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3· PB Sanders, Moshoeshoe: Chief Rif the Sotho (London, 1975)

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3· PB Sanders, Moshoeshoe: Chief Rif the Sotho (London, 1975) Notes INTRODUCTION 1. J. A. Benyon, 'Basutoland and the High Commission with particular reference to the years 1868-1884: The Changing Nature of the Imperial Government's "Special Responsibility" for the Territory' (Oxford Univ. D.Phil., 1968). 2. A. Atmore and S. Marks, 'The lmpe~ial Factor in South Africa in the Nineteenth Century: Towards a Reassessment', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, iii, 1 ( 1974). 3· P. B. Sanders, Moshoeshoe: Chief rif the Sotho (London, 1975) appendix. CHAPTER I CREATING A NATION 1. E. H. Brookes and C. de B. Webb, A History of Natal (Pietermaritzburg, 1965) PP· 14-15. 2. For the etymology of the word, see Sanders, Moshoeshoe, p. 27, n. 1. 3· The exact date of his birth is unknown: see Sanders, ibid., p. 5· 4· For other names, see D. F. Ellenberger, History rifthe Basuto, Ancient and Modern (rewritten in English by J. C. MacGregor, London, 1912) pp. 106-7. Amongst the English and settlers he became known as Moshesh. 5· Probably so-named because of the illusion created by the setting sun, and subsequent legend which arose, that the mountain grows larger at night. See Sanders, Moshoeshoe, p. 35, n. 21. Often called 'Thaba Bosigo' by nineteenth­ century writers. 6. Though his son, Thlali, and Dr John Philip, the L.M.S. missionary, described him as short. 7· G. Tylden, The Rise rifthe Basuto (Cape Town, 1950) pp. 14-16. 8. Sanders, Moshoeshoe, p. 138, quoting Arbousset to P.E.M.S. Committee, 2 Mar. 1852, J.M.E. (1852) p. 208. Sanders does also point out that Moshoeshoe's temper was much feared, and that when enraged he had been known to attack and even to attempt to kill offenders: see Sanders, ibid., p. 139· 9· Special Commissioner of the Cape Argus (]. M. Orpen), History ofthe Basutus in South Africa (Cape Town, 1857) pp. 4-5. 10. Ellenberger, History rif the Basuto, p. 229. 11. E. Casalis, The Basutos (London, 1861) pp. 22-4. 12. Many of the following methods he learnt from Mohlomi, a distant relative who was an exceptionally successful chief among the small Sotho chiefdoms and, when an old man, gave advice to the young Moshoeshoe. Notes 193 I3· N. Moshoeshoe, 'A Little Light from Basutoland', Cape Monthly Magazine, (I88o) p. I6. No doubt they too were returned under the majisa system, outlined on p. 26. I4. A group ruled by a senior kinsman of Moshoeshoe's father. I5· Ellenberger, History £if the Basuto, p. 230. I6. Sanders, Moshoeshoe, p. 55· I 7. The daughters of these men were regarded as daughters of the chief and the number of marriage-cattle paid for them was as much as ten times higher than Moshoeshoe would be obliged to give for the men's wives. Cape, G. M. Thea! (ed.), (Unpublished) Basutoland Records-contracted to U .B.R. below-iv. I 28: 'Notes on the Political and Social Position of the Basuto Tribe' by Rolland, 30 Mar. I868. For an interesting legal result of this system of clientage that was later to lead to a clash with Christian missionaries, see L. Thompson, Survival in Two Worlds: Moshoeshoe of Lesotho I786-IB7o (Oxford, I975) pp. 95-8. I8. Ellenberger, History of the Basuto, p. 233· I9· Casalis, The Basutos, pp. 7I-2. 20. See e.g. Sanders, Moshoeshoe, pp. I4-I5, 23, 32. 21. i.e. confiscate all a man's property (and sometimes banish him), a common punishment by a chief's court for serious offences. 22. Less far-sighted chiefs were frequently known to seize their wealthier subjects' property on a trumped-up charge of witchcraft. 23. Orpen, History £if the Basutus, p. 4· See also Cape G. H. I4/7: Statement by Moshoeshoe to Wodehouse, 27 June I864. 24. Casalis, The Basutos, p. 220. 25. Cape, N.A. 272: minutes of meeting, 20 Aug. I873, encl. m Griffith to Molteno, no. 84, 27 Aug. I873. 26. Sanders, Moshoeshoe, p. xv. 27. For the way in which the placing system enabled Moshoeshoe's descendants to gain increasingly greater control of the positions of authority in the country, see G. I. Jones, 'Chiefly Succession in Basutoland', inJ. Goody (ed.), Succession to High Office (Cambridge, I966) pp. 6I-3, 68-9. 28. Orpen, History of the Basutus, p. 4· 29. The efforts of his many wives also enabled him to provide the food, beer and entertainment for retainers and visitors that were expected of a chief. 30. For a discussion of some factors making for tension in the Sotho nation, see A. Atmore, 'The passingofSotho Independence I865-70', in L. Thompson (ed.), African Societies in southern Africa (London, I969) pp. 29o-3. 3 I. A branch of the Khoikhoi, called 'Hottentots' by the colonists, who had been living in the Cape when the Dutch arrived but had been pushed inland as European settlement advanced. Another result of Kora raids was that the Sotho acquired horses and guns for the first time, both by capture and by trade. 32. Ellenberger, History £if the Basuto, p. 236. 33· Little Light £if Basutoland, no. 5 (May I877) p. 4· However, the French Protestant mission remained by far the largest and most influential mission in the country for several decades. The Catholics were of the order of the Oblates of Mary Immaculate. 34· The recent complete disruption of Sotho society may at least partly explain the receptiveness of the Sotho to the new ideas of Christianity. The first convert 194 Chiefdom Politics and Alien Law was baptised in August I839 and by I848 the number of full Church Members was I ,003 and included several members ofMoshoeshoe's immediate family as well as some of his close advisers. Well over 2,ooo attended church every Sunday. Sanders, Moshoeshoe, p. I24. 35· In the I 86os he did have a brief period of reaction against the missionaries. 36. Casalis, The Basutos, p. 228. Modern spelling of 'mekoa' is 'mokhoa' (plural: 'mekhoa'). Assisted by the missionaries, Moshoeshoe reduced three laws to writing after I854: an ordinance prohibiting the liquor trade in Lesotho, a proclamation prohibiting the killing of people imputed to be witches, and a 'Law for Trade' decreeing that traders could not own land but merely hold it at the chief's pleasure and that in matters of debt they fell under his jurisdiction. See Sanders, Afoshoeshoe, pp. 279, 28I. George and Sofonia Moshoeshoe also claimed that their father had written laws on circumcision, theft, and the drinking of the local beer calledjoala. See Cape Pari. Papers, I 873, evidence, Appendix III, Special Commission on the Laws and Customs of the Basutos, pp. 43 and 46. 37· Cape, U.B.R., iv. I4I-2: 'Notes on the Political and Social Position of the Basuto Tribe' by Rolland, 30 Mar. I868. 38. Ellenberger, History of the Basuto, p. 280. 39· Little Light of Basutoland, no. 6 (June I876) p. 23. However, he was unable to enforce this order outside his family, and the people under his immediate control, and in I865, in a period of reaction against the missionaries, he insisted on boys from Christian homes being initiated. See Sanders, Moshoeshoe, pp. I27, 276. 40. Where the husband of a converted woman refused to allow her a divorce, or even a separation from him, the church would not condone her leaving her husband and living apart from him, since according to Sotho law this would also have resulted in her leaving her children. A polygamist's wife still living with her husband was not, however, admitted to church membership, although she could be admitted as a catechumen. S. Poulter, Family Law and Litigation in Basotho Society (Oxford, I976) p. 67. 4I. Cape Pari. Papers, I873, Appendix III, Special Commission on the Laws and Customs of the Basutos, p. 27: Casalis to Griffith, I Oct. I872. Part of the opposition was due to Moshoeshoe insisting that the women should still be treated as his wives in receiving tributary assistance in cultivating their lands. 42. For an account of Moshoeshoe's attitude towards Christianity, see Sanders, Moshoeshoe, pp. I26-32; Thompson, Survival in Two Worlds, pp. 70-105. 43· G. M. Thea! (ed.), Basutoland Records, vol. i (Cape Town, I883) 85--6: Moshoeshoe to Secretary to Government, I5 May I845· 44· Molapo subsequently mendaciously claimed Moshoeshoe had ordered him not to fight the Boers so that his country could be used as a cattle refuge, place to grow corn, and rallying point when the Boers tired. See Cape, G. H. I4/7: Molapo's message to Currie, 29 Mar. I868. Molapo was absolved from his allegiance to the Free State in April I87o and only then formally rejoined the nation under the British. 45· Thea), Basutoland Records, iii. 8I3-I4: Wodehouse to Buckingham, I7 Sept. I867. 46. The missionaries at once complained to both the British and French authorities, who were sympathetic. See Thea!, ibid. iii. 656: Rolland, Mabille Notes 195 and Cochet to Wodehouse, 6 Apr. 1868; iii. 662-3: French consul at Cape Town to Wodehouse, 21 Apr. 1866; P.R.O., C.O. 48/432: Wodehouse to Cardwell, no. 44, 12 May 1866, minute by Cardwell, 21 June 1866. 47· P.R.O., C.O. 48/438: confidential memorandum for the British ~abinet, Nov. 1867, following Wodehouse to Buckingham, no. 88, 17 Sept. 1867. 48. P.R.O., C.O. 48/432: Wodehouse to Cardwell, no. 43, 12 May 1866. 49· Cape, N.A. 272: minutes of meeting held 20 Aug. 1873, encl. in Griffith to Molteno, no. 85, 27 Aug. 1873; Cape Part. Papers, G. 33-79, p.
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