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Loyalties and the Politics of Incorporation in South Africa: the Case of Pondoland, C.1870-1913

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Loyalties and the Politics of Incorporation in South Africa: the Case of Pondoland, C.1870-1913 A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick Permanent WRAP URL: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/79567 Copyright and reuse: This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: [email protected] warwick.ac.uk/lib-publications Loyalties and the Politics of Incorporation in South Africa: The Case of Pondoland, c.1870-1913 William Bramwell University Number 1064206 A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History University of Warwick Department of History May 2015 Table of Contents List of Figures and Illustrations………………………………………………………………………………..iv Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………………………………..…vi Declaration…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….ix Dissertation Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………….…x Note on Terminology………………………………………………………………………………………………xi List of Abbreviations………………………………………………………………………………………………xii Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………………1 Of Tusks and Tiger Skins: Loyalty and Empire in Pondoland…………………………..1 Conceptual Framework: Multiple Jurisdictions in an Imperial World.............19 Mpondo Society and South African Historiography…………………………………….28 State-Formation in the South African Context…………………………………………….40 Conceptualising Colonial State-Formation in Pondoland…………………………….46 Methodology……………………………………………………………………………………………..59 Chapter Outlines………………………………………………………………………………………..68 Chapter 1: The Mpondo Polity in Nineteenth-Century Southern Africa…………………74 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………74 The Expanding Eastern Frontier: A Place for Pondoland?...............................78 The Socio-Economic and Political Organisation of the Mpondo Polity…………84 Colonial Encroachments, 1840-1877………………………………………………………….90 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………………94 Chapter 2: Imperial Intervention, Authority and Subjecthood in Pondoland, 1878- 1883………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………97 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………… 97 Contriving a Colonial Boundary…………………………………………………………………109 The Politics of Belonging in a Partitioned Pondoland…………………………………128 Authority, Autochthony and the Annexation of Xesibeland………………………143 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………….158 i Chapter 3: From Independence to Annexation? Political Possibilities and Competing Claims in Pondoland, 1884-1894…………………………………………………………………………162 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………….162 The Rode Valley……………………………………………………………………………………….175 Port St. John – Tensions and Trade……………………………………………………………188 Civil War and Annexation…………………………………………………………………………199 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………….211 Chapter 4: British Subjects in Colonial Pondoland (1): The Cooks vs. Colonial Government, 1894-95…………………………………………………………………………………………216 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………….216 Agents of Empire? The Cook Brothers in Pondoland………………………………….220 Defenders of Empire? The Colonial State in Pondoland…………………………….233 Instrumentalising Empire? Loyalties and Rivalries within Pondoland………..244 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………….257 Chapter 5: British Subjects in Colonial Pondoland (2): The Arrest and Trial of Chief Sigcau, 1895………………………………………………………………………………………………………..263 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………….263 British Belonging in Colonial Context – Limitations and Possibilities………….268 The Mpondo Paramount: Functionary or Foe?............................................277 Repugnant to Whom? Debating and Defending the State in Pondoland……290 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………….304 Chapter 6: Loyalties, Rivalries and the Creation of a Colonial State in Pondoland, 1894-1913…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..309 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………….309 Chiefly Politics and the Practicalities of Colonial Rule……………………………….322 Demarcations and Contestations……………………………………………………………..327 Loyalties and Land……………………………………………………………………………………334 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………….337 Conclusion: Back to the Future? The Nhlapo Commission (2010) and the Mpondo Past…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….339 ii Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………………………….351 iii List of Maps and Illustrations Introduction: Fig. i.1 Map showing position of rebel and Boer commandos in the Eastern Cape, 1901. (CA) MAPS: Enclosed Confidential 12 Despatch. 22 Jan 1902, M-1/2741. Chapter 1: Fig. 1.1 ‘Mpondo Genealogy’, in Monica Wilson, ‘The Nguni People’, in Leonard Thompson and Monica Wilson (eds), The Oxford 77 History of South Africa, Vol. 1: South Africa to 1870, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969), p. 93. Fig. 1.2: ‘Position of tribes in 1828 when Chaka subjugated Pondos. 93 Xesibes and Pondomisi driven out. Pondos left crushed and starving’, in (CA) NA-438: Memorandum for Secretary for Native Affairs, 18 June 1881. Chapter 2: Fig. 2.1 ‘List of the fighting men of the Amapondo north of the St. John’s River, who could answer the war cry at once, if called upon by the Great Chief’. (KCL) Papers of Field Marshall Sir Henry Evelyn Wood, ‘Memorandum on an advance into Pondoland, 4 August 117 1878’, MS. WOO., Series KCM-89/9, File 25. Fig. 2.2 Tainton map of Western Pondoland, 1889. (CL) ‘Rough plan 120 showing the different native clans in Pondoland West, their respective position and approximate strength of each regiment’, drawn by L.G.H Tainton, 23 November 1889, MAP: S (64)a. Fig. 2.3 ‘Sketch map of Pondoland and the Transkeian Territories in the 144 1880s’, in William Beinart, The Political Economy of Pondoland, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 10. iv Fig. 2.4 Sketch Map of Boundary Between Pondos and Xesibes as 157 Selected by the Commission in 1883, in (CA) NA-163: British Resident, Port St. John to Mqikela, 16 November 1883. Chapter 3: Fig. 3.1 ‘Sketch Map of the Country between the Kei and Umzimkulu Rivers, or the Transkeian Territories’, in Caesar C. Henkel, History, Resources and Productions of the Country between Cape Colony and Natal, or Kaffraria Proper Now Called The 176 Native or Transkeian Territories, (Hamburg: Verlangsanstalt und Druckerei Actien-Gesellschaft, 1903) Fig. 3.2 Sketch Map of Approximate Distances of Trade Centres from 193 Port St. John’, in (CA) NA-163: British Resident to Secretary for Native Affairs, 1 January 1883. Fig. 3.3 ‘Sketch Map of the Country between the Kei and Umzimkulu 200 Rivers, or the Transkeian Territories’, in Henkel, History, Resources and Productions; The Mnceba, Rode Valley and Xesibe boundary. Fig. 3.4 ‘Sketch Map of the Country between the Kei and Umzimkulu 206 Rivers, or the Transkeian Territories’, in Henkel, History, Resources and Productions; Bizana, Manundu and Patekile’s location, and the Natal borderlands. Chapter 6: Fig. 4.1 (CL) ‘Full Length Seated Portrait of Chief Sigcau, 1900’, PIC/M- 311 338 v Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor, Dan Branch, for his kind support throughout the duration of this thesis. His advice and good humour have made the last four and a half years both academically enriching and enjoyable; his patience and understanding have made them possible. I would also like to thank Dan and David Anderson for providing me with the opportunity to undertake this PhD. Their AHRC-funded project, ‘Empire Loyalists: Histories of Collaboration and Resistance’, offered both a place at Warwick University, and the resources to live, study and engage in research in South Africa over a sixteen month period. This proved to be one of the best experiences – both professionally and personally – that I could ever have asked for and I am incredibly grateful. In South Africa, I benefited enormously from the generosity of Professor Vivian Bickford-Smith and Professor Nigel Worden. They welcomed me into the Department of History at the University of Cape Town and introduced me to a number of members of staff and students. Even more importantly, they helped me negotiate both the South African High Commission in London and the Department of Home Affairs in Cape Town. Without them, I might still be stuck in that queue! Much of this research would not have been possible without the assistance of a number of kind and incredibly helpful archivists. At the Cape Town Archives Repository, I would like to especially thank Tembile Ndabeni for his constant encouragement and enthusiasm. Along with James Pilayini and Ebrahim Kenny, I would like to thank all three for their friendship, humour and conversation; without them, the many hours spent in the archives would have been infinitely less interesting. I would also like to mention Erika le Roux, Nomthatha Dloko, Riaaz Daniels, Cecil Roberts, Jaco van der Merwe and Peter Longbottom for helping me navigate the countless catalogues and reference books. At the Pietermaritzburg Archives Repository, special thanks must go to Zamanguni Gumede for helping me track down numerous files, for taking photos of documents on my behalf and for providing me with countless laughs both in Pietermaritzburg and Cape Town. At the Killie-Campbell Africana Library in Durban, I would like to thank Senzo Mkhize for making sense of many confused requests. The staff in the Manuscripts and Archives and African Studies divisions at the University of Cape Town –
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