Milestones in the History of Thematic Cartography, Statistical Graphics, and Data Visualization∗
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An Analytical Introduction to Descriptive Geometry
An analytical introduction to Descriptive Geometry Adrian B. Biran, Technion { Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Ruben Lopez-Pulido, CEHINAV, Polytechnic University of Madrid, Model Basin, and Spanish Association of Naval Architects Avraham Banai Technion { Faculty of Mathematics Prepared for Elsevier (Butterworth-Heinemann), Oxford, UK Samples - August 2005 Contents Preface x 1 Geometric constructions 1 1.1 Introduction . 2 1.2 Drawing instruments . 2 1.3 A few geometric constructions . 2 1.3.1 Drawing parallels . 2 1.3.2 Dividing a segment into two . 2 1.3.3 Bisecting an angle . 2 1.3.4 Raising a perpendicular on a given segment . 2 1.3.5 Drawing a triangle given its three sides . 2 1.4 The intersection of two lines . 2 1.4.1 Introduction . 2 1.4.2 Examples from practice . 2 1.4.3 Situations to avoid . 2 1.5 Manual drawing and computer-aided drawing . 2 i ii CONTENTS 1.6 Exercises . 2 Notations 1 2 Introduction 3 2.1 How we see an object . 3 2.2 Central projection . 4 2.2.1 De¯nition . 4 2.2.2 Properties . 5 2.2.3 Vanishing points . 17 2.2.4 Conclusions . 20 2.3 Parallel projection . 23 2.3.1 De¯nition . 23 2.3.2 A few properties . 24 2.3.3 The concept of scale . 25 2.4 Orthographic projection . 27 2.4.1 De¯nition . 27 2.4.2 The projection of a right angle . 28 2.5 The two-sheet method of Monge . 36 2.6 Summary . 39 2.7 Examples . 43 2.8 Exercises . -
No. 40. the System of Lunar Craters, Quadrant Ii Alice P
NO. 40. THE SYSTEM OF LUNAR CRATERS, QUADRANT II by D. W. G. ARTHUR, ALICE P. AGNIERAY, RUTH A. HORVATH ,tl l C.A. WOOD AND C. R. CHAPMAN \_9 (_ /_) March 14, 1964 ABSTRACT The designation, diameter, position, central-peak information, and state of completeness arc listed for each discernible crater in the second lunar quadrant with a diameter exceeding 3.5 km. The catalog contains more than 2,000 items and is illustrated by a map in 11 sections. his Communication is the second part of The However, since we also have suppressed many Greek System of Lunar Craters, which is a catalog in letters used by these authorities, there was need for four parts of all craters recognizable with reasonable some care in the incorporation of new letters to certainty on photographs and having diameters avoid confusion. Accordingly, the Greek letters greater than 3.5 kilometers. Thus it is a continua- added by us are always different from those that tion of Comm. LPL No. 30 of September 1963. The have been suppressed. Observers who wish may use format is the same except for some minor changes the omitted symbols of Blagg and Miiller without to improve clarity and legibility. The information in fear of ambiguity. the text of Comm. LPL No. 30 therefore applies to The photographic coverage of the second quad- this Communication also. rant is by no means uniform in quality, and certain Some of the minor changes mentioned above phases are not well represented. Thus for small cra- have been introduced because of the particular ters in certain longitudes there are no good determi- nature of the second lunar quadrant, most of which nations of the diameters, and our values are little is covered by the dark areas Mare Imbrium and better than rough estimates. -
Glossary Glossary
Glossary Glossary Albedo A measure of an object’s reflectivity. A pure white reflecting surface has an albedo of 1.0 (100%). A pitch-black, nonreflecting surface has an albedo of 0.0. The Moon is a fairly dark object with a combined albedo of 0.07 (reflecting 7% of the sunlight that falls upon it). The albedo range of the lunar maria is between 0.05 and 0.08. The brighter highlands have an albedo range from 0.09 to 0.15. Anorthosite Rocks rich in the mineral feldspar, making up much of the Moon’s bright highland regions. Aperture The diameter of a telescope’s objective lens or primary mirror. Apogee The point in the Moon’s orbit where it is furthest from the Earth. At apogee, the Moon can reach a maximum distance of 406,700 km from the Earth. Apollo The manned lunar program of the United States. Between July 1969 and December 1972, six Apollo missions landed on the Moon, allowing a total of 12 astronauts to explore its surface. Asteroid A minor planet. A large solid body of rock in orbit around the Sun. Banded crater A crater that displays dusky linear tracts on its inner walls and/or floor. 250 Basalt A dark, fine-grained volcanic rock, low in silicon, with a low viscosity. Basaltic material fills many of the Moon’s major basins, especially on the near side. Glossary Basin A very large circular impact structure (usually comprising multiple concentric rings) that usually displays some degree of flooding with lava. The largest and most conspicuous lava- flooded basins on the Moon are found on the near side, and most are filled to their outer edges with mare basalts. -
Feature of the Month – January 2016 Galilaei
A PUBLICATION OF THE LUNAR SECTION OF THE A.L.P.O. EDITED BY: Wayne Bailey [email protected] 17 Autumn Lane, Sewell, NJ 08080 RECENT BACK ISSUES: http://moon.scopesandscapes.com/tlo_back.html FEATURE OF THE MONTH – JANUARY 2016 GALILAEI Sketch and text by Robert H. Hays, Jr. - Worth, Illinois, USA October 26, 2015 03:32-03:58 UT, 15 cm refl, 170x, seeing 8-9/10 I sketched this crater and vicinity on the evening of Oct. 25/26, 2015 after the moon hid ZC 109. This was about 32 hours before full. Galilaei is a modest but very crisp crater in far western Oceanus Procellarum. It appears very symmetrical, but there is a faint strip of shadow protruding from its southern end. Galilaei A is the very similar but smaller crater north of Galilaei. The bright spot to the south is labeled Galilaei D on the Lunar Quadrant map. A tiny bit of shadow was glimpsed in this spot indicating a craterlet. Two more moderately bright spots are east of Galilaei. The western one of this pair showed a bit of shadow, much like Galilaei D, but the other one did not. Galilaei B is the shadow-filled crater to the west. This shadowing gave this crater a ring shape. This ring was thicker on its west side. Galilaei H is the small pit just west of B. A wide, low ridge extends to the southwest from Galilaei B, and a crisper peak is south of H. Galilaei B must be more recent than its attendant ridge since the crater's exterior shadow falls upon the ridge. -
Catalogue Description
INF 454: Data Visualization and User Interface Design Spring 2016 Syllabus Day/Times: TBD (4 Units) Location: TBD Instructor: Dr. Luciano Nocera Email: [email protected] Phone: (213) 740-9819 Office: PHE 412 Course TA: TBD Email: TBD Office Hours: TBD IT Support: TBD Email: TBD Office Hours: TBD Instructor’s Office Hours: TBD; other hours by appointment only. Students are advised to make appointments ahead of time in any event and be specific with the subject matter to be discussed. Students should also be prepared for their appointment by bringing all applicable materials and information. Catalogue Description One of the cornerstones of analytics is presenting the data to customers in a usable fashion. When considering the design of systems that will perform data analytic functions, both the interface for the user and the graphical depictions of data are of utmost importance, as it allows for more efficient and effective processing, leading to faster and more accurate results. To foster the best tools possible, it is important for designers to understand the principles of user interfaces and data visualization as the tools they build are used by many people - with technical and non-technical background - to perform their work. In this course, students will apply the fundamentals and techniques in a semester-long group project where they design, build and test a responsive application that runs on mobile devices and desktops and that includes graphical depictions of data for communication, analysis, and decision support. Short description: Foundational course focusing on the design, creation, understanding, application, and evaluation of data visualization and user interface design for communicating, interacting and exploring data. -
The Unified Theory of Meaning Emergence Mike Taylor RN, MHA
The Unified Theory of Meaning Emergence Mike Taylor RN, MHA, CDE Author Unaffiliated Nursing Theorist [email protected] Member of the Board – Plexus Institute Specialist in Complexity and Health Lead designer – The Commons Project, a web based climate change intervention My nursing theory book, “Nursing, Complexity and the Science of Compassion”, is currently under consideration by Springer Publishing 1 Introduction Nursing science and theory is unique among the scientific disciplines with its emphasis on the human-environment relationship since the time of Florence Nightingale. An excellent review article in the Jan-Mar 2019 issue of Advances in Nursing Science, explores the range of nursing thought and theory from metaparadigms and grand theories to middle range theories and identifies a common theme. A Unitary Transformative Person-Environment-Health process is both the knowledge and the art of nursing. This type of conceptual framework is both compatible with and informed by complexity science and this theory restates the Human-Environment in a complexity science framework. This theory makes a two-fold contribution to the science of nursing and health, the first is in the consolidation and restatement of already successful applications of complexity theory to demonstrate commonalities in adaptive principles in all systems through a unified definition of process. Having a unified theoretical platform allows the application of the common process to extend current understanding and potentially open whole new areas for exploration and intervention. Secondly, the theory makes a significant contribution in tying together the mathematical and conceptual frameworks of complexity when most of the literature on complexity in health separate them (Krakauer, J., 2017). -
A Light in the Darkness: Florence Nightingale's Legacy
A Light in the Darkness: FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE’S LEGACY Florence Nightingale, a pioneer of nursing, was born on May 12, 1820. In celebration of her 200th birthday, the World Health Organization declared 2020 the “Year of the Nurse and Midwife.” It's now clear that nurses and health care providers of all kinds face extraordinary circumstances this year. Nightingale had a lasting influence on patient care that's apparent even today. Nightingale earned the nickname “the Lady with the Lamp” because she checked on patients at night, which was rare at the time and especially rare for head nurses to do. COURTESY OF THE WELLCOME COLLECTION When Florence Nightingale was growing up in England in the early 19th century, nursing was not yet a respected profession. It was a trade that involved little training. Women from upper-class families like hers were not expected to handle strangers’ bodily functions. She defied her family because she saw nursing as a calling. Beginning in 1854, Nightingale led a team of nurses in the Crimean War, stationed in present-day Turkey. She saw that the overcrowded, stuffy hospital with an overwhelmed sewer system was leading to high death rates. She wrote to newspapers back home, inspiring the construction of a new hospital. In celebration of: Brought to you by: Nightingale, who wrote several books on hospital and nursing practice, is often portrayed with a letter or writing materials. COURTESY OF THE WELLCOME COLLECTION A REVOLUTIONARY APPROACH After the war, Nightingale founded the Nightingale created Nightingale Training School at cutting-edge charts, like this one, which displayed the St. -
Volume Rendering
Volume Rendering 1.1. Introduction Rapid advances in hardware have been transforming revolutionary approaches in computer graphics into reality. One typical example is the raster graphics that took place in the seventies, when hardware innovations enabled the transition from vector graphics to raster graphics. Another example which has a similar potential is currently shaping up in the field of volume graphics. This trend is rooted in the extensive research and development effort in scientific visualization in general and in volume visualization in particular. Visualization is the usage of computer-supported, interactive, visual representations of data to amplify cognition. Scientific visualization is the visualization of physically based data. Volume visualization is a method of extracting meaningful information from volumetric datasets through the use of interactive graphics and imaging, and is concerned with the representation, manipulation, and rendering of volumetric datasets. Its objective is to provide mechanisms for peering inside volumetric datasets and to enhance the visual understanding. Traditional 3D graphics is based on surface representation. Most common form is polygon-based surfaces for which affordable special-purpose rendering hardware have been developed in the recent years. Volume graphics has the potential to greatly advance the field of 3D graphics by offering a comprehensive alternative to conventional surface representation methods. The object of this thesis is to examine the existing methods for volume visualization and to find a way of efficiently rendering scientific data with commercially available hardware, like PC’s, without requiring dedicated systems. 1.2. Volume Rendering Our display screens are composed of a two-dimensional array of pixels each representing a unit area. -
General Index
General Index Italic page numbers refer to illustrations. Authors are listed in ical Index. Manuscripts, maps, and charts are usually listed by this index only when their ideas or works are discussed; full title and author; occasionally they are listed under the city and listings of works as cited in this volume are in the Bibliograph- institution in which they are held. CAbbas I, Shah, 47, 63, 65, 67, 409 on South Asian world maps, 393 and Kacba, 191 "Jahangir Embracing Shah (Abbas" Abywn (Abiyun) al-Batriq (Apion the in Kitab-i balJriye, 232-33, 278-79 (painting), 408, 410, 515 Patriarch), 26 in Kitab ~urat ai-arc!, 169 cAbd ai-Karim al-Mi~ri, 54, 65 Accuracy in Nuzhat al-mushtaq, 169 cAbd al-Rabman Efendi, 68 of Arabic measurements of length of on Piri Re)is's world map, 270, 271 cAbd al-Rabman ibn Burhan al-Maw~ili, 54 degree, 181 in Ptolemy's Geography, 169 cAbdolazlz ibn CAbdolgani el-Erzincani, 225 of Bharat Kala Bhavan globe, 397 al-Qazwlni's world maps, 144 Abdur Rahim, map by, 411, 412, 413 of al-BlrunI's calculation of Ghazna's on South Asian world maps, 393, 394, 400 Abraham ben Meir ibn Ezra, 60 longitude, 188 in view of world landmass as bird, 90-91 Abu, Mount, Rajasthan of al-BlrunI's celestial mapping, 37 in Walters Deniz atlast, pl.23 on Jain triptych, 460 of globes in paintings, 409 n.36 Agapius (Mabbub) religious map of, 482-83 of al-Idrisi's sectional maps, 163 Kitab al- ~nwan, 17 Abo al-cAbbas Abmad ibn Abi cAbdallah of Islamic celestial globes, 46-47 Agnese, Battista, 279, 280, 282, 282-83 Mu\:lammad of Kitab-i ba/Jriye, 231, 233 Agnicayana, 308-9, 309 Kitab al-durar wa-al-yawaqft fi 11m of map of north-central India, 421, 422 Agra, 378 n.145, 403, 436, 448, 476-77 al-ra~d wa-al-mawaqft (Book of of maps in Gentil's atlas of Mughal Agrawala, V. -
David Eugene Smith Collection
Ms Coll\Smith,D.E.\Historical Smith, David Eugene, 1860-1944, collector. Historical papers, [ca. 1400-1899] 17.5 linear ft.(ca. 10,100 items in 31 boxes) Biography: Mathematician. Professor of mathematics at the State Normal School, Cortland, N.Y., 1884-1891; at Michigan State Normal College, 1891-1898; at New York State Normal School, Brockport, N.Y., 1898-1901; and at Teachers College, Columbia University, 1901-1944. He was the editor of the Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, the American Mathematical Monthly, and Scripta Mathematica, a member of the International Commission on the Teaching of Mathematics, 1908-1944; and librarian of Teachers College, 1902-1920. He was the author of Rara Mathemativca (1907), The History of Mathematics (1924), and many other works on the history of mathematics as well as over forty mathematical textbooks and numerous journal articles. He also collected manuscript materials relating to the history of mathematics. Summary: Correspondence, manuscripts, and documents of mathematicians and other scientists, often dealing with politics and fields other than mathematics. Many of these concern the French Revolution. Organization: Cataloged. * Alembert letters are available on microfilm (MN#2000-1207). Lalande letters are available on microfilm (MN#3605-4). Guillaume Libri letters are available in photocopy form. William John Clarke Miller are available on microfilm (MN#95-7023 to 95-2027). Gaspard Monge letters are available on microfilm (MN#80-1582). Selected Isaac Newton letters are available on microfilm (MN#3617-5). Selected Quetelet letters are available on microfilm (MN#3623-7). Finding aids: Contents list, 19p. Donor: Gift of David Eugene Smith, 1931. -
The Spirit Rover's Athena Science Investigation at Gusev Crater, Mars
SPIRIT AT CUSEV CRATER RESEARCH ARTICLE The Spirit Rover's Athena Science Investigation at Gusev Crater, Mars S. W. Squyres,^* R. E. Arvidson,^ J. F. Bell III/ J. Bruckner,' N. A. Cabrol,'* W. Calvîn,= M. H. Carr,® P. R. Christensen/ B. C. Clark,® L Crumpler,® D. J. Des Marais,^" C. d'Uston,''^ T. Economou,^^ J. Farmer,^ W. Farrand," W. Folkner,^^ M. Colombek,^'* S. Corevan," J. A. Crant,^^ R. Creeley,'^ J. Crotzinger,^'^ L Haskin,^ K. E. Herkenhoff,^® S. Hvîid," J. Johnson,^® C. Klîngelhofer,^" A. Knoll,^^ C. Landis,^^ M. Lemmon,^' R. Li,^* M. B. Madsen,2= M. C. Malin,^^ s. M. McLennan,^^ H. Y. McSween,^« D. W. Ming,^^ J. Moersch,^« R. V. Morris,^^ T. Parker,^'* J. W. Rice Jr.,' L Richter,'" R. Rieder,' M. Sims,^° M. Smitli,'^ P. Smith,'^ L A. Soderblom,^® R. Sullivan,^ H. Wanke,' T. Wdowiak," M. Wolff,'^ A. Yen^'* The Mars Exploration Rover Spirit and its Atliena science payload liave been used to sediment carried by the water that cut investigate a landing site in Gusev crater. Gusev is hypothesized to be the site of a Ma'adim before it overflowed and exited former lake, but no clear evidence for lacustrine sedimentation has been found to through a gap in the northern rim of the date. Instead, the dominant lithology is basalt, and the dominant geologic processes are impact events and eolian transport. I^jany rocks exhibit coatings and other characteristics that may be evidence for minor aqueous alteration. Any lacustrine ^Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. ^Department of Earth and sediments that may exist at this location within Gusev apparently have been buried Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. -
Minard's Chart of Napolean's Campaign
Minard's Chart of Napolean's Campaign Charles Joseph Minard (French: [minaʁ]; 27 March 1781 – 24 October 1870) was a French civil engineer recognized for his significant contribution in the field of information graphics in civil engineering and statistics. Minard was, among other things, noted for his representation of numerical data on geographic maps. Charles Minard's map of Napoleon's disastrous Russian campaign of 1812. The graphic is notable for its representation in two dimensions of six types of data: the number of Napoleon's troops; distance; temperature; the latitude and longitude; direction of travel; and location relative to specific dates.[2] Wikipedia (n.d.). Charles Minard's 1869 chart showing the number of men in Napoleon’s 1812 Russian campaign army, their movements, as well as the temperature they encountered on the return path. File:Minard.png. https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Minard.png The original description in French accompanying the map translated to English:[3] Drawn by Mr. Minard, Inspector General of Bridges and Roads in retirement. Paris, 20 November 1869. The numbers of men present are represented by the widths of the colored zones in a rate of one millimeter for ten thousand men; these are also written beside the zones. Red designates men moving into Russia, black those on retreat. — The informations used for drawing the map were taken from the works of Messrs. Thiers, de Ségur, de Fezensac, de Chambray and the unpublished diary of Jacob, pharmacist of the Army since 28 October. Recognition Modern information