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Early History of South Africa
THE EARLY HISTORY OF SOUTH AFRICA EVOLUTION OF AFRICAN SOCIETIES . .3 SOUTH AFRICA: THE EARLY INHABITANTS . .5 THE KHOISAN . .6 The San (Bushmen) . .6 The Khoikhoi (Hottentots) . .8 BLACK SETTLEMENT . .9 THE NGUNI . .9 The Xhosa . .10 The Zulu . .11 The Ndebele . .12 The Swazi . .13 THE SOTHO . .13 The Western Sotho . .14 The Southern Sotho . .14 The Northern Sotho (Bapedi) . .14 THE VENDA . .15 THE MASHANGANA-TSONGA . .15 THE MFECANE/DIFAQANE (Total war) Dingiswayo . .16 Shaka . .16 Dingane . .18 Mzilikazi . .19 Soshangane . .20 Mmantatise . .21 Sikonyela . .21 Moshweshwe . .22 Consequences of the Mfecane/Difaqane . .23 Page 1 EUROPEAN INTERESTS The Portuguese . .24 The British . .24 The Dutch . .25 The French . .25 THE SLAVES . .22 THE TREKBOERS (MIGRATING FARMERS) . .27 EUROPEAN OCCUPATIONS OF THE CAPE British Occupation (1795 - 1803) . .29 Batavian rule 1803 - 1806 . .29 Second British Occupation: 1806 . .31 British Governors . .32 Slagtersnek Rebellion . .32 The British Settlers 1820 . .32 THE GREAT TREK Causes of the Great Trek . .34 Different Trek groups . .35 Trichardt and Van Rensburg . .35 Andries Hendrik Potgieter . .35 Gerrit Maritz . .36 Piet Retief . .36 Piet Uys . .36 Voortrekkers in Zululand and Natal . .37 Voortrekker settlement in the Transvaal . .38 Voortrekker settlement in the Orange Free State . .39 THE DISCOVERY OF DIAMONDS AND GOLD . .41 Page 2 EVOLUTION OF AFRICAN SOCIETIES Humankind had its earliest origins in Africa The introduction of iron changed the African and the story of life in South Africa has continent irrevocably and was a large step proven to be a micro-study of life on the forwards in the development of the people. -
Product Manual 2021 Why Choose Adventure Works?
PRODUCT MANUAL 2021 WHY CHOOSE ADVENTURE WORKS? At Adventure Works we are committed to designing and facilitating fun, interactive and memorable ev ents in a professional manner. We specialise in creating the right adventure for the profile of each corporate group, whether you are after an adrenaline-pumping powerboat ride, a fun discov ery tour through the Winelands, relaxing beach activ ities, an interactive cultural exchange or a sophisticated Harley Dav idson transfer, we will tailor-make a package for you. We also offer ground handling services to the MICE industry, team building as well as social responsibility ev ents and product activ ations. Our activ ities are suitable for all lev els of fitness with the emphasis being on enjoyment not exercise! Programs can be adjusted to suit each group’s requirements. We are passionate about prov iding amazing experiences and pride ourselv es on attention to detail, fast and efficient serv ice and accurate information topped off with endless fun and laughter. Whether your group is of 10 or 1,000 people, we will manage all the details and logistics to ensure ev ery ev ent runs smoothly. We are proud members of industry organizations SATSA and SAACI, and are bonded by SATIB. 021 790 9015 | [email protected] | WWW.ADVENTUREWORKS.CO.ZA SERVICES OFFERED Adventure Works has evolved over the past nineteen years and has become more than just an adventure operator. Our close involvement with the MICE industry has created an increasing demand to assist with ground handling support services such as: Transfers: Providing vehicles of all types from coaches to Harley Davidsons Logistics: Organising the logistics for optional activity days, mass airport transfers, luggage drops, room drops etc. -
FESTER: a Propagation Experiment, Overview and First Results
FESTER: a propagation experiment, overview and first results Christian Eisele i,1, Dirk Peter Seiffer1, Karin Stein1, Erik Sucher1, Willem H. Gunter2, Faith February2, George Vrahimis, Carl Wainman2, Benita Maritz2, Mokete S. Koago, Alexander M.J. van Eijk1,3 , Miranda van Iersel3, Leo H. Cohen3, Sven A. van Binsbergen3, H.J.M. (Eric) Heemskerk3, Armin Sternberg4, Helmut Schulte4, Arthur D. van Rheenen5, Erik Brenthagen5, Jan B. Thomassen5, and Derek Griffith6 1Fraunhofer IOSB, Gutleuthausstraße 1, 76725 Ettlingen, Germany; 2Institute for Maritime Technology (IMT), Simon’s Town 7995, Republic of South Africa; 3TNO, Oude Waalsdorperweg 29, 2597 AK The Hague, The Netherlands; 4Wehrtechnische Dienststelle für Waffen und Munition (WTD91), Schiessplatz, 49716 Meppen, Germany; 5Norwegian Defense Research Establishment (FFI), P.O. Box 25, 2027 Kjeller, Norway; 6South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), P.O. Box 395, Pretoria 0001, Republic of South Africa ABSTRACT A long term field trial called FESTER (First European South African Transmission Experiment) has been conducted by an international collaboration of research organizations during the course of almost one year at False Bay, South Africa. Main objectives of the experiment are a better insight into atmospherical effects on propagation of optical radiation, a deeper understanding of the effects of (marine) aerosols on transmission, and the connection of the mentioned effects to the general meteorological and oceanographic conditions/parameters. Modelling of wakes and possible infrared-radar synergy effects are further points of interest. The duration of one year ensures the coverage of most of the relevant meteorological conditions during the different seasons. While some measurements have been performed by permanent installations, others have been performed during intensive observation periods (IOP). -
Stories of the South Peninsula
Stories of the South Peninsula Historical research, stories and heritage tourism opportunities in the South Peninsula AFRICANSOUTH TOURISM The peninsula from Cape Point Nature Reserve Prepared for the City of Cape Town by C. Postlethwayt, M. Attwell & K. Dugmore Ström June 2014 Making progress possible. Together. Background The primary objective of this project was to prepare a series of ‘story packages’ providing the content for historical interpretive stories of the ‘far’ South Peninsula. Stories cover the geographical area of Chapman’s Peak southwards to include Imhoff, Ocean View, Masiphumelele, Kommetjie, Witsand, Misty Cliffs and Scarborough, Plateau Road, Cape Point, Smitswinkel Bay to Miller’s Point, Boulders, Simon’s Town, Red Hill, Glencairn and Fish Hoek to Muizenberg. The purposes for which these stories are to be told are threefold, namely to support tourism development; to stimulate local interest; and to promote appropriate and sustainable protection of heritage resources through education, stimulation of interest and appropriate knowledge. To this end, the linking of historical stories and tourism development requires an approach to story-telling that goes beyond the mere recording of historic events. The use of accessible language has been a focus. Moreover, it requires an approach that both recognises the iconic, picture-postcard image of parts of Cape Town (to which tourists are drawn initially), but extends it further to address the particular genius loci that is Cape Town’s ‘Deep South’, in all its complexity and coloured by memory, ambivalences and contradictory experiences. We believe there is a need to balance the more conventional approach, which selects people or events deemed worthy of commemoration (for example, the Battle of Muizenberg) to tell the story of places, by interweaving popular memory and culture into these recordings (for example, the rich Muslim culture that existed in Simon’s Town before the removal under the Group Areas Act). -
The Far South
Fish Hoek - The early inhabitants. In 1920 when Victor and Bertie Peers uncovered a midden of over one metre thick and several thousand years old, at what was later to be known as Peers Cave, they did much to help us understand the life of the early inhabitants of Fish Hoek. The remains of four adults and four children were found at various levels, but it was the lone skull of a male, aged thirty years and reliably dated at near to twelve thousand years that brought the world’s attention to their work. Known as The Fish Hoek Man the skull at that time, 1929, was described as ‘the largest-brained type of man so far discovered’. Peers Cave is in fact a rock-shelter, the only one of its kind in the valley. It is 123 metres above sea-level, with a 30 metre entrance under a projecting rock of 3.7 metres from the floor and 13 metres to the back wall. It is south-facing and is protected from the prevailing north-west and south-east winds. The floor consists of a black powdery soil built up of decayed vegetables and animal matter such as sea-shells, wood-ash, bones and rock fragments. Materials were always brought in to the shelter, but little was removed. This accounted for the great depths of the deposits. Besides the human remains, ostrich eggshell beads, shell pendants, remains of small skinbags, pieces of mother of pearl and stone tools were found. A separate section of the cave was used for the making of tools and spearheads. -
Acquiescence in Apartheid
Resistance to and Acquiescence in Apartheid St. Paul’s Theological College, Grahamstown, 1965-92 Henry Mbaya Resistance to and Acquiescence in Apartheid: St. Paul’s Theological College, Grahamstown, 1965-92 Published by AFRICAN SUN MeDIA under the SUN PReSS imprint All rights reserved Copyright © 2018 AFRICAN SUN MeDIA and the author This publication was subjected to an independent double-blind peer evaluation by the publisher. The author and the publisher have made every effort to obtain permission for and acknowledge the use of copyrighted material. Refer all enquiries to the publisher. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any electronic, photographic or mechanical means, including photocopying and recording on record, tape or laser disk, on microfilm, via the Internet, by e-mail, or by any other information storage and retrieval system, without prior written permission by the publisher. Views reflected in this publication are not necessarily those of the publisher. First edition 2018 ISBN 978-1-928357-82-7 ISBN 978-1-928357-83-4 (e-book) https://doi.org/10.18820/9781928357834 Set in Futura Lt BT 10/13 Cover design, typesetting and production by AFRICAN SUN MeDIA SUN PRESS is a licensed imprint of AFRICAN SUN MeDIA. Scholarly, professional and reference works are published under this imprint in print and electronic format. This publication may be ordered directly from: www.sun-e-shop.co.za africansunmedia.snapplify.com (e-books) www.africansunmedia.co.za Contents Acknowledgements i Foreword iii Thabo Makgoba, Archbishop of Cape Town Abbreviations v Introduction 1 Chapter 1 5 Training Anglicans in the Context of Apartheid 1965-71 Chapter 2 41 Conflicting Theological, Ideological and Spiritual Orientations? 1972-75 Chapter 3 77 Through the Strong Winds of Change 1976-78 Chapter 4 109 Racially Segregated Amenities 1977-81 Chapter 5 137 “A ‘Normal’ Community in an ‘Abnormal’ Society” 1982-83 Chapter 6 169 “A Little Pocket of Normality”? 1983-85 Chapter 7 193 Living through the ‘Kairos’ 1986-92 Conclusion 235 St. -
Hidden Presences in the Spirituality of the Amaxhosa of the Eastern Cape and the Impact of Christianity on Them
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by South East Academic Libraries System (SEALS) HIDDEN PRESENCES IN THE SPIRITUALITY OF THE AMAXHOSA OF THE EASTERN CAPE AND THE IMPACT OF CHRISTIANITY ON THEM P T MTUZE Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Masters degree in Theology (Spirituality) by coursework and thesis in the Department of Religion and Theology, Rhodes University, South Africa. Supervisor: Canon Luke Lungile Pato October 1999. Co-supervisor: Professor Felicity Edwards ABSTRACT This thesis is an attempt to reopen the debate on the whole question of inculturation in Southern Africa especially in light of the fact that we are now in a multi-lingual and multi-religious state. It is an attempt to rehighlight the plight of the spirituality of the amaXhosa people over the last century when missionary and imperial onslaught relegated it to the doldrums. This plunged the amaXhosa in a crisis that has left them directionless, to put it mildly. This is said because the total onslaught destroyed their self-respect and their identity and begs the question as to whether their acceptability to God was contingent on renouncing their culture especially the hidden prsences - Qamata, the living-dead and the notion of evil spirits. It is precisely because of these misconceptions regarding African culture and spirituality that the thesis has a strong expository and apologetic bias primarily aimed to address, and put into proper perspective, the significance of the Supreme Being, the living-dead and the evil spirits in African culture. -
A Sortie Into the Archaeology of the Moravian Mission Station, Genadendal
A sortie into the archaeology of the Moravian mission station, Genadendal By: Harriet Clift UniversityFebruary of 2001 Cape Town Submitted in full requirement for the MA degree in Archaeology, Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town. The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University of Cape Town A sortie into the archaeology of the Moravian mission station, Genadendal By: Harriet Clift February 200 l Submitted in full requirement for the MA degree in Archaeology, Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town. Content Abstract v Acknowledgements vi Tables viii Figures ix Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1. Background to research 1 1.2. Methodology 2 1.3. Terminology 6 1.3.1. The DEIC at the Cape 6 1.3 .2. Land usage at the Cape 7 1.3.3. Indigenous communities at the Cape 9 1.4. Content 10 Chapter 2: Culture contact and change 13 2.1. The social landscape at the Cape, pre 1652 13 2.2. Frameworks for understanding culture contact and culture change 18 2.3. European settlement and the demise of indigenous society 21 11 2.4. 'Artefacts of trade' 23 2.5. Archaeological evidence of contact, post 1652 25 2.5.1 Andriesgrond 25 2.5.2 Voelvlei 28 2.5.3 Seacow River Valley 29 2.5.4 Oudepost 1 32 2.6 Summary 34 1 Chapter 3: Documentary evidence of 18 h century Baviaanskloof 36 3.1. -
Beaches a Diversity of Coastal Treasures CITY of CAPE TOWN BEACHES
CITY OF CAPE TOWN Beaches A diversity of coastal treasures CITY OF CAPE TOWN BEACHES Published by the City of Cape Town First edition 2009 More information available from: Environmental Resource Management Department 7th Floor 44 Wale Street Cape Town Tel: 021 487 2284 www.capetown.gov.za/environment ISBN 978-0-9802784-3-9 This handbook is printed on SAPPI Triple Green paper, an environmentally-friendly paper stock made from chlorine-free sugar cane fibre to support sustainable afforestation in South Africa. Every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of information in this book at the time of publication and to correctly acknowledge photographs. The City of Cape Town accepts no responsibility for, and will not be liable for, any errors or omissions contained herein. CITY OF CAPE TOWN Beaches A diversity of coastal treasures Contents 1 CAPE TOWN’S TWO COASTS 41 CITY SEABOARD 2 Upwelling 42 Granger Bay 3 Tides 43 Mouille Point 4 Rocky shores 44 Three Anchor Bay 6 Sandy beaches 45 Sea Point 8 Estuaries – Rocklands 10 Blue Flag – Graaff’s Pool 11 Shark-spotting programme – Milton Beach 12 Whale-watching – Brokenbath Beach 14 Threats to the coastal zone – Sunset Beach 18 Harvesting marine resources – Queen’s Beach 20 Sustainable seafood – Saunders’ Rocks – Consumer’s Seafood Species List 49 Bantry Bay 22 Early days on the Cape coast 49 Clifton –1st Beach 27 WEST COAST –2nd Beach 28 Silwerstroomstrand –3rd Beach 29 Van Riebeeckstrand –4th Beach – Duynefontein 52 Maiden’s Cove 30 Melkbosstrand 52 Camps Bay 32 Blaauwberg Conservation Area -
Three Days of Spirited Racing, Along with Plenty of Great Entertainment at the False Bay Yacht Club, and Another Successful Intasure Spring Regatta Was in the Bag
THE SPRING FLING Three days of spirited racing, along with plenty of great entertainment at the False Bay Yacht Club, and another successful Intasure Spring Regatta was in the bag. By Anthony Wentworth 36 SAIL+LEISURE SPRING REGATTA SAIL he False Bay Yacht Club’s Intasure protective of the Blue Flag status of our Spring Regatta 2018 was held over marina, and this initiative is a natural T three days, from 22 to 24 September, progression to preserve the environment we and incorporated the SAS Miura National enjoy. Running a clean regatta has no real Championships. The regatta was once again cost implications; it’s just a shift in mindset. sponsored by Intasure, together with Buco, We intend eliminating single-use plastic Cape Medical Response and DHL. There waste in any form, from straws and water were 50 entries from False Bay, Royal Cape, bottles to food packaging. To this end, Hout Bay, Zeekoevlei, Defence and Gordon’s competitors were provided with reusable Bay yacht clubs, split into Cruising and water bottles and filtered water was Racing Divisions. Cruising Division sailed available for refill purposes. In addition, one coastal race per day and Racing Division clearly marked recycle bins were placed sailed a combination of windward/leeward around the club. round-the-buoys races and longer coastal races. SATURDAY 22 SEPTEMBER The regatta became more about just the Saturday’s racing was scheduled to start at sailing. Following in the footsteps of many 11am and, under the able guidance of race yacht clubs abroad, False Bay Yacht Club officer ‘Spilly’ Spilhaus, the Cruising (FBYC) joined the race to restore ocean Division went off on time in an excellent health by implementing their Sailors for the moderate southeasterly breeze to sail a Sea Clean Regattas programme, which was course with a long beat from the start/finish rolled out at the Intasure Spring Regatta. -
Church of the Province of Southern Africa Provincial Synod 1992
CHURCH OF THE PROVINCE OF SOUTHERN AFRICA PROVINCIAL SYNOD 1992 SWAZILAND 11-21 AUGUST I, MAX HENRY HALES, Registrar of the Church of the Province of Southern Africa, do hereby certify that in terms of Standing Rule 10(a) a quorum as provided by Standing Rule 16 is present at this Synod. DATED AT b <=■ THIS i t K DAY OF 1992 ______ ^ ^ A H ~ PROVINCIAL REGISTRAR HlHiilES-QE .THE_27TH.._SESSIQN OF THE PROVINCIAL SYNOD OF THE CHURCH QF THE PROVINCE QE ^MiEfiML^EEIGAJiELD AT WATERFORD KAHHLABA COLLEGE, MBABANE. SWAZILARD FROM 11-20 AUGUST 1992. 1. Synod assembled for a celebration of the Holy Eucharist at the Cathedral Church of All Saints, Mbabane, Swaziland at 18h00. 1.1 After the Gospel, the Registrar (having certified that a quorum was present) the President, the Most Revd D M Tutu, constituted the Session of Synod. 1.2 The President delivered his Charge. 1.3 Immediately before the blessing Synod received greetings from local churches The Revd Fr Joseph Matola spoke on behalf of the Roman Catholic bishop, the Rt Revd Louis Ndlovu. The Revd Absolom Mnisi spoke on behalf of the Lutheran Church. The Rt Revd A M Dlamini spoke on behalf of the Council of Swaziland Churches and the Zionist Church. 1.4 The Dean of the Province, the Rt Revd Michael Nuttall, read letters of greeting from : The Revd Nigel Uden, Minister-in-Charge of the Ecumenical Parish of St John the Evangelist, Sandton; The General Secretary of the Anglican Consultative Council, Canon Sam van Culin; The Most Revd Keith Rayner, Archbishop of Melbourne, on behalf of the Anglican Church in Australia. -
The Spirit Ih Zioh
CHAPTER 5 THE SPIRIT IH ZIOH The terms for salvation' in many languages sire derived from roots . which all designate health, the opposite of disintegration and disruption. Salvation is healing in the ultimate sense - Paul Tillich If the face of Zion has many forms, the manifestations of the spirit in Zion are even more diverse and fluid, less clear and therefore more difficult to research. Here one moves into the field of the supernatural, where phenomena are not directly observable by the senses, and cannot be explained and controlled by physical tests. One cannot see, hear, smell, taste or touch that which is transcendent, or prove it to someone who does not believe in it. In other words, transcendent reality does not lend itself to scientific verification. How does one then gain access to these phenomena seemingly without reality but which are nevertheless manifested in reality? Joining the angels, themselves ministering spirits' (Hebrews 1:14), this is a terrain where one should fear to tread. Sam Keen (1994:53-54) sounds an appropriate warning: Spirit is the universal solvent that cannot be contained in any social or psychic structure . authentic language about spiritual experience of the world is necessarily highly imaginative, poetic, and inexact. In speaking about spiritual matters, we are always beating around the bush, albeit a burning bush.' The complex theme, the spirit in Zion, can be developed along many avenues. The approach I have chosen is to reflect briefly on the concept spirituality as it presents a useful tool to gain insight into, and to describe, the theme.