Active Knit Fabrics - Functional Needs of Sportswear Application

Volume 9, Issue 2, Spring2015

P. Kanakaraj PSG College of Technology, Department of Fashion Technology R. Ramachandran PSG College of Technology, Department of Fashion Technology India

ABSTRACT

Sports textiles are the important arena for the new product development to impart the functional characteristics. The knitted fabric is highly suitable for next to the skin wear, while under low loading conditions it acquires high extensibility which allows it to fit snugly and without discomfort on any form on which it is pulled. With these unique features, the knitted goods are mostly preferred than other fabrics. The sports garments and its protective accessories/wears manufactured from the knitted fabrics have higher functional properties. If there is a change in the wearer’s physical activity and external environment, the functional clothing creates a stable microclimate next to the skin of the sports person. The balancing of such a climate is achieved by means of textile structure also. The layered knit fabrics are suitable for functional and technical applications rather than single layer knit fabrics. The double and multi layered knit fabrics are used in sports for their unique transmission characteristics such as water vapor permeability, air permeability, thermal conductivity and moisture management property.

Keywords: Sports textiles, water vapor permeability, air permeability, thermal conductivity and moisture management property

1. Introduction develop the functional knitted structure to The 7% of the world market is produce the leisure wear, sportswear which sports textiles in technical textile market. The improves the comfort of the wearer. The last five years, Rapid grown in global retail types of fibers play an important role for the industry –Sports apparels is expected to sports product development. The sum of the reaches approximately US $125 billion in mass of the dry fiber and the addition of mass 2017 with a CAGR of 6% over the next five of the water is the mass of the textile fiber. years.[41] Increase in demand the sports Owing to absorption the fibers become swell. apparel industry to boost the market and also This is because of the entry of water include the technological innovations. The molecular between the tightly packed two different raw materials hydrophobic and molecules in the fiber. Most of the available hydrophilic textile materials are used to intermolecular spaces are long and narrow so

Article Designation: Scholarly 1 JTATM Volume 9, Issue 2, Spring 2015

the swelling of the fiber take places in fiber feeling of dampness, low water absorption in width direction. The change in dimension is the skin by the layer next to the skin, rapid in the width wise direction is varied for the drying of clothing fabric to prevent the spread textile fibers. The noncircular cross sectional of cold, pleasurable to skin, non-abrasiveness view of a number of textile fibers, the change and non- roughness, stable in its dimension in cross sectional area of the cotton is better even if the fabric is in wet, sportswear to be measure than change in diameter. The durable, light weight and easy care, soft and volume change is also linked to the water that pleasant touch of clothing and other wears, has been absorbed by the cotton fiber. So the functional design and smartness [6]. swelling of the cotton increases with increase The designing of knitted clothing for in relative humidity in atmosphere[1]. sports is a very important one. The There are many methods to combine permeability properties of the sportswear the hydrophobic and hydrophilic textile fabrics depend on various factors. The single fibers in fabrics. A new product was invented jersey fabrics were developed with Dref-III by the authors [2] with high absorbent fabric. friction spun yarn. If one factor is constant The fabric consists of larger stripes of (sheath percentage / fiber fineness / yarn hydrophobic and lesser hydrophilic stripes on fineness) when the value of other two factor the entire surface of the fabric were produced. increases the air permeability and water So, the absorption of the moisture is high. vapor permeability of the fabric increases and The spun and filament yarns of same linear the fabric thermal conductivity decreases [7]. density are used for the production of The single jersey, single pique and double moisture management knitted fabrics by the pique knitted structures were produced by principle of alternate filament and spun yarn author Elena Onofrei [8] using the courses knitting by Miller & Cravotta [3]. combination of plain, tuck and float stitches The polypropylene fiber alone is not suitable in the structures. The fabric permeable to the design of the clothing for the active properties such as air permeability, water leisure and sportswear [4]. The wetting vapor permeability, thermal property and degree of the polypropylene fibers is very moisture management properties are studied low; the surface tension force of the water and found that the single jersey structure is drop maintains their shape. So the surface of selected for summer garment for moisture the fiber is not moistened by the water and management property. The dual layer knitted there are no possibilities of transporting the fabrics were produced for excellent thermal moisture drops to the outer layer, where it is insulation and breathability by the authors to absorbed by the natural fiber in the fabric develop the underwear and sportswear assembly. garments for outdoor games. The fabric The functional knitted structure of two consists of first inner layer as a hydrophilic different fabric layers based on different yarn of wool and/or wool/silk yarns and textile components (hydrophobic and second layer or outer layer, the hydrophobic hydrophilic textile material) is used to yarn of polypropylene is used to bind the first produce leisure wear, sportswear and and second layer of the fabric to produce dual protective clothing to improve the comfort. layer fabric [9]. The separation layer is polypropylene in contact with skin and the absorption layer will be the outside layer as cotton is used for the knit fabric [5]. The desirable characteristics required for the functional sports and leisure wear are as most favorable heat and moisture regulation, quick moisture/liquid absorption and transport capacity, good air and water permeability into the clothing, preventing the long term

Article Designation: Scholarly 2 JTATM Volume 9, Issue 2, Spring 2015

2. Utility Characteristics of Fabrics The term utility characteristics are defined as the changes in the comfort fit and wearing functions of the garment when the fabric engages a thermal, mechanical, electrical, or chemical force during the utilization of the garment. All the mass forces in the fabric such as liquids, gases, and solids are termed mechanical forces. The hand characteristics have been derived from the types of mechanical forces with respect to Figure 1. Multi-layer Clothing system, fabric characteristics. There are two types of utility characteristics such as transformation Two principles primarily govern the and functional characteristics. The design and engineering of the sportswear, i.e. transformation characteristic of the fabric is application of compression on specific that it changes the property of the fabric. The muscles to increase blood flow and dimensional properties of the fabric are application of principles of aerodynamics to altered without demolishing the fabric. The reduce wind or air drag in high speed sports. changes which disintegrate the fabric are Both principles can be used in combination termed durability characteristics. The or individually, depending on the transmission of mass or energy through the requirements.[10] Technologically advanced fabrics is termed the transmission knit fabric also used in sports application. characteristics. The transmission of mass or The men’s polo ($85) is constructed with 3- energy is from the one surface of the fabric to D knit fabric, which is engineered one and the other surface of the fabric. Air Dri-FIT fabric. This kit fabric have superior permeability (includes all gasses and vapors), sweat wicking and comfort. The new Luxe moisture transmission, heat transmission raglan polo ($75) is designed for women’s (thermal conductivity) and light permeability sportswear. This new fit polo has modern are the transmission characteristics [11]. look, ventilation and good mobility through designed fabric panels. The combination of 3. Water Vapor Permeability of Knit aesthetic and performance is given by hyper Fabrics warm apparel. A thermal mapping identified The important phenomenon in a area provides optimal warmth, constructed physiological comfort is the ability of the with different knit density. The Dri-FIT clothing to transport water vapor from the fabric is used in specific area to protect body. The sweat from the body is to be overheating and wick the moisture for removed from the surface of the skin to the comfortable[39]. The aerodynamic drag is atmosphere via clothing (next to skin). When also an important factor in sports because the sweating is stopped from the skin, in wind or air resistance is reduced through a order to reduce the humidity on the surface of number of mechanisms such as manipulation the skin the textile fabric should release the of surface morphology of the materials vapor held in the atmosphere [12]. The water reducing air and/or water permeability of vapor permeability indicates the quantity of fabric; and altering shape of patterns and water vapor that has been moved through a placement of seams and fasteners on the unit area of the fabric in a certain point in clothing. Even a small reduction in wind or time, as a result of the pressure gradient water drag can result in a significant between the two sides of the sample. The performance increase in speed sports [10]. measurement of water vapor permeability is a slow and somewhat delicate operation.

Article Designation: Scholarly 3 JTATM Volume 9, Issue 2, Spring 2015

made from the same yarn are compared. The property of water vapor permeability depends on the functions of the fabric thickness, density of the fabric and fabric bulk density [17]. Prahsarn et al [18] studied the effect of fabric thickness, density, porosity and fiber- cross section on moisture vapor transport properties of the fabric. The various polyester fabrics differing in construction, yarn type, and fiber feature are taken for the research work and found that the fabric construction has a dominating influence on moisture vapor transport behavior especially in low density open textile structure. The fabric thickness Figure 2. Breathable sports fabric, serves as an important factor since it The water vapor permeability of determines the distance through which the textile assemblies are evaluated by different moisture vapor and heat pass in traversing methods, such as the dynamic moisture from one side of the fabric to the other permeable cell in ASTM F 2298, the inverted surface of the fabric. The structure used in the cup method, the upright cup method in knit fabric influence the water vapor ASTM E 96-66, the desiccant inverted cup permeability of the fabric but not in the same method in ASTM F 2298, the control dish order as air permeability. The kind of raw method in BS 7209, and the sweating materials in the double layer knit fabrics is an guarded hot plate method knowing as the skin important factor. The fiber wetting and model in ISO 11092 [13]. The testing of wicking properties also influence more. The water vapor permeability of the fabrics is authors reported the fiber composition and done by the team is based on the evaporative structural parameters of double layer knits on dish method (Turn table equipment) based on the water vapor permeability in their study, it the British Standard, BS 7209 that was used is impossible to predict the water vapor to determine the water vapor permeability permeability using yarn area linear filling (MVTR) of layered knit fabrics [14]. rate [12]. The quantity and the rate of humidity absorption of double layer knitted fabric 4. Air Permeability of Knit Fabrics depend on the fibers used in the fabrics [12]. The air permeability of the fabric, the The water vapor permeability of the 100% ability of air to flow through the fabric is cotton fabrics reduces with time because of determined. It is a biophysical feature of the swelling behavior of hygroscopic fiber. The textile. The Textest FX-3300 air permeability swelling phenomenon of the cotton materials, tester is used by the author for the testing of because of moisture absorption, blocks the air permeability of the fabric according to the pores in its structure. So the swelling standard ISO 9237 [17]. Another standard phenomenon affects the vapor transmission methods to test the air permeability of the by diffusion over the time period. The result fabric is Standard EN ISO 9237:1997 and of water vapor permeability index through ASTM D 737-75 [20] [7]. cotton reduces with time [15]. The vapor The air permeability of the fabric is diffusion of air is higher than textile material. inversely proportional to the specific area of The air has 0.239 cm2/sec, and the cotton has the fiber diameter. The knit fabric produced 10-7 cm2/s and 10-9 cm2/s for polyester [16]. with finer yarn has more number of fibers in The fabric characteristics and its the cross section. When available surface structure play an important role on the water area of the resultant yarn cross section vapor permeability property. The fabrics increases the air permeability of the fabric reduces [19]. The flow of air through the

Article Designation: Scholarly 4 JTATM Volume 9, Issue 2, Spring 2015

textile structure is mainly affected by the structure has the greatest influence on the characteristics of pore in the fabric. Many permeability property of the fabric. The air factors influence the pore dimension of the permeability of the fabric is based on shape, fabric. The pore distribution in the fabric and value of the pore and number of channels in the dimension of the pore is a function of between the threads. In comparison to fabric geometry. The main factors affecting various derivative structures of plain and rib, the porosity of the fabrics are the yarn linear the moss stitch and full cardigan fabrics have density, yarn diameter, course density and higher permeability to air [21]. wale density. And the air permeability of the In many sports clothing, the relative fabrics depends on the finishing treatment air velocity around the body surface is given to the fabric. As per the application of significant by the travelling speed. So the the fabric, the air permeability is an important wind accelerates the heat loss from a warm one. The designing of garment and protective surface. In order to reduce the micro climate wear in the sports the air permeability cooling the surface layer of the body should characteristics is desirable [12]. provide high resistance to air penetration or The thickness of the fabric is one of lower air permeability. The outer garment of the influencing factors, which determine the the sports clothing ensembles, preferably air permeability of the fabric [20]. The air made with low air permeability fabric. The permeability of the fabric also depends on the body heat loss by the wet fabrics and layers loop length of the fabric. The assessment of reduces insulation. In particular, the outer porosity of double layered knit fabric fraught garment surface layer should be waterproof with the structural parameter. Loop length is or water repellent [22]. used to determine the pore size of knit fabric. When the loop length increases, the pore size 5. Thermal Property of Knit Fabrics in the fabric also increases. When the pore Fundamentally, the heat transfer size/length of yarn in the loop increases the process through the fabrics is the thermal air permeability of the fabric also rises. The conductivity. The thermal resistance value of loop length is a common rate for the the fabric is measured along with the relative comparison of similar pattern of the double water vapor permeability by using the layered knit fabrics. But in the different Permetest instrument. The permetest pattern of the fabric the loop length may not instrument consists of measuring head. This be used for the common rate for the measuring head is heated up to the 35˚C (core comparison purpose. Here the pore size temperature of the human body). The depends on the length of the yarn in the loop. ambient condition was maintained (25˚C When the length in the loop increases the temperature, 65% RH and 1.6 m/s air empty area also increases, which widen the velocity) [23]. The Alambeta instrument also pore size and permits air inside. So when the used to evaluate the thermal properties of the comparative fabrics have different pattern the fabric. ISO EN 31092-1994 standard is yarn area linear filling rate is used to predict followed in the evaluation of the thermal the air permeability of the fabric. The properties of the textile structure by the influence of the surface porosity on air researchers with the measuring head permeability is significant [12]. temperature in the instrument maintained The layered fabric made of outlast approximately 32˚C and the contact pressure and coolmax materials are compared for the of 200 Pa [17]. SASMIRA thermal air permeability of these fabrics. The outlast conductivity equipment also used to measure layered fabric shows higher air permeability. the thermal conductivity of the fabric in This is because of the lower thickness of the ASTM 1518-77 [7]. The measurement of fabric. There is an increase in resistance to air heat transmission in particular direction is flow in coolmax fibers. This is because of very difficult, because the heat dissipates in higher surface area of the fibers, so the lower all the direction in the fabric. The tog meter is the air permeability [17]. The knit fabric and guarded hot plate methods are used to

Article Designation: Scholarly 5 JTATM Volume 9, Issue 2, Spring 2015

overcome the above problem. The two plate of the fabric also by the fiber thermal tog meter and single plate tog meter are used conductivity. The surface characteristics of in practical. the fabric/texture also have the great The air in the textile structure is the influence on the cool/warm feeling of the most important factor for the thermal garment [17]. As Nida Oglakcioglu & Arzu conductivity. Still air has the lowest thermal Marmarali [27] reported that the thermal conductivity value when compared to all the conductivity values increase from single textile fibers (λ air = 0.025). So the air jersey, 1x1 rib and 1x1 interlock fabrics of transports the very low quantity of thermal cotton and polyester. energy by conduction and reduces the In flat knitting machine 1×1, 2×2 and thermal conductivity of the fabric [17]. The 3×3 rib fabrics were knitted with three yarns investigation of heat exchange process in the per feeder. The slack, medium and tight knitted fabric is influenced by the knitted knitted rib fabrics were produced. As the fabric structure and raw material used. The fabric gets denser or tighter, it decreases the thermal conductivity of natural fibers has heat loss due to decreasing the convective higher values than protein fibers. The thermal heat loss because of decrease of air conductivity (W/(m K)) for the cotton fiber in circulation through the fabric. The other one Longitudinal direction is 2.88 & Transverse increases the heat loss due to increased direction is 0.243. The thermal conductivity conductive heat loss because of increased (W/(m K)) of the polyester filament in conductivity. The air entrapped in the fabric transverse (KT) is 0.157 and longitudinal is less and has more contact between the (KL) is 1.26 [24] [25]. fibers. The slack, medium and tight knitted The heat transport performance of fabric natural and forced convection heat the sports clothing is very important. The transfer coefficient increases, when the fabrics used in the sports are to maintain the tightness factor of the fabric increases. The body temperature during the activities. The fabric become tighter, the heat lost through sportsman can feel cooler in summer and the fabric is decreased, due to lesser air warmer in winter due to the heat transport permeability. When increase is in order of rib properties of the fabric used in the sports. The from 1x1 to 3x3 the heat lost decreased. fibrous materials used in the sports textiles; Owing to the increase the air entrapped in the due to its bulkiness as air is entrapped within fabric, increases the conductive heat. The air the fabric. This affects the heat transport entrapped between the face and back loop of properties of the sportswear. The moisture the rib fabric decreases when the rib number transport performance of the sportswear is increases to 2x2, 3x3, 4x4. This is because of improved by changing the cross section of the the increase in the curvature due to increase fibers used in the clothing and by usage of in rib number of the fabric. When rib number special chemicals in the fabrics. The fabrics increases the heat lost by the fabric also made of such special chemical and fibers increases. The heat lost in the fabric, due to keep the body dry by transporting the fibers and air gaps is more important than air vapor/liquid form the body surface to the circulation [28]. atmosphere [6]. The knitted fabric structure is the During heat transmission main influencing factor for the heat through the fabric, decreases the heat interchange/ exchange process. The plain conduction of the fabric when increases the plated fabric transmits the heat faster through thickness and surface mass of the fabric [26]. the fabric as compared with the combined The available specific area is proportional to structure. Combined structure is produced thermal conductivity of the fabric [19]. The from the double bed knitting machine. The yarn characteristics and fabric structure affect loops are produced from two beds so the the thermal conductivity of the materials to a loops are arranged in two layers and great extent. The thermal resistance of the connected in random places. So, the amount fabric is not only dependent on the thickness of air in the combined knitted fabric is greater

Article Designation: Scholarly 6 JTATM Volume 9, Issue 2, Spring 2015

as compared to plain plated fabric. Because further diffusion ability of the fabric and the of higher amount of air in the fabric structure amount of water up-take [17]. the heat transfer process is slower. Here the The water content changes with air acts as an insulator in the fabric. So this respect to time on the fabrics top (Ut) and type of fabric is not suitable for winter bottom (Ub) surfaces. The water content of seasons [29]. In multi-layer systems, the the top surface is lower than that of bottom thermal resistance is mainly based on the surface of the fabric. This indicates that the heat-insulating layer. The thermal resistance water introduced in the top surface is quickly value of the heat-insulating layer in the transferred to the bottom surface of the fabric. combination of multi-layer system is based Based on the water content changes on the fabric thickness [30]. measurement phenomenon in between top and bottom surface of the fabric, one of the 6. Moisture Management Property of moisture management index is called Knit Fabrics accumulative one-way transport index The human body produces moisture (OWTC). This one way liquid transport in the form of perspiration; it should be capacity is an important one in transmission removed from the surface of skin to the fabric property of knit fabrics for sports application. of the next-to-skin clothing. The fabrics High OWTC values, show the liquid in the should allow moisture in the form of sensible wet surface of the fabric its quickly transports and insensible perspiration to be transmitted to next surface of the fabric as stated by from the body to the atmosphere in order to Nilgun Ozdil & Gamze Supuren [33] and cool the body. After the body has stopped Junyan Hu et al [34]. sweating, the textile fabric should release the The two set of plated fabric were vapor held in the atmosphere in order to produced by the authors, a) the polyester reduce the humidity on the surface of the skin trilobal on knit face and functional fiber yarns [31]. For achieving the satisfactory comfort on back of the face, b) the polypropylene on level of the wearers, the degree of contact of knit face and same functional fiber yarns on the fabric to the skin, types of fibers used in back of face. The distribution of capillary the fabric are the major ways to change the pores and surface tension of the pathways surface alteration. determine the drying behavior of the fabric. The fabrics made with differences in The polypropylene face knitted fabrics are fiber, influences the dynamic surface inferior in wicking ability but better in drying moisture level. The dynamic surface compared to polyester face knitted fabric moisture occurs in relatively low surface [35]. The speed of the liquid spreading and value and act in a way to reflect the the area of the liquid depend on the structures instantaneous change that occurs because of in the fabric and raw materials used in the microclimate and exercise [32]. The fiber fabrics too. The most effective moisture morphology, nature of the raw materials removal from the body surface is with the (hydrophobic or hydrophilic), yarn special profile polyester fibers as compared characteristics, some extent fabric to polypropylene, polyamide and ordinary characteristics and structure are the essential polyester. The garment produced from this factors for the behavior of diffusion ability. fiber gives dry feels in the human body. The The fabric thickness and its cover are other largest area of the liquid spot in the outer influencing factors for the water diffusion layer of the fabric means, the moisture will ability. A less dense and thinner fabric vaporize most rapidly. improves the diffusion ability. The special In weft knitted fabrics the dynamics morphology structure of the fiber and the raw of a liquid spot of combined knit structure is material (hygroscopic nature) promote the faster than the plain weft knitted plated water diffusion ability. And the fabrics reported by Bivainyte & characteristics of the fabric and the structure Mikucioniene [4]. The most important can contribute significantly to improve factors influencing the liquid spot dynamics

Article Designation: Scholarly 7 JTATM Volume 9, Issue 2, Spring 2015

are the raw material, the wale density, course evaporation at the skin and fabric surface density and structure of the fabric. The type through the penetration of cold air in to the of floats stitches lie between loops and the fabric [37]. The team of researchers found arrangement of natural/man-made yarn that there are different categories of yarns stitches/loops in the inner and outer surface used in the outer and inner layer of the multi- of the knit fabrics. In steady dynamics of spot layer fabrics, which influences the moisture area condition, the liquid spot on the inner management properties of the fabrics [38]. and outer surfaces of the fabrics made from cotton/synthetic combination is greater than the manmade bamboo/synthetic combination fabrics. The greater area of the liquid spot means the knitted fabrics will dry rapidly. The researchers found in their study, that the liquid spot spread area on the plain plated fabric and combined structure is similar in size. The only difference between the fabrics is the rate/speed of the spreading of the spot on the surfaces of the fabric. The ribbed surface structure of the fabric demonstrated the highest water intake Figure 3. Moisture management fabric, capacity and best initial water wicking rate. This behavior is most probably the capillary 7. Conclusion system in the fabric, removing and The utility attributes of knitted sports transporting water through the structure. The clothing, the above mentioned transmission in-plane wicking ability of the fabric is low characteristics are influenced by the various in high thickness fabrics [17]. The pores in aspects in fiber, fabrics and technologies the structure become open which reduces the involved during manufacturing. So the liquid water travel through the pores [36]. selection of knit fabrics for the new Garments made of plant branch design/development of sports products in this structured knit fabrics shall facilitate the field of sports textiles involves technological transport of sweat from the skin to the outer approach. The layered knit fabric provides layer of the fabric very fast and make wearer exclusive comfort to the spots persons and more comfortable. The knit fabric with larger evolves rapidly. pore size in the middle layer fabric improves the wicking property of fabric. The grouped References yarn in the back of the fabric can increase the 1. Saville, B P (1999) Physical Testing of initial water absorption rate; this is because Textile, The Textile Institute, of faster water absorption in bimimetics of Woodhead Publishing Limited, plant structures. The type of yarn and stitch England. density of the fabric in front & back influence 2. Lubos, H & Ludmila, H (2004) Textile the liquid water transport in the fabric. But Fabric, in Particular Single-layer Fabric the interaction of the structure and yarn types and a Textile Product with Such Fabric, does not influence the water absorption rate. European Patent No. 1467008 A2. The effects of various yarns and the 3. Miller, RA & Cravotta, JB (2006) interaction between the structure and types of Knitted Fabric Construction with yarn are highly significant in one way Improved Moisture Management, US transport capacity of the fabric. The Patent No: 6986270 B2. compactness of the knit fabrics is affected by the yarn’s linear density. The summer wear or sports wears used has the desirable lower air resistance, which improves the sweat

Article Designation: Scholarly 8 JTATM Volume 9, Issue 2, Spring 2015

4. Bivainyte, A & Mikucioniene, D (2011) 13. Brojeswari Das, Das, A, Kothari, V.K, ‘Investigation on the Dynamic Water Fanguiero, R & De Araújo, M (2007), Absorption of Double-Layered Weft ‘Moisture Transmission through Knitted Fabrics’, Fibres & Textiles in Textiles Part II: Evaluation Methods Eastern Europe, vol. 19, no. 6 (89), pp. and Mathematical Modelling’, Autex 64-70. Research Journal, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 194- 5. Geraldes, MJ, Lubos, H, Araújo, M, 216. Belino, NJR & Nunes, M.F (2008) 14. Seshadri S Ramkumar, Arvind ‘Engineering design of the thermal Purushothaman, Kater D Hake & properties in smart and adaptive knitting David D McAlister, (2007) structures’ Autex Research Journal, vol. ‘Relationship Between Cotton 8, no.1, pp. 30-34. Varieties and Moisture Vapor 6. Devanand Uttam, (2013) ‘Active Transport of Knitted Fabrics’, Journal Sportswear Fabrics’, International of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics, vol. Journal of IT, Engineering and Applied 2, no. 4, pp. 10-18. Sciences Research (IJIEASR), vol. 2, 15. Subhasis Das & Kothari, VK (2010) no. 1, pp. 34-40. ‘Moisture vapor transmission 7. Singh, KVP, Chatterjee, A & Das, A behaviour of cotton fabrics’, Indian (2010), ‘Study on physiological Journal of Fiber & Textile Research, comfort of fabrics made up of vol. 37, pp. 151-156. structurally modified friction-spun 16. Brojeswari Das, Das, A, Kothari, V.K, yarns: Part I-Vapor transmission’, Fanguiero, R & De Araújo, M (2007) Indian Journal of Fiber & Textile ‘Moisture transmission through Textiles Research, vol. 35, pp. 31-37. Part I: Processes involved in moisture 8. Elena Onofrei, (2010) ‘The Properties transmission and the factors at play’, of Knitted Fabrics for bio-functional Autex Research Journal, vol. 7, no.2, textiles’, Buletinul Institutului pp. 100-110. Politehnic Din Iasi, vol. LVI (LX), no. 17. Elena Onofrei, Ana Maria Rocha & 2, pp. 75-83. Andre Catarino, (2011) ‘The Influence 9. Vaglio Tessitore & Filippo, (2013) of Knitted Fabrics Structure on the Dual-layer fabric, in particular for Thermal and Moisture Management sports and underwear with improved Properties’, Journal of Engineered breathable and insulating properties, Fibers and Fabrics, vol. 6, Issue 4, pp. EP 2540886 A2. 10-22. 10. Deepti Gupta, (2011) ‘Functional 18. Prahsarn C, Barker, RL & Gupta, BS clothing – Definition and classification’, (2005) ‘Moisture Vapor Transport Indian Journal of Fibers & Textile Behavior of Polyester Knit Fabrics’, Research, vol. 36, no. 12, pp. 321-326. Textile Research Journal, vol. 75, no. 11. Jacob Solinger, (1980) Apparel 4, pp. 346-351. Manufacturing Handbook-Analysis, 19. Singh, KVP, Chatterjee, A & Das, A principle and practice, Litton (2010) ‘Study on physiological Educational Publishing Inc, New York. comfort of fabrics made up of 12. Bivainyte, A & Mikucioniene, D structurally modified friction-spun (2011), ‘Investigation on the Air and yarns: Part I-Vapor transmission’, Water Vapor Permeability of Double- Indian Journal of Fiber & Textile Layered Weft Knitted Fabrics’, Fibres Research, vol. 35, pp. 31-37. & Textiles in Eastern Europe, vol. 19, no. 3 (86), pp. 69-73.

Article Designation: Scholarly 9 JTATM Volume 9, Issue 2, Spring 2015

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Article Designation: Scholarly 10 JTATM Volume 9, Issue 2, Spring 2015

37. Qing Chen, Jintu Fan, Manas Sarkar & 39. http://news.nike.com/news/gear-up- Gaoming Jiang, (2010) ‘Biomimetics and-master-the-sport-on-the-golf- of Plant Structure in Knitted Fabrics to course-stay-comfortable-stay- Improve the Liquid Water Transport protected-stay-cool Properties’, Textile Research Journal, 40. http://www.wraindia.com/Book%20of vol. 80, no. 6, pp. 568-576. %20Papers.pdf 38. Rock, M, Lumb, D & Lie, W (1996) 41. http://www.lucintel.com/reports/consu The Plaited Double Knitted Fabric, US mer_goods/global_retail_sports_appar Patent 5547733. el_market_analysis_2012_2017_trend s_foreacast_february_2012.aspx

Article Designation: Scholarly 11 JTATM Volume 9, Issue 2, Spring 2015