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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY of DENMARK and GREENLAND BULLETIN 21 · 2010 Exploration History and Place Names of Northern East Greenland

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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY of DENMARK and GREENLAND BULLETIN 21 · 2010 Exploration History and Place Names of Northern East Greenland GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF DENMARK AND GREENLAND BULLETIN 21 · 2010 Exploration history and place names of northern East Greenland Anthony K. Higgins GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF DENMARK AND GREENLAND MINISTRY OF CLIMATE AND ENERGY Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin 21 Keywords Exploration history, northern East Greenland, place names, Lauge Koch’s geological expeditions, Caledonides. Cover illustration Ättestupan, the 1300 m high cliff on the north side of Kejser Franz Joseph Fjord discovered and so named by A.G. Nathorst in 1899. Frontispiece: facing page Map of Greenland by Egede (1818), illustrating the incorrect assumption that the Norse settlements of Greenland were located in South-West and South-East Greenland. Many of the localities named in the Icelandic Sagas are placed on this map at imaginary sites on the unknown east coast of Greenland. The map is from the second English edition of Hans Egede’s ‘Description of Greenland’, a slightly modified version of the first English edition published in 1741. Chief editor of this series: Adam A. Garde Editorial board of this series: John A. Korstgård, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Aarhus; Minik Rosing, Geological Museum, University of Copenhagen; Finn Surlyk, Department of Geography and Geology, University of Copenhagen Scientific editor of this volume: Adam A. Garde Editorial secretaries: Jane Holst and Esben W. Glendal Referees: Ian Stone (UK) and Christopher Jacob Ries (DK) Illustrations: Eva Melskens Maps: Margareta Christoffersen Digital photographic work: Benny M. Schark Layout and graphic production: Annabeth Andersen Geodetic advice: Willy Lehmann Weng Printers: Rosendahls · Schultz Grafisk a/s, Albertslund, Denmark Manuscript received: 22 April 2010 Final version approved: 1 July 2010 Printed: 21 December 2010. Minor factual corrections made May 2011 in the www.geus.dk version. ISSN 1604-8156 ISBN 978-87-7871-292-9 Velux Fonden supported publication of this Bulletin (see acknowledgements). Citation of the name of this series It is recommended that the name of this series is cited in full, viz. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin. If abbreviation of this volume is necessary, the following form is suggested: Geol. Surv. Den. Green. Bull. 21, 368 pp. Available from Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark Phone: +45 38 14 20 00, fax: +45 38 14 20 50, e-mail: [email protected] or at www.geus.dk/publications/bull © De Nationale Geologiske Undersøgelser for Danmark og Grønland (GEUS), 2010 For the full text of the GEUS copyright clause, please refer to www.geus.dk/publications/bull Contents Abstract. 5 Introduction . 7 Geographical limits . 8 Exploration and discovery . 9 Scope of place names – approved / unapproved. 11 Acknowledgements . 12 Official place names in Greenland . 13 Exploration history of northern East Greenland . 17 Pioneer exploration and discovery: c. 2500 BC – 1912 . 18 Commercial activities, early mountaineering, geological mapping: 1919–1960 . 30 Modern scientific investigations, adventure and sporting expeditions 1961–2008. 65 Catalogue of place names in northern East Greenland . 117 Glossary. 350 Administrative organisation of Greenland . 350 Abbreviations . 350 Geographical terms . 350 References. 351 Maps 1–3 (end of volume). 365 Maps 4 & 5 (folded in pockets) 4 Abstract Higgins, A.K. 2010: Exploration history and place names of northern East Greenland. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin 21, 368 pp. + 2 maps. The first recorded landing by Europeans on the coast of northern East Greenland (north of 69°N) was that of William Scoresby Jr., a British whaler, in 1822. This volume includes a chronological summary of the pioneer 19th century exploration voyages made by British, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, French and German expeditions – all of whom reported that the region had previously been occupied by the Inuit or Eskimo; also included are brief outlines of the increasing number of gov- ernment and privately sponsored expeditions throughout the 20th century, whose objectives included cartography, geology, zoology, botany, trapping and the ascent of the highest mountain summits. In 1934 the Place Name Committee for Greenland was established, the tasks of which included a review of all place names hitherto recorded on published maps of Greenland, their formal adop- tion in danicised form, and the approval or rejection of new name proposals. In northern East Greenland, by far the largest numbers of new place names were those proposed by scientists associ- ated with Lauge Koch’s geological expeditions that lasted from 1926 until 1958. This volume records the location and origin of more than 3000 officially approved place names as well as about 2650 unapproved names. The author’s interest in the exploration history and place names of northern East Greenland started in 1968, when the Geological Survey of Greenland initiated a major five-year geological mapping pro- gramme in the Scoresby Sund region. Systematic compilation of names began about 1970, initially with the names given by William Scoresby Jr., and subsequently broadened in scope to include the names proposed by all expeditions to northern East Greenland. The author has participated in 16 summer mapping expeditions with the Survey to northern East Greenland. Publication of this vol- ume represents the culmination of a lifetime working in the Arctic. Authors’ address Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark E-mail: [email protected] 5 6 Introduction The place names of northern East Greenland, be - om Grønland was the preferred publication for rou - tween 69° and 81°21´N, provide a vivid record of the tine geological and other scientific descriptions, be - exploration of one of the least accessible parts of cause it had the resources to produce well-illustrated Greenland. This region includes the eastern part of accounts that were often accompanied by coloured the North-East Greenland National Park, the largest folding maps. national park in the world, and extends southwards The author’s interest in East Greenland’s explo- beyond the national park limits to include the East ration history and place names was stimulated during Greenland settlement of Scoresbysund / Illoqqor - his first summer in East Greenland in 1968. This visit toor miut (Ittoqqortoormiit) that was founded in 1925. to the Scoresby Sund region was undertaken with the Illoqqortoormiut is the official spelling, while Ittoq - Geological Survey of Greenland (GGU – subsequent- qortoormiit is the East Greenlandic dialect spelling ly the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, used by the inhabitants. GEUS). Between 1968 and 1998 the Survey mapped All of East Greenland was formerly occupied by geologically the entire region of northern East Green- Inuit (Eskimo) cultures, whose house ruins are found land between 69° and 81°21´N, and the author partic- throughout the region, but none of the names the ipated in a total of 16 summer expeditions to this Inuit used have survived. The region was re-discov- region with the Survey. ered by whalers in the early 19th century and mainly In about 1970 the author began compilation of the explored by European expeditions of British, Danish, place names used on the various discovery and explo- Norwegian, Swedish, French and German origin. An ration expeditions that have visited East Greenland increasing number of expeditions with varied objec- since 1822, and this work has continued until publi- tives visited the region throughout the 20th century. cation of this volume. From 1990 onwards partici- After formation of the Place Name Committee for pants in the GGU/GEUS regional mapping expedi- Greenland (Stednavneudvalget) in 1934, the names tions were supplied with collections and explanations used on all existing published maps were systemati- of official place names relevant to the region of study cally reviewed and with few exceptions approved in (Higgins 1990, 1994a, 1997). It is these preliminary danicised form. More than 190 place names used by col lec tions of place names that form the basis for the the Greenlandic inhabitants of Scoresbysund / Illoq- present work. qor toormiut (Ittoqqortoormiit) since 1925 were re - A variety of publications on place names used in corded in 1955. In this volume the term ‘Inuit’ is used Greenland exist, for example on the names that can be in references to the former eskimo residents of north- traced to the Norse settlements in South-West and ern East Greenland, whereas ‘Greenlandic’ or ‘Green- West Greenland (Vebæk 1966), and those that relate landers’ is used in respect of the present day in ha bitants. to the Dutch whale-hunting period in West Green- A very large number of place names were proposed land (Bobé 1915, 1921; Rosendahl 1974). The only by geologists and other scientists associated with attempt at a regional account on the origin of place Lauge Koch’s expeditions between 1926 and 1958, names is Dan Laursen’s ‘The Place Names of North and reflect to some extent the diverse nationalities of Greenland’ (Laursen 1972). Laursen’s work has close the participants; names were given after persons, similarities with this volume in that the great majori- towns or geographical locations of Danish, Swiss, ty of place names listed relate to European and North Finnish, French, Swedish and British origin. One of American voyages of exploration. However, the pre - the principal reasons that so many names proposed sentation is somewhat verbose in giving very detailed by Lauge Koch’s scientists have been approved is that information on each of the expeditions that visited the journal Meddelelser om Grønland (published by North Greenland, and the place name section is not the Videnskabelige Kommission for Grønland: the presented in strict alphabetical order. When develop- Scientific Commission for Greenland) insisted that ing a style of presentation for this volume, I have only officially approved place names could be used in followed in many respects that of the ‘Dictionary of their publications.
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