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The Multiverse • Mariusz P The The Multiverse • Mariusz P. Dąbrowski, Ana Alonso-Serrano • Mariusz P. and Thomas Naumann The Multiverse Edited by Mariusz P. Dąbrowski, Ana Alonso-Serrano and Thomas Naumann Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Universe www.mdpi.com/journal/universe The Multiverse The Multiverse Special Issue Editors Mariusz P. D¸abrowski Ana Alonso-Serrano Thomas Naumann MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade • Manchester • Tokyo • Cluj • Tianjin Special Issue Editors Mariusz P. Da¸browski Ana Alonso-Serrano Thomas Naumann Institute of Physics, Max-Planck Institute for Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron University of Szczecin Gravitational Physics, DESY Poland Albert Einstein Institute Germany Germany Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Universe (ISSN 2218-1997) (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/universe/special issues/ the multiverse). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03928-867-0 (Hbk) ISBN 978-3-03928-868-7 (PDF) c 2020 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Special Issue Editors ..................................... vii Ana Alonso-Serrano, Mariusz P. D¸abrowski and Thomas Naumann Post-Editorial of “The Multiverse” Special Volume Reprinted from: Universe 2020, 6, 17, doi:10.3390/universe6010017 .................. 1 Michael Heller Multiverse—Too Much or Not Enough? Reprinted from: Universe 2019, 5, 113, doi:10.3390/universe5050113 ................. 5 Ana Alonso-Serrano and Gil Jannes Conceptual Challenges on the Road to the Multiverse Reprinted from: Universe 2019, 5, 212, doi:10.3390/universe5100212 ................. 15 Mariusz P. D¸abrowski Anthropic Selection of Physical Constants, Quantum Entanglement, and the Multiverse Falsifiability Reprinted from: Universe 2019, 5, 172, doi:10.3390/universe5070172 ................. 37 Michael Douglas The String Theory Landscape Reprinted from: Universe 2019, 5, 176, doi:10.3390/universe5070176 ................. 59 Salvador J. Robles-Perez Time Reversal Symmetry in Cosmology and the Creation of a Universe–Antiuniverse Pair Reprinted from: Universe 2019, 5, 150, doi:10.3390/universe5060150 ................. 75 Eckhard Rebhan Possible Origins and Properties of an Expanding, Dark Energy Providing Dark Multiverse Reprinted from: Universe 2019, 5, 178, doi:10.3390/universe5080178 ................. 87 McCullen Sandora Multiverse Predictions for Habitability: The Number of Stars and Their Properties Reprinted from: Universe 2019, 5, 149, doi:10.3390/universe5060149 .................109 McCullen Sandora Multiverse Predictions for Habitability: Number of Potentially Habitable Planets Reprinted from: Universe 2019, 5, 157, doi:10.3390/universe5060157 .................135 McCullen Sandora Multiverse Predictions for Habitability: Fraction of Planets that Develop Life Reprinted from: Universe 2019, 5, 171, doi:10.3390/universe5070171 .................169 McCullen Sandora Multiverse Predictions for Habitability: Fraction of Life That Develops Intelligence Reprinted from: Universe 2019, 5, 175, doi:10.3390/universe5070175 .................199 v About the Special Issue Editors Mariusz P. D¸abrowski is a theoretical physicist specializing in cosmology, nuclear physics, and particle physics. He is Full Professor at the Institute of Physics, University of Szczecin, and Head of the Szczecin Cosmology Group, which he created. He received his Ph.D. in theoretical physics at the Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Wrocław, Poland, in 1989 and was awarded the title of Full Professor by the President of Poland in 2012. He has authored about 100 research papers in cosmology and related fields and has led many grants, including a recent project (2013–2018) dealing with the variability of fundamental constants in physics and cosmology funded by the Polish National Science Centre. His main research accomplishments are the proposal of some new inhomogeneous models of the universe (Stephani–Da¸browski models), the exploration of exotic singularities in the universe, and discovering a new type of barotropic index w-singularity. Most recently he suggested a novel test for astronomical measurement of the variability of the speed of light in the universe, formulated cyclic models of the multiverse, including calculations of inter-universal entanglement entropy, and worked on some aspects of generalized and extended uncertainty principles in quantum mechanics with consequences for black holes and the universe. Prof. Da¸browski is also active in the dissemination of results in astronomy, cosmology, and nuclear and particle physics to the general public, in collaboration with the Copernicus Center for Interdisciplinary Studies, Krakow,´ Poland, among others. Ana Alonso Serrano is a junior researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute) in Germany. She is a theoretical physicist working on the interplay between general relativity and quantum mechanics. She developed her thesis research at The Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) in Spain, obtaining her Ph.D. at the Complutense University of Madrid in 2015. Since then, she had several postdoctoral positions at Victoria University of Wellington (New Zealand), Charles University of Prague (Czech Republic) and Max Planck Insitute for Gravitational Physics (Germany). Her work has addressed several aspects of the multiverse, wormholes, quantum cosmology, and the study of singularities, black holes information paradox, quantum field theory in curved spaces and phenomenology of quantum gravity among others. She is also very involved in scientific outreach activities by giving talks, publishing articles, organizing workshops, and being part of the Berlin Soapbox Science team. Thomas Naumann Prof. Naumann finished his Diploma of physics at the Technical University of Dresden in 1975. He then started to study strongly interacting elementary particles at the Institute of High Energy Physics in Zeuthen near Berlin and finished his Ph.D. at the Humboldt University of Berlin in 1980. In 1987, Prof Naumann joined the H1 experiment at the electro-proto collider HERA at the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchroton DESY where he became a senior scientist in 1992 and worked on the precision measurement of the proton structure function and the coupling constant of the strong interaction. In 2005, he was appointed Honorary Professor at the University of Leipzig. Prof. Naumann joined the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider LHC at CERN in 2006. Since 2012 he has led the Particle Physics Group of the DESY site in Zeuthen and represents Germany in the International Particle Physics Outreach Group IPPOG. vii universe Editorial Post-Editorial of “The Multiverse” Special Volume Ana Alonso-Serrano 1, Mariusz P. Da¸browski 2,3,4,* and Thomas Naumann 5 1 Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, Albert Einstein Institute, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Golm, Germany; [email protected] 2 Institute of Physics, University of Szczecin, Wielkopolska 15, 70-451 Szczecin, Poland 3 National Centre for Nuclear Research, Andrzeja Sołtana 7, 05-400 Otwock, Poland 4 Copernicus Center for Interdisciplinary Studies, Szczepa´nska 1/5, 31-011 Kraków, Poland 5 Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 6 January 2020; Accepted: 14 January 2020; Published: 20 January 2020 Abstract: A succesful series of papers devoted to various aspects of an idea of the Multiverse have been gathered together and presented to the readers. In this post-editorial we briefly challenge the content referring to the main issues dealt with by the Authors. We hope that this will inspire other investigators for designing future tests which could make this very notion of the Multiverse falsifiable. Keywords: philosophy of multiverse; categories of multiverses; different physics universes; superstring multiverse; dark multiverse; multiverse entanglement; universe-antiuniverse pair creation; multiverse habitability: stars, planets, life, consciousness; falsifiability of multiverses Although the idea of the Multiverse as a collection of possible universes has entered the area of physics long time ago, it is right now when it is taking viability and providing alternatives to confront the current cosmological conundrums. While one may consider the studies related to the concept of the Multiverse as a new revolution that can change the current paradigm in cosmology, in fact, it can rather be understood as the next step in the Copernican transit, where our habitat has gradually lost relevance as unique, special, and also tiny as compared to early science ages thought. Nowadays, the notion of the multiverse emerges naturally from some developments in cosmology and particle physics as a consequence
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