassung an die Nehmersprache ist die Anzahl der Ableitun- gen ein erheblicher Signalfaktor. Ein gutes Indiz, das für die Integration des Lehn- wortes sprechen kann, ist sein Fortleben im Neugriechischen, ebenso wie die Tatsache, dass über das Griechische die Entlehnung noch in andere Sprachen über- mittelt wurde. Parallelen aus anderen Sprachen bezeugen, dass ein großer Teil des griechischen Wortschatzes durch Integration von Lehnwörtern gebildet wurde. Ge- rade diese ältere Schicht von Lehnwörtern war so gut eingebürgert, dass sogar ein kompetenter Sprachbenutzer solche nicht erkannt hat oder sie als volkssprachliche Elemente (κλεισούρα,4 ζαρκολᾶς5 etc.) betrachtete.6 Fremdwörter sind dagegen weniger gut integriert, so dass ihr nicht-nativer Ur- sprung leichter wahrnehmbar ist. Sie entsprechen meistens nicht den grammati- schen Regeln der Nehmersprache und können zu Schwierigkeiten bei der schriftli- chen Fixierung in der Orthographie usw. führen. Im Gegensatz zum assimilierten Lehnwort tritt das Fremdwort sporadisch auf und wird nicht als Basis für Ableitun- gen verwendet. Auch wenn Autoren Entlehnungen an das Sprachsystem des Grie- chischen angepasst haben, wurden die Wörter noch immer als unverständlich für das Publikum wahrgenommen. Deswegen sah man sich gezwungen, oft mit Hinzu- fügung eines distanzierenden λεγόμενον, καλούμενον oder ähnlichen, die Entleh- nung zu erklären. Zur Sicherheit wird daneben häufig ein hochsprachliches Syno- nym angegeben. Wenn eines der Merkmale des assimilierten Lehnwortes das Fortleben im Neugriechischen ist, gilt dies für das Fremdwort gar nicht, nur in Sonderfällen7 dringen die Fremdwörter in den neugriechischen Wortschatz ein.8 1 Triandaphyllidis 1909. 2 Betz 19592, 128; In der englischen Terminologie wird zwischen Assimilated und Unassimilated Loanword unterschieden, siehe Haugen 1950 und Idem 1972, 329. 3 Oksaar 20042, 3165–3166. 4 GAkrop I 116, 2: κλεισούρας τοὺς τοιούτους τόπους ὁ πολὺς κατονομάζει λαός. 5 Ducas 179,20: Τὸ γνωριστικὸν δὲ σημείωμα τούτων τὸ τῆς κεφαλῆς κάλυμμα, ὃ κατὰ τὴν κοινὴν γλῶτταν Ῥωμαῖοι ζαρκολᾶν λέγουσι. 6 Dickey 2012, 60 f.; Buchholz 2015, 60–61. 7 Z. B. wird das einst als Fremdwort empfundene χαλίφας im Neugriechischen zu χαλίφης. 8 Zum Fremdwort im allgemeinen siehe Eisenberg 2011, 1–36; Buchholz 2015, 61. Open Access. © 2019 publiziert von De Gruyter. Dieses Werk ist lizenziert unter der Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Lizenz. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110587678-001 2 Einführung Für die Analyse der lexikalischen Interferenzen9 im Wortschatz der spätbyzan- tinischen historiographischen Literatur habe ich mich aus zwei Gründen entschie- den. Zu einem war es die Beteiligung am FWF Projekt P23912 „Imitation/Innovation
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