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Aus Dem Fachbereich Geowissenschaften Der Universität Bremen aus dem Fachbereich Geowissenschaften der Universität Bremen No. 280 W. Bach, N. Dubilier, C. Borowski, C. Breuer, B. Brunner, P. Franke, O. Herschelmann, S. Hourdez, L. Jonda, N. Jöns, S. Klar, K. Koloa, A. Mai, A. Meyerdierks, I. Müller, S. Petersen, P. Pjevac, V. Ratmeyer, E. Reeves, R. Rehage, C. Reuter, A. Schaen, L. Shu, J. Thal, M. Zarrouk REPORT AND PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF RV SONNE CRUISE SO 216, TOWNSVILLE (AUSTRALIA) - MAKASSAR (INDONESIA), JUNE 14 – JULY 23, 2011. BAMBUS, Back-Arc Manus Basin Underwater Solfataras. Berichte, Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Universität Bremen, No. 280, 87 pages, Bremen 2011 ISSN 0931-0800 The "Berichte aus dem Fachbereich Geowissenschaften" are produced at irregular intervals by the Department of Geosciences, Bremen University. They serve for t he publication of experimental works, Ph.D.-theses and sci entific contributions made by members of the department. Reports can be ordered from: Monika Bachur DFG-Forschungszentrum MARUM Universität Bremen Postfach 330 440 D 28334 BREMEN Phone: (49) 421 218-65516 Fax: (49) 421 218-65515 e-mail: [email protected] Citation: Bach, W. and cruise participants Report and preliminary results of RV SONNE Cruise SO 216, Townsville (Australia) - Makassar (Indonesia), June 14 – July 23, 2011. BAMBUS, Back-Arc Manus Basin Underwater Solfataras. Berichte, Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Universität Bremen, No. 280, 87 pages. Bremen, 2011. ISSN 0931-0800 Bach, W., Dubilier, N., Borowski, C., Breuer, C., Brunner, B., Franke, P., Herschelmann, O., Hourdez, S., Jonda, L., Jöns, N., Klar, S., Koloa, K., Mai, A., Meyerdierks, A., Müller, I., Petersen, S., Pjevac, P., Ratmeyer, V., Reeves, E., Rehage, R., Reuter, C., Schaen, A., Shu, L., Thal, J., Zarrouk, M. CRUISE REPORT SONNE 216 BAMBUS Wechselwirkungen zwischen Fluiden, Mineralen und Organismen in schwefeldominierten Hydrothermalquellen des östlichen Manus Beckens, Papua Neuguinea Interactions between fluids, minerals, and organisms in sulfur-dominated hydrothermal vents in the eastern Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea Townsville, Australia – Makassar, Indonesia 14 June – 23 July, 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SUMMARY (Wolfgang Bach) 2 2. PARTICIPANTS 4 3. SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND AND CRUISE OBJECTIVES (Wolfgang Bach) 5 4. CRUISE NARRATIVE (Wolfgang Bach) 7 5. OPERATIONS (Wolfgang Bach, Niels Jöns) 14 5.1. Bathymetry and navigation 14 5.2. CTD 15 5.3. Parasound 17 5.5. TV-Grab 18 5.4. Remotely Operated Vehicle "Quest" (Volker Ratmeyer et al.) 18 6. GEOLOGICAL MAPPING AND SAMPLING (Wolfgang Bach, Janis Thal, Niels Jöns, Sven Petersen) 21 6.1. Multibeam echosounder mapping in the eastern Manus Basin 21 6.2. North Su 23 6.3. PACManus 32 7. FLUID GEOCHEMISTRY 41 7.1. Gas-tight fluid sampling (Eoghan Reeves) 41 7.2. KIPS fluid pumping system (Sven Petersen, Christian Breuer) 44 7.3. Arsenic geochemistry of hydrothermal fluids (Christian Breuer) 45 7.4. Sulfur biogeochemistry of fluids (Inigo Müller, Benjamin Brunner) 46 7.5. In situ mass spectrometry of volatile compounds (Stephane Hourdez) 47 8. BIOLOGICAL SAMPLING AND INVESTIGATIONS (Nicole Dubilier, Christian Borowski, Anke Meyerdierks, Petra Pjevac, Stéphane Hourdez) 50 8.1 Microbiology (Anke Meyerdierks, Petra Pjevac) 50 8.2 Hydrothermal Symbiosis (Christian Borowski, Nicole Dubilier, Stéphane Hourdez) 53 9. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 57 10. REFERENCES 58 11. APPENDICES 60 A: Station list 61 B: Locales and descriptions of geological samples (Sven Petersen) 71 C1: Geological samples, 82 C2: Fluid samples 84 C3: Biological samples 86 1 1. SUMMARY (Wolfgang Bach) ROV-based sampling of hydrothermal systems in the eastern Manus Basin was the primary goal of cruise SO216. The cruise was a follow-up on an RV Melville cruise with ROV Jason2 in 2006, during which geophysical mapping, rock sampling, and reconnaissance fluid sampling were the primary goals. The specific focus of the SO216 cruise was vent fluid and biota sampling. The two working areas comprised North Su at 3°48.0'S, 152°06.05'E in about 1200 m water depth and PACManus at 3°43.5'S, 151°40.4'E in ~1700 m water depth. During nightly echosounding surveys with the ship-based EM-120 system, a comprehensive and detailed map of the eastern Manus Basin could be completed (Fig. 1.1). Twenty-two dives with the ROV MARUM Quest 4000m were conducted, ten in the PACManus und twelve in the North Su area. Sample collected comprise hydrothermal fluids (using gas-tight Seewald samplers and teflon KIPS bottles), biological specimen of vent macrofauna, microbial filaments and biofilms, as well as volcanic rocks and hydrothermal precipitates. A range of vent systems was sampled in both working areas. Geological mapping was carried out throughout the dives, and sections of some dives were specifically committed to mapping certain structures. At North Su, black smoker systems near the summit of the volcano, white smoker systems on the southern flank, and diffuse vent sites on the northern slope were visited repeatedly. Black smoker vents showed maximum temperatures ranging between 313 and 332°C, the latter corresponding to the boiling temperature of seawater at the ambient pressure (124 bar). White smoker vents revealed copious amount of native sulfur on the seafloor, both in solid and liquid state. The sulfur formed small chimney, and accumulated in m-sized knolls on the seafloor and in sills or buried flows within the volcaniclastic sediment. CO2 bubbling was common at the white smoker vents. CO2-clathrate formation could be confirmed visually at the interface of liquid CO2 collected a bubble-catching device and water left in the device. Bubble flares were visualized using the ship-based Parasound system. CO2 degassing was also observed during ROV dives at the Satanic Mills site in the PACManus area. Endmember hydrothermal fluids there were also boiling at a temperature of 345°C. Lower temperatures (304-314°C) were measured at the Fenway site, where fluid boiling at 356°C was observed in 2006. The Roman Ruins hydrothermal site was sampled during two dives, and also appeared less active than five years before. Hydrothermal sites discovered during exploration dives by Nautilus Minerals in 2007 were also sampled. These included Solwara 8, southeast of Fenway, and Solwara 7, northwest of Roman Ruins. The preliminary data and dive observations indicate substantial changes in the magmatic- hydrothermal systems. Drastic changes in the volcanic landscape and distribution and style of hydrothermal venting on the south flank of North Su stand out, as well as the apparent changes in gas content of the fluids at PACManus. Incubation experiments using both glass slides and surfaces of sulfide and sulfur grains were deployed and left in areas of diffuse venting for 10 to 18 days. Biological sampling was carried out in the same areas. Moreover, an in situ mass spectrometer developed in Peter Girguis's laboratory at Harvard University, was used to determine the amounts of dissolved gas in the diffuse fluids from which samples were taken and into which the incubation experiments ere placed. Temperature and pH were also determined for these locations. Four CTD casts were conducted to record the sound velocity of the water column in the eastern Manus Basin and to obtain reference deep-sea water samples. The hydrothermal plume on top of North Su was also sampled by Niskin rosette. Five TV-guided grab stations recovered rock material from the Bugave ridge, east of North Su, Sowara 9a, west of North Su, Sulfur slabs at North Su, Sulfide chimney talus from Solwara 8, south of Fenway, and a massive sulfate-sulfide rock from Fenway. 2 Sea state and weather conditions were excellent throughout the cruise, except for occasional tropic rain storms. All science goals of the cruise could be reached. Fig. 1.1: Ship track of cruise SO216 from Townsville to Madang. Tracks of the bightly bathymetry surveys are depicted in the small inset. 3 2. PARTICIPANTS Science Crew Bach, Wolfgang MARUM, University of Bremen, Chief Scientist, Geology Dubilier, Nicole Max-Planck-Institute for Marine Microbiology, PI, Ecology Borowski, Christian Max-Planck-Institute for Marine Microbiology, Ecology Breuer, Christian MARUM, University of Bremen, Geochemistry Brunner, Benjamin Max-Planck-Institute for Marine Microbiology, Biogeochemistry Dubilier, Nicole Max-Planck-Institute for Marine Microbiology, Ecology Franke, Phillip MARUM, University of Bremen, ROV Herschelmann, Oliver MARUM, University of Bremen, ROV Hourdez, Stéphane Station Biologique de Roscoff, ISMS and biology Jonda, Leo University of Papua New Guinea, Observer Jöns, Niels MARUM, University of Bremen, Geology Klar, Steffen MARUM, University of Bremen, ROV Koloa, Kledy Nautilus Minerals, Observer Mai, Hoang Anh MARUM, University of Bremen, ROV Meyerdierks, Anke Max-Planck-Institute for Marine Microbiology, Microbiology Müller, Inigo Max-Planck-Institute for Marine Microbiology, Biogeochemistry Petersen, Sven IfM/GEOMAR Kiel, Geology Pjevac, Petra Max-Planck-Institute for Marine Microbiology, Microbiology Ratmeyer, Volker MARUM, University of Bremen, ROV Reeves, Eoghan MARUM, University of Bremen, Geochemistry Rehage, Ralf MARUM, University of Bremen, ROV Reuter, Christian MARUM, University of Bremen, ROV Schaen, Adam Bridgewater State College and WHOI, Geochemistry Shu, Liping MARUM, University of Bremen, Geology Thal, Janis MARUM, University of Bremen, Geology Zarrouk, Marcel MARUM, University of Bremen, ROV Ship's Officers and Crew Mallon, Lutz Captain Aden, Nils Arne Chief 1st Officer Kosanke, Patrick 2nd Stewart Altendorf,
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