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Greenland in figures 2019 in Figures 2019 • 16th revised edition • Editorial deadline: May 2019 • Number printed: 1,200 Published by • Telephone: +299 34 57 70 • Fax: +299 34 57 90 • [email protected] • www.stat.gl Edited by Bolatta Vahl and Naduk Kleemann, Statistics Greenland

Typesetting and graphics by Nuisi • Printed by DAMgrafisk © Statistics Greenland 2019. Quotations from this leaflet are permitted provided that the source is acknowledged. ISBN: 978-87-998113-4-2 EAN: 9788798678786 ISSN: 1602-5709 Index

5 Greenland – The world’s largest island 23 Business 6 Politics 24 Business Structure 7 Population 25 Fishing 8 Migration 27 Hunting 9 Deaths and Births 28 Agriculture 10 Health 29 Tourism 12 Families and Households 31 Income 13 Education 32 Prices 15 Social Welfare 33 Foreign Trade 16 Crime 34 Public Finances 17 Culture 35 National Accounts 18 Climate and Environment 37 Key Figures 20 Transportation 39 More Information about Greenland 21 Labour Market

Symbols - 0 . Category not applicable 0 Less than 0.5 of the unit used … Data not available * Provisional or estimated figures All economic figures are in Danish kroner (DKK).

Pituffik/

National Park

Upernavik

Uummannaq

Qeqertarsuaq Kommunia  Kommune Kommunia

Maniitsoq  National Park  Kommuneqarfik  Kommune

Narsaq

Nanortalik

4 Greenland

The World’s largest Island Greenland is geographically located on the North American continent. In terms of geopolitics, however, it is a part of Eu- rope. 81 per cent of Greenland is covered by ice, and the total population is just about 56,000, on an area 1/6 of Siberia´s. The population density is the lowest in the world. Counting the ice-free areas only, it is a mere 0.3 persons per square ki- lometre. For comparison, this is about 1/10 of Siberia´s popu- lation density.

Greenland is a self-governing region within the Kingdom of . In 1721, Greenland became a Danish colony, in 1953 a Danish County, and in 1979, home rule was granted. Self-government was established on June 21th 2009.

Along with Denmark, Greenland was an EU member from 1973 on. Following a referendum in 1985, however, Green- land left the union and has not been a member since.

Most of the Greenlandic landscape is pristine . All towns and settlements are located along the coast line. No , the northernmost settlement in the roads exist between towns, and all travel is by ship and air- world, is located in North West Greenland, a craft only. Most of the population lives on the southern west mere 1,400 km from the North Pole. Gunn- coast. This includes the capital Nuuk with around 18,000 in- bjørn Fjeld, Greenland’s highest mountain with habitants. 3,700 meters, is located in East Greenland. Greenland has its own national flag, and issues its own stamps. (DKK) is legal tender.

Mads Pihl – Visit Greenland

5 Politics

The (Parliament of Greenland), with 31 members, Greenland is divided into five municipalities; Kommune Kujal- and (the Government) are both located in the leq, Kommuneqarfik Sermersooq, Qeqqata kommunia, Kom- capital Nuuk. The Head of Naalakkersuisut is termed “Naalak- mune Qeqertalik and Avannaata Kommunia. Elections for the kersuisut Siulittaasuat”. municipal boards are also held every four years. As of March 2018, Greenland has 7 political parties. The two largest are Every four years, elections for the Inatsisartut are held. A can- (“Forward”) and Ataqatagiit (“Unified Inuit”). didate can run for a party or as an independent. The D´Hondt method of seat calculation is used. After each election, the Being a part of the Kingdom of Denmark, Greenland has two Inatsisartut appoints the new Naalakkersuisut members and seats in Folketinget, the parliament of Denmark. The members the new Naalakkersuisut Siulittaasuat. are elected in conjunction with the election for the Danish par- liament. From time to time, referendums about political deci- Election to the Greenlandic Parliament. sions are held. In 1979, Greenland voted for home rule, and in April 24th, 2018 by Party 2008, it voted for self-rule. In 1982, Greenland voted for leav- Votes Per Cent Mandates Elected women ing the EU. Parties 29,003 100.0 31 12 1,730 5.9 2 - Demokraatit 5,712 19.5 6 3 7,478 25.5 8 5 Siumut 7,957 27.2 9 3 Nunatta Qitornai 1,002 3.4 1 - Partii 3,931 13.4 4 - Samarbejdspartiet 1,193 4.1 1 1

Source: The Election Board, Government of Greenland

Election to the municipal councils, April 4th 2017 Greenland Avannaata Kommune Qeqqata Kommuneqarfik Kommune total Kommunia Qeqertalik Kommunia Sermersooq Kujalleq Distribution of votes Atassut 11.8 16.6 7.7 21.2 7.6 8.6 Demokraatit 8.2 6.7 5.0 - 16.9 - Inuit Ataqatigiit 32.4 16.0 44.5 17.4 43.0 33.5 Partii Naleraq 4.6 10.8 0.9 8.3 2.6 - Siumut 41.5 48.7 40.6 51.7 28.2 56.0

Source: The Election Board, Government of Greenland

6 Source: http://bank.stat.gl/BEEST3 Source: http://bank.stat.gl/BEEST3 Population by locations years. 40 ing last for the This trend continu hasmigration been from the settlements. the as well as growth population net rapidly, the absorbing growing 1960´shaveFrom the been populations town on, the lately. ternational in increasingly Danish, has become it predominantly though is remainder The ancestry. is of Greenlandic population of the Most Qaqortoq. and Aasiaat Ilulissat, Sisimiut, Nuuk, towns largest cent five in live the per 60 About settlements. and in towns coast; at the exclusively lives population Greenland´s Po 1979 1989 1999 2009 2019 p 37,205 37,205 43,932 43,932 45,519 45,519 47,085 47,085 48,723 48,723 towns ulation Total population In In

12,132 12,132 11,238 11,238 10,565 10,565 Outside Outside 9,108 9,108 7,269 7,269 towns tion patterns take place. patterns tion and migra fertility, mortality in changes no if by 3,000, decrease will it words, other In 52-53,000be persons. will population the 2040, In FORECAST POPULATION 49,337 49,337 55,170 55,170 56,084 56,084 56,193 56,193 55,992 55,992 Total 30,717 30,717 36,003 36,003 39,654 39,654 41,689 41,689 43,280 43,280 towns Born inGreenlandBorn In In

10,204 10,204 Outside Outside 9,762 9,762 9,787 9,787 8,473 8,473 6,972 6,972 towns - 40,921 40,921 45,765 45,765 49,441 49,441 50,162 50,162 50,252 50,252 Total - - 7 3,000 Source: http://bank.stat.gl/BEEST5 Source: http://bank.stat.gl/BEEST5 Population by gender and age of women. have overweight an above and old years 50 from generations oldest The women. 1/3 and men of 2/3 consists of Greenland outside born workforce the of as men, overweight populace has atotal Greenland 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 Women 0 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89 90-94 95+ 0-4 5-9 As of January 1 of January As Greenland. 268 hereof have have hereof 268 Greenland. 0 Men non-Danish citizens in live non-Danish citizenship in a Nordic citizenship in aNordic 500 CITIZENSHIP 1,000 country. 1,500 st 2019, 1,112 2,000

2,000 2019 2009 3,000

Elia Locardi – Visit Greenland Source: http://bank.stat.gl/BEEBAF2B Source: http://bank.stat.gl/BEEBAF2B Internal migration Internal years. 50 last for on the going has been to Nuuk, to primarily towns, districts outer from internal migration An ulace composition. pop the on and have big impact a are significant, migrations size internal the in Greenland, Compared to population the g Mi Others From towntosettlement From settlementtotown Between settlements Between towns Same settlement Same town closer to the level as of before the financial crisis in 2008. financial crisis in the of as before 2008. to level the closer peakedin 2016 nationals landic is now but persons, 204 with of Ice number The Chinese and are Philippine, nationals. Thai immigrant groups largest total. The cent of population 2 per representing now is growing, twist international Greenland´s FOREIGN NATIONALS ration 14,322 1,201 1,403 4,695 1,119 2014 345 25 13,791 1,242 1,306 4,875 1,232 2015 363 22 14,383 1,138 1,264 4,926 1,045 2016 397 26 14,158 1,082 1,317 4,919 2017 417 993 16 13,495 1,066 1,193 4,904 2018 308 964 20 - 8 - Migration numbers abroad, selected ten years. last for ayear the 370averagely persons has been emigration net Fromthe this, segment. population -born Greenlandic for the case is at abalance. is the not This immigration time, foreign net the by Over immigration. tered coun continously of to foreign nationals be emigration net the requires workforce for summoned need land´s constant Green versa. vice or to Greenland Denmark from move who are citizens Danish of of the migrants Kingdom, majority The Source: http://bank.stat.gl/BEEBBIU2 Source: http://bank.stat.gl/BEEBBIU2 Net immigration Immigrations, total Born inGreenlandBorn Born outsideGreenlandBorn Emigrations, total Born inGreenlandBorn Born outsideGreenlandBorn Denmark. In 2019, In Denmark. number the Greenlandic born lived in lived born Greenlandic B LIVING IN DENMARK GREENLAND GREENLAND in orn has risen to 16,566.has risen In 2008, 13,865 2008, In 2,419 1,676 2,934 1,154 1,758 1998 -515 735 2,536 1,611 3,175 1,560 1,604 2008 -639 915 2,360 1,114 1,246 2,560 1,366 1,190 2018 -200

Rebecca Gustafsson – Visit Greenland - - MOST POPULAR NAMES FOR NEWBORNS In 2018, Inuk and Norsaq Deaths and Births are the most popular boy names. Ivaana and Malu are the most popular girl names.

Around 850 persons are born every year, and around 500 die. Fertility rate per women in towns and settlements Men and women born in Greenland have a shorter life expec- Settlement Town tancy than the average of the western world. This is primarily due to a high mortality rate caused by accidents and suicide. 2018

Live births and deaths 2008

Numbers 1998 1,250

1,000 1988 Live births

750 1978 Deaths 500 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 Source: http://bank.stat.gl/BEEBBLSF1 250

0 1978 1988 1998 2008 2018 Source: http://bank.stat.gl/BEEBBL0 and http://bank.stat.gl/BEEBBDM1

In Greenland, men live to the age of 68.8 years on average, while women live to the age of 73.0 years.

The general birth pattern has remained stable during the last ten years. Towns differ from settlements in fertility rate. Women in settlements give birth to more children than those in towns. However, fertility in the settlements has decreased in the past few years. In the start 1960´s, the general fertility was very high, causing the Health Authority to launch cam- FIRST BIRTH paigns for contraceptive pills and intrauterine devices. Also, In Greenland, women give birth to their first child abortion was legalized in 1975. Even today, pregnancies more 3-5 years earlier than women in the other . often result in legal abortions than in live births. However, The mean age for Greenlandic primiparae is 24.7 years. since the start 1970´s, the fertility total has been constant, at around 2.0 births per woman.

9 Health

The health care system in Greenland is divided into five re- Causes of deaths gions. Regional Hospitals are located in the cities; Ilulissat, Aa- 2013 2014 2015 siaat, Sisimiut, Nuuk and Qaqortoq. The hospital in Nuuk, Number of Deaths Dronning Ingrid’s Hospital, is the Central Hospital of Green- Total 421 442 435 land. In each region, outside of the main cities, there are Infectious diseases 22 12 21 health care centers, health care stations and rural health care Cancer 105 109 99 consultations, which may be equipped with telemedicine. Endocrine and metabolic 11 8 6 Public dental clinics are located in towns. Health care is pro- Heart diseases 55 64 55 Other circulatory system diseases 34 30 34 vided free of charge for all citizens of Greenland. Prescription Respiratory system 30 38 41 medicine, birth control and dental treatment in public dental Digestive system 17 15 22 clinics is free of charge for residents. Accidents 23 15 27 Suicide 42 45 32 Residents can be living far away from a health care center or Homicide 3 3 3 a regional hospital. In case of serious illness citizens will be Other 79 103 95 transported to the nearest hospital for medical examination Source: National Board of Health and treatment. Patients in need of specialized treatment, e.g. cancer patients, are transferred to Dronning Ingrid’s Hospital in Nuuk or to a hospital in Denmark. Pregnant women from smaller towns or settlements are transported to the nearest NATIONAL HOSPITAL regional hospital to give birth, usually a month or so before Dronning Ingrids Hospital in labour. This is due to guidelines, which have been implement- Nuuk is called SANA in daily ed to enhance the safety of mother and child. talk, as it was built as a tuberculosis sanatorium in 1953. In 1961, it became the Central Hospital.

10 Compared to the other Nordic countries, tuberculosis is more Import of cigarettes than 20 times as frequent in Greenland. Sexually transferred Number of cigarettes per person over 14 years diseases are distinctly more frequent, while cancer is a par 3,500 Regular cigarettes with the other Nordic countries. Suicide rates are 6-7 times 3,000 higher than the other Nordic countries. This number has been stable during the past 25 years. 2,500 2,000

Import and production of alcoholic beverages 1,500

Litres of 100 pct. alcohol per person over 14 years 1,000 15 Rolling tobacco 500

12 0 1998 2008 2018 9 Source: http://bank.stat.gl/ALETOB2

6 Beer

3 Wine Spirits 0 1978 1988 1998 2008 2018 CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO Source: http://bank.stat.gl/ALEALK Alcohol consumption has dropped 50 per cent over the last 30 years, and is now at par with the other Nordic countries. Tobacco consumption has also dropped 50 per cent over the last 25 years.

Mads Pihl – Visit Greenland

11 COUPLES AND SINGLES TODAY 60 per cent of the populations in the 30-69 years Families and age group live as couples. In 2019, 19,317 persons live as singles, which is Households 15 per cent more than 20 years ago.

The Greenlandic family structure has been changing during Families and households the last 50 years. Today, couples often live together without 1999 2009 2019 being married. The relations between persons in a household Number of families define family type. In brief, the Greenlandic family is defined Minor not living with parents* 1,359 1,181 1,066 as one or more persons from the same household, who are Single 16,551 17,600 19,317 kin or couples. Married 3,512 4,761 5,429 Couple living in consensual union 4,653 3,548 2,981 In general, we define three family types; couples, singles and Cohabiting 2,026 1,944 1,808 Number of households children not living at home. The couple or single family type Towns 16,858 18,569 19,790 can have children or youngsters living at home. A family con- Settlements 2,776 2,912 2,558 sists of two generations at max. For instance, three genera- Farm 55 58 46 tions living in one household would count as two or more families. * Minors not living with parents include those living with other relatives, in foster care, in social institutions or dorms. Source: http://bank.stat.gl/BEEFAM2 and http://bank.stat.gl/BEEHUS1

HOUSEHOLDS A household is defined as all persons living at the same address, regardless of how the persons are related. A household can consist of more than one family, while a family cannot be dispersed over more than one household. Mads Pihl – Visit Greenland

12 nearest town in order to attend 8 to attend in order town nearest to move and the home to their leave need small settlements Children of six. age at from the school primary start dren Chil in Greenland. is mandatory school Ten of primary years ticeships in companies or at the school. at the or in companies ticeships training appren as practical and classes theoretical between alternate educations vocational The colleges. main vocational at six are offered educations vocational most while schools, four have towns high Only education. secondary upper an have to town to pursue to move another Many people young education. secondary to upper continue directly 1in 7pupils Only Denmark. or in Greenland school uation at year acontin one children study half of the about school, elementary After grades. lowest English the from is taught on, and grade first the from language asecond as taught E ducation th -10 th grade. Danish is - - - 13 Number of educations completed educations. vocational or 10 in, school high have to yet active complete, are still or 18-25 the of 6out Among nearly olds, year education. ondary sec upper an attain not do in Greenland Many people young Source: http://bank.stat.gl/UDEISC11D 100 200 300 400 500 0 2007 High school 2012 2017 Vocational education 2007 2012 2017 Greenland 2007 Higher education 2012 Abroad 2017 -

Rebecca Gustafsson – Visit Greenland EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT Though increasing, the education level in Greenland remains the lowest in the Nordic. About half of the population of all 25-64 years old have no education above the lower-secondary level, compared to about ¼ in Greenland´s University, Ilisimatusarfik, is located in the capital other Nordic countries. Nuuk. It offers 11 bachelor programs and 4 master programs. Short-cycle higher educations are also offered at some voca- tional schools. As only a few higher educations are offered in Greenland, 40 per cent of the students study abroad. The ma- jority study in Denmark.

Education is free, and students receive a monthly student grant. Apprentices usually receive salary from the apprentice- ship. Students that need to move to another town for studies Educational attainment 25-64 years old, 2017 are entitled to a dormitory room.

Higher education CHOICE OF EDUCATION 16 pct. Women attain an education above lower-sec- ondary level more often than men. One out of Vocational Lower five women have a higher education, com- education secondary pared to one out of eight men. Women pri- 25 pct. school marily choose educations in welfare, business 54 pct. or higher education. Men primarily choose ed- ucations in engineering, construction, and transport services.

High School 5 pct.

Source: http://bank.stat.gl/UDEISCPROD

14 Social Welfare

Carlo Lukassen – Visit Greenland

For social welfare, Greenland follows the Nordic Model. If cer- Recipients of housing subsidies and tain requirements are met, citizens are entitled to income-re- child benefits by time placing benefits in case of unemployment, disease and mater- 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 nity. Persons with low or no income, who do not meet regu- Number of persons larities are entitled to public benefits. Recipients of housing subsidies 5,355 5,196 4,850 4,422 4,116 Recipients of child benefits 3,952 3,826 3,601 3,573 3,488

Low-income families also have the right to housing subsidies Source: http://bank.stat.gl/SOEBS01 and http://bank.stat.gl/SOEBT01 and child benefits. Disabled residents are entitled to relief measures to compen- Residents with reduced work ability can apply for early retire- sate for the disability. The measures are highly individual. ment pension, if younger than 66 years. If 66 years or older, They may include help in daily life from a support person, be- residents are always entitled to age pension. In addition, early ing accompanied when travelling or full-time stay at a resi- retirees and senior residents may receive help and care in their dential institution. Disabled residents may also be offered a home. If necessary, a nursing home place is offered. protected workshop job.

Recipients of public and Social and unemployment benefits in 2017 unemployment benefits by time Total amount in 1,000 DKK 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 450,000 Number of persons 400,000 Recipients of public benefits 8,008 7,889 7,111 6,065 5,788 350,000 Recipients of unemployment 300,000 and disease benefits 3,094 3,073 3,099 2,885 2,912 250,000 Source: http://bank.stat.gl/SOE004 and http://bank.stat.gl/SOE006 200,000 150,000 Recipients of pensions by time 100,000 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 50,000 Number of persons 0 Public benefitsUnemploymentAge benefits pension Early retirementMaternity pension benefitsHousing subsidiesChild benefits Recipients of age pension 3,669 3,671 3,758 3,998 3,789 Recipients of early retirement pension 2,619 2,565 2,457 2,249 2,280

Source: http://bank.stat.gl/SOEAPE1 and http://bank.stat.gl/SOEFPE1 Source: http://bank.stat.gl/OFEKOMR and http://bank.stat.gl/OFEK1

15 PROPERTY CRIME AND Crime JUVENILE DELINQUENCY Property crime and juvenile delinquency have dropped 25 per cent during the last five years.

The Greenlandic court system is comprised of four District The justice system in Greenland emphasizes resocialization. Courts and The Court of Greenland, to represent first court Convicts are generally allowed to maintain some degree of level. The , represents the second everyday life during imprisonment. Six correctional facilities court level. As the Greenlandic court system is still a part of exist in Greenland, with a 154 total inmate capacity. Mentally the Danish court system, the Supreme Court of Denmark is deviant offenders may be sentenced to time-indefinite impris- also third court level for Greenland. onment in Denmark.

Verdicts by precautionary measure, selected numbers Reported offenses, by type 2013 2014 2015* 2016* 2017* Special laws Traffic law Criminal law Number of verdicts Warning 282 179 225 95 59 2017 Suspended sentence 489 985 1,303 551 329 2016 Unsuspended sentence 539 653 566 664 333 Fine 1,762 1,797 1,780 1,515 1,451 2015 Withdrawal of charges 284 181 176 118 95

2014 *Preliminary figures Source: http://bank.stat.gl/KREAF 2013 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 Offenses against persons include murder, violence, rape and Source: http://bank.stat.gl/KREAN sexual assaults on minors. Compared to the other Nordic coun- tries, offenses against persons are considerably more frequent. The number of verdicts is highly susceptible to the current fo- cus areas of the criminal justice system.

THE PROBATION SERVICE The Probation Service in Greenland oversees convicts who have been sentenced to probation terms, community service or legal psychiatric placement. The Probation Service also partici- Mads Pihl – Visit Greenland pates in crime prevention, in cooperation with the police, schools and Social Services.

16 could read and write from the 1840s on. 1840s the from write and could read everybody literate almost as has along tradition, Greenland exist. also publishing companies of Ahandful minor pers. pa of have towns local Anumber issues. paper have weekly Atuagagdliutittional newspapers (AG) which and , na to two the in addition exist, also stations TV and radio cal of lo Anumber programs. sports and entertainment-, news-, Company, of arange TV and radio national broadcasting Service Public is Greenland´s (KNR) Radioa Nunaata students. for actor school is also Theatre National The tours. countrywide on go shows some to year from year, varies of shows number and The tradition. culture and Greenlandic on based repertoire, Art Performing a produces which Theatre, National of the home is also Nuuk 15 well-preserved The cultural history. local tells the which museum, have own towns their al. Most tradition life is more remote areas in while the sure activities, lei and facilities Townstion. have avibrant life, sports with tradi and of globalism is amix culturalGreenland´s identity Visits to Greenland National Museum area. heritage general curates the also which Nuuk, in Museum National at Greenland´s are exhibited mummies Source: GreenlandNationalMuseum *Numbers donotincludevisitsinentrance Culture Total* Children Adults

11,556 1,891 9,665 2013 11,697 2,630 9,067 2014 Number of visits Numberofvisits 9,343 2,868 6,475 2015 th 11,545 century – Qilakitsoq century 3,532 8,013 2016

12,646 3,799 8,847 2017 12,342 3,909 8,433 2018 ------17 Broadcasts by KNR (Greenlandic Radio/TV) (Greenlandic by KNR Broadcasts musicians, mainly in the rock and pop genres. pop and rock musicians, in mainly the of performing number high has arelatively Greenland days. these popular increasingly have and become tradition, music Inuit original the constitute dances and century. songs Drum 17 in the colonists early and by whalers Greenland are in European, dances introduced were and traditional The popular. dance is also Folk choirs. have own towns their Most Source: KNR Radio, total TV, total LANGUAGE adept and resourceful as initiator to put a consortium togeth initiator as to resourceful aconsortium and put adept quite to be considered could be still despite, condition poor my I, whatever considered had again –once manyhow times for knows –God apparently that they reports were ”There means: This nguatsiaraluallaqqooqigaminngamiaasiinngooq qissupilorujussuanngortartuinnakasinngortinniamisaalin- er for the establishment of a range of of small stations” arange radio establishment forer the ” 153 with goes: Greenlandic on word letters longest the of One Greenlandic. Official is coined Greenlandic West but family. exist, language Various dialects -Aleut the to belongs which is Greenlandic, mainGreenland´s language Nalunaarasuartaateeranngualioqatigiiffissualioriataallaq

2,556 2012 378 2,086 2013 695 Greenland has 5,559Greenland heritage known in the are located Most locations. Hours per year Hoursperyear 2,327 2014 650 top-soil, but don’t touch! but top-soil, HERITAGE LOCATIONS 2,274 2015 732

2,895 2016 ”. 987 th and 18 and 3,686 2017 767 th th - -

Mads Pihl – Visit Greenland Stacy William Head – Visit Greenland temperatures can drop below -70 below drop Celsius. can temperatures degrees 2013. Cap, Ice is the in place Greenland where coldest The 25.9 Celsius in Coast July of Greenland West the on degrees since 1958 in Greenland measured temperature is highest The to for grow. afew trees lowing al climatethe , Greenland, is Sub South of fiords deep climate. However, Arctic has aLow generally in the Greenland South and Mid months. to five one night lasts polar the and are harsh winters midnight sun, the with while are cool mers sum Here, the climate Arctic. the Greenland, is High North In variation. alocal mild with summers the and are cold ters win The region. Polar Northern in the is located Greenland C li m ate and E nvironm - - - 18 Average temperatures in 2018, selected towns selected 2018, in temperatures Average Degrees inCelsius Source: ASIAQandDMI December November October September August July June May April March February January December November October September August July June May April March February January ent

Ilulissat Ilulissat (North) -15.6 -17.8 -16.1 -15.4 -18.3 -27.4 -26.8 -22.5 11.1 15.9 14.0 19.1 12.1 -1.1 -3.2 -5.0 -0.6 -1.6 8.3 5.6 5.1 6.3 0.0 0.0 suaq (West) Kangerlus­ Average MaximumTemperatures Average MinimumTemperatures -27.6 -26.4 -21.0 -13.7 -15.7 -34.7 -38.7 -33.3 10.3 14.5 20.7 21.0 21.4 11.9 -3.0 -0.7 -6.0 -1.4 5.3 7.2 5.0 6.9 1.7 0.1 (West) Nuuk Nuuk -16.7 -20.7 -15.3 10.0 10.9 15.5 17.2 19.3 -9.7 -9.7 -8.3 -9.5 -7.6 -0.1 -1.4 3.6 7.0 9.6 0.7 4.4 8.0 6.5 1.7 0.3 Narsarsuaq Narsarsuaq (South) -11.1 -13.0 -14.7 -22.8 -19.6 10.3 13.2 13.1 17.0 19.2 17.7 11.9 -9.9 -9.4 -7.4 -2.3 9.1 9.4 8.3 6.6 9.7 2.4 2.5 2.4

Tasiilaq (East) -12.9 -12.4 -13.9 -15.5 -14.7 14.2 16.7 -9.2 -8.4 -7.9 -0.8 -2.3 4.6 5.6 6.3 3.6 2.8 3.1 9.0 7.1 5.4 4.9 2.2 1.2

duced from incineration of waste in treatment plants. in treatment of waste incineration from duced Asmall is pro of heating amount of electricity. for production fuels fossil on entirely rely still districts outer and settlements only. fuels fossil from produced was towns, Smaller power Tasiilaq. and sat introduced, were plants hydropower Before Ilulis Sisimiut, Qaqortoq/, Nuuk, supplying built, been have plants for energy. five hydropower 1990s, Since the need has alarge climate basically to cold the Due Greenland ton CO ton 525,148 was consumption energy from gases 2016, In of greenhouse emission actual the GAS GREENHOUSE OF EMISSION consumption has dropped 16.0 cent. has dropped consumption per energy from gases of greenhouse tual emission 2 equivalent. Compared to equivalent. 1990, ac the - - - 19 Energy consumption and of degree self sufficiency Source: http://bank.stat.gl/ENE1ACT Source: http://bank.stat.gl/ENE1ACT 0 20 40 60 80 100 Pct. 2012 2013 2014 Degree ofselfsufficiency Consumption ofrenewable energy Consumption offossilfuels 2015 2016

Paul Zizka – Visit Greenland Mads Pihl – Visit Greenland Source: http://bank.stat.gl/ENEMO2DI Source: http://bank.stat.gl/ENEMO2DI *  Number of registered motor vehicles in 2018 in vehicles motor registered of Number only. roads dirt usually have gravel or settlements and towns Smaller taxies. and have also buses towns Bigger of transportation. means typical are the Here, cars have towns roads. only. paved Most air or by sea are transported goods and Passengers ments. settle and towns to connect roads or railroads hasland no to climate the Due geography, and countries. Green Nordic Transportation in different Greenland from is the very other T West Greenland East Greenland emergency vehiclesand otherunspecifiedvehicles. ATV and4-wheelers,constructionmachineries,trucks,amotorcycle, trailer, Qasigiannguit Ilulissat Qaanaaq Kangaatsiaq Aasiaat Sisimiut Paamiut Nuuk Narsaq Qaqortoq Tasiilaq Ittoqqortoormiit rans p Buses 15 18 40 ortation 1 1 3 1 1 3 2 ------Taxis 31 12 20 27 13 94 15 1 4 2 1 5 4 3 - - - 3,676 Cars 466 108 710 152 228 78 29 15 36 27 59 61 30 50 4 - mobiles Snow­ 188 160 571 319 40 13 44 46 12 12 25 33 47 5 4 2 8 Other motor Other motor vehicles* 1,042 203 280 14 17 14 40 19 39 25 24 10 75 37 27 8 - - -

20 Source: GreenlandAirports and Europe. ships from US, for cruise destination a popular is itself but ship routes, fall. passenger international has no Greenland to from springtime have only ship areas arrivals time. These ice during winter sea Arctic High by the is impeded regions Travel eastern and exist. also routes to far the by sea northern year. of the Coast most West passenger the minor Several on routes maintains passenger Ittuk, ship, passenger Line’s, Umiaq Arctic tofreight settlements. and routes towns company, shipping Line, has largest Greenland´s Royal Arctic Air by traffic Passenger Inaat/Ittoqqortoormiit. lusuk Nerlerit and Ku Narsarsuaq, Ilulissat, for Nuuk, bound of Reykjavik, out maintains routes Moreover, Connect for . Iceland Air Kulusuk and bound routes Greenland have Ilulissat Air Nuuk, Kangerlussuaq. air base American former is the Greenland maingateway The to helicopter routes. flight and all domestic as Iceland, well as and Denmark flightinternational to routes maintains company, Greenland, airline Air major Greenland´s Helicopter traffic International trafficbyplane International Domestic trafficbyplane winter time. In summer,winter time. In are used. dinghy boats is covered by ice in sea the when transportation for local are used sleds dog and mobiles snow Greenland, East and of North districts outer the In GREENLAND EAST AND NORTH 158,191 193,618 44,611 2014 166,688 198,921 41,675 2015 Greenland has 13 airports, has 13Greenland airports, 43 helipads. The entire The 43 helipads. country has 383 km km has 383 country AND HARBOURS AND 184,307 212,540 paved road. paved 41,239 AIRPORTS 2016 173,523 200,075 39,789 2017 - Airports, ASIAQ Source: Greenland Labour Market

A large proportion of the Greenlandic labour market are pub- CHOICE OF lic jobs in municipalities or the Government of Greenland. In PROFESSION towns, most people work as employees. In settlements, a Around 40 per cent of all jobs are large proportion are mainly huntsmen and fishermen. In gen- found in the public sector. More eral, the Greenlandic labour market follow the Scandinavian than 60 per cent of employed women model, having employee- and employer organizations, wage are working in the public sector. For agreements and an extensive legislation for worker protec- men, public administration and tion, arbitration, vacation and worker´s compensation. Per- service, fishing, hunting and sons without Danish or Nordic citizenship need a residence- agriculture are the most and work permit. popular choices.

Main employment by industry and nationality, 2017 Total Greenland Denmark Other Nordic Europe Africa America Asia countries Number of main employed persons in average per month Total 26,543 23,217 2,891 111 67 9 21 225 Fishing, hunting & agriculture 4,391 4,174 184 13 2 2 1 14 Mining and quarrying 86 50 29 2 5 - - - Manufacturing 271 232 36 1 - 1 1 1 Electricity and water supply 381 310 67 1 2 - 1 - Construction 1,987 1,616 339 14 10 1 2 6 Wholesale 2,965 2,671 238 5 2 - - 50 Hotels and restaurants 803 582 107 2 5 - 1 106 Transportation 2,501 2,108 338 33 8 - 1 12 Business activities 1,312 977 297 9 6 1 4 18 Public administration and service 10,585 9,433 1,087 23 19 4 8 9 Other industries 941 822 101 6 2 - 3 8 Activity not stated 319 242 67 2 6 - 1 2

Source: http://bank.stat.gl/AREBFB7

21 Rebecca Gustafsson – Visit Greenland Source: http://bank.stat.gl/ARELED4 Source: http://bank.stat.gl/ARELED4 Pct. 2017 quarter, and by age rate Unemployment 12 16 20

0 4 8

18-19

20-24

25-29

30-34

35-39

40-44

45-49

50-54 55-59

4. quarter 3. quarter 2. quarter 1. quarter 60+ years 60+ 22 and the geographic dispersion, which limits mobility. limits which dispersion, geographic the and to climate due the in employment, variation seasonal large market labour is featurea Greenlandic in the distinct Another low. very rate is unemployment the educated, highly the average.al For cent nation per 6.8 the are below segments workforce other rates for all unemployment The school. primary from apart cent have per education no 84 Around workers. of unskilled force work of has the proportion ahigh part unemployed The Unemployment and educational background - Business

BUSINESS IN GREENLAND Greenland´s business life is dominated The economic activity in Greenland is dominated by few large by large, publicly held enterprises. industries. About 1/3 of the revenue generated by the com- The largest companies with a 100 per panies is created within the fisheries and fisheries-related in- cent self-rule ownership are Royal dustry and trade. Another big industry is wholesale and retail, Greenland A/S (fishing industry), KNI A/S for which the revenue pose just about one third of Green- (retail and oil business), Royal Arctic land’s total company turnover. Line A/S (shipping) and Tele Greenland A/S For companies, the largest value added is found in the fisher- (telecommunications). ies sector, which accounts for more than one third of total value added.

Turnover Value added 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 DKK million DKK million Fishing and other related industries 4,292,209 4,685,662 5,729,736 6,977,154 6,224,469 1,651,477 1,740,032 2,386,148 2,882,822 2,525,500 Mining 174,101 141,135 122,029 86,640 97,166 -68,337 39,649 -243,846 -135,965 -98,222 Manufacturing 357,939 356,811 364,948 407,793 404,584 136,859 138,663 140,803 161,078 166,686 Construction 1,941,346 1,718,967 1,982,769 2,214,644 2,399,430 733,439 690,576 808,629 884,934 975,278 Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicl 5,687,930 5,736,739 5,934,433 6,290,202 6,365,904 997,988 1,041,623 1,080,841 1,205,839 1,237,068 Transportation and storage 2,032,907 2,047,019 2,137,238 2,282,779 2,469,311 856,441 995,990 1,072,534 1,152,573 1,194,697 Accommodation and food service activities 306,191 300,788 341,176 399,271 424,461 139,335 146,834 162,518 192,068 199,066 Information and communication 1,043,493 1,055,651 1,080,767 1,141,759 1,125,630 599,732 615,817 599,084 690,124 641,502 Financial and insurance activities 503,750 559,968 542,528 554,137 606,680 297,655 173,316 242,127 214,466 367,728 Real estate activities 432,662 439,194 418,194 428,508 460,059 302,774 315,717 311,369 325,926 331,687 Professional, scientific and technical activities 235,821 261,156 249,701 256,411 284,336 132,328 159,742 152,732 170,767 187,068 Administrative and support service activities 286,312 342,034 481,276 490,809 524,143 143,629 129,076 153,687 144,413 165,458

Source: http://bank.stat.gl/ESERESBAL, http://bank.stat.gl/ESENGL

23 Business structure

The most common type of company is proprietorship. This in- cludes registered operators in the coastal fisheries. The sec- ond most common mode of operation is other types of com- panies.

About half of total company salary payouts are paid by limit- ed companies.

Number of enterprises 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Number of enterprises Percentage of salaries Proprietorship 3,086 3,017 3,028 3,146 3,159 13.9 15.4 14.9 15.9 13.6 Limited companies 160 151 138 137 134 52.6 49.3 49.5 48.5 49.2 Other types of companies 590 580 615 637 653 21.7 22.9 23.8 23.8 23.8 Funds etc. 172 177 176 174 174 8.8 10.0 9.4 9.1 9.9 Foreign branches 48 31 25 31 83 1.6 0.8 0.6 0.7 2.4 No information given 69 61 73 87 65 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.9 1.3 Total 4,125 4,017 4,055 4,212 4,268 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Source: http://bank.stat.gl/ESE2A

BUSINESSES (ACCOUNTING STATISTICS) Business statistics is the basis for analysis of the business structure in Greenland. The focus is on Greenlandic companies outside public administration, defense and social insurance. This means that the company’s share companies and governmentcontrolled companies are includ- ed in the survey, while large parts of the public sector are generally not included.

The main sources of business statistics are the employment and income registries, which are both derived from Tax Agency data.

24 Fishing

Mads Pihl – Visit Greenland

Fishing is Greenland’s single most important trade. Fishing for Total landings of fish and shellfish on prawns and Greenlandic halibut and some other species is coastal and offshore fishing, selected species regulated by quota and license regulations decided by the 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 government. Fishing comes in two breeds; coastal - and off- 1,000 Tonnes shore fishing. Coastal fishing supplies land-based seafood Shellfish, total 44.3 35.6 44.6 44.0 49.2 buyers, while the offshore fishing fleet primarily consists of Snow crab 1.7 1.9 1.9 2.2 2.6 factory vessels with on-board production. Northern prawn 42.6 33.8 42.6 42.6 46.6 Fish, total 61.0 69.7 80.5 72.4 66.8 The land based fishing industry is dominated by two compa- Chars - - - - - Greenland cod - - - - - nies; the government-owned , and the pri- Wolffish 0.9 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 vate owned Polar Seafood. Royal Greenland is Greenland’s Greenland halibut 30.3 28.2 34.6 28.1 32.0 largest company. In the last couple of years, a number of pri- Other species - - - - - vate seafood enterprises have appeared on the scene. Capelin 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 Redfish 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 R. grenadier - - - - - Lumpfish 8.1 7.1 5.0 7.4 6.7 Atlantic cod 21.0 33.6 40.3 36.1 27.4

Source: http://bank.stat.gl/FIE001

25 Benjamin Hardman – Visit Greenland 471 dog sleds and 646 snow snow 471 646 and sleds dog vessels, 1,668 dinghy boats, 1,668 dinghyvessels, boats, fishing fleet consists of consists fleet 281 fishing In 2018,In Greenland´s mobiles licensed for for licensed mobiles FISHING VESSELS fishing. the Greenlandic sled dog. dog. sled Greenlandic the of is enforced This to Greenland. prevent mix-breeding East and to North- Greenland West- from South and dogs move to permit Likewise, takes aspecial it Greenland. South and to West- moved to be permit tourism,and require aspecial for fishing, used hunting are primarily dogs the in which areas, sled Greenlandic East and North- the from dogs Greenlandic SLED DOGS and international vessels, primarily on trawlers. shrimp on primarily vessels, international and Greenlandic on observers deploys (GFLK) Control authority sector, Greenland’s and Fishery fisheries the over authority legal the the EU.with has Greenland agreement eral fisheries has agen and Iceland and , Faroethe Islands, with agreements has bilateral trilateral or Greenland fisheries Source: http://bank.stat.gl/FIE008 fishing,Greenlandic offshore vessels on shellfish and fish of Total catch Greenland halibut Atlantic cod Capelin Atlantic halibut Haddock Herring Icelandic scallop Mixed fish Saithe Deep seaprawn Redfish Catfishes Blue whiting Mackerel Other species

2014 20.1 13.2 37.7 75.2 7.6 9.8 1.1 0.6 1.0 0.4 4.6 6.5 0.2 - - 2015 14.3 42.1 12.0 34.8 29.3 8.5 1.1 0.6 2.7 0.4 4.8 5.7 0.9 - -

1,000 Tonnes1,000 2016 15.3 20.1 36.9 12.7 34.7 7.5 3.3 1.3 0.7 3.8 0.6 5.4 0.2 - -

2017 17.4 26.2 12.2 43.0 20.5 45.8 8.5 1.4 0.5 1.0 0.4 4.5 1.0 - - 2018 10.2 17.9 11.4 44.5 23.3 62.4 1.2 2.6 0.7 1.0 0.4 3.1 0.5 - - - Heritage in 2018.Heritage World UNESCO as inscribed was and of human history years to 4,500 testify remains, which of prehistoric aplethora holds area The the islands and coast. of to fiords ing grounds, the hunt Cape, Ice vast by stretching from the the scape, cultural is aunique land at Kangerlussuaq – Nipisat Aasivissuit HERITAGE WORLD UNESCO Numbers oflicense Source: http://bank.stat.gl/FIEJABE Source: http://bank.stat.gl/FIEJABE Hunting licenses formals available hunting. of ani number the regulates system quota The species. ed – limit huntingwhen quota needed is license aspecific tion, addi In recreational. and professional breeds; in two comes license to general hunt. for anyone, wants The who datory hunting is man license Ageneral permissions. and of seasons economy. to by Hunting is means ment regulated household supple Even today,ations. important an hunting provides away of life for gener in Greenland has been Huntsmanship H 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 untin 0 Professional hunters Sports hunters 2013 2014 g 2015 2016 2017 ------27 Catch of and birds birds and mammals of Catch enforce police hunting the the general, regulations. ulated. In are quota-reg not of species A number of day quota. means well. as Bird huntingmammals by are is regulated traded land from Skin A/S. at Neqi are lamb butchered and Sheep others. among Royal Greenland, and at Lilleholm is traded musk mammals, ox reindeer and sea from Meat species. land important musk and ox most are the role. Reindeer nomic only, in Greenland eco consumed aminor plays and is meat have hunting The quota. species of number A tannery. only country´s the by Greenland, Great tanned is skin seal cent of traded per 50 About districts. northern in the fodder for dog used or is consumed meat the while ed, is skin usually trad seal role. The important an plays still Seal ice fishing fishingwinter.and in in summer dinghy do often will they from hunting. addition, living In usually don’t make afull hunting holders license Professional PROFESSIONAL HUNTERS AND MAKING A LIVING Source: http://bank.stat.gl/FIEFANGST canada goose,barnacle goose,shortnestgooseandptarmigan. der, kingeider, squaw, mallard,fulmar, theist,littleauk,black-legged kitti,goose, rus. 3)Polarhare,reindeer, ,arcticfoxand polarbear. 4)Guillemot,ei ed dolphin,minkewhale,bowhead humpbackwhale,finwhaleandwal whale, narwhale,killerharbourporpoise, pilotwhale,atlanticwhite-sid 1) Ringedseal,harphoodedbearded sealandharbourseal.2)Beluga figures * Preliminary Seals 1) Birds 4) 2) Land mammals 3) Land mammals3)

153,38 410.28 26.74 2012 6.58 148,579 366.22 25.15 2013 2.94 Landings in tonnes Landingsintonnes Numbers of catches Numbersofcatches 129,517 361.55 15.20 44.16 2014 121,516 344.49 16.40 42.47 2015

112,798 367.07 10.99 23.92 2016 106,025 329.02 2017* 8.14 3.57 ------

Tikki Geisler – Visit Greenland Mads Pihl – Visit Greenland five areas around the the around areas five Fiords. and Tunulliarfik in 2017.ESCO World Heritage of consists UN as inscribed was Greenland in South landscape cultural 350 km Kujataa agricultural sq. and The HERITAGE WORLD UNESCO Source: AgriculturalConsultingServices Livestock Red’s in . settlement old at the Erik 1924established In was farm full-scale first the fields. Norse in Igaliku,ancient the literally on business hobby 1782,In a as formed was farming today’s tradition sheep west Greenland in 986 and lived there up til mid 15 til mid up there lived and in 986 Greenland west South colonized settlers Norse Age, where Viking Late the to back dates agriculture Greenlandic context, ahistorical In climate of this region. to sub-arctic due the Greenland, South of fiords deep in the only almost Agriculture exists market. home for the vegetables and potatoes with along reindeer. for animals feed is grown, Winter domesticated sand plus area few held, thou cattle and horses bees, of poultry, number lamb. and Amodest grazing summer of sheep with farming sheep on based is mainly Agriculture in Greenland Ag Beehives Fowls Horses Cows Tame reindeer Sheep riculture

21,704 2,441 2007 152 216 10 42 20,439 3,000 2009 182 186 56 - Number of animals Numberofanimals 20,232 3,000 2011 215 161 79 4 19,994 3,000 2013 191 132 125 4

17,501 3,000 2015 165 151 146 - 6 th century. century. 17,785 3,000 2017 168 152 193 6 - - 28 Source: AgriculturalConsultingServices Numbers offarms Farms by location gardening. greenhouse and gardening duction farming, pro in sheep educations offering school, agricultural runs an also Upernaviarsuk winter feeds. and crops common most for the out is carried program climate test arctic an isUpernaviarsuk Greenland´s South farm. experimental Here, ning afarm. forces run join on generations three or bigger, two often and fewer and farms have become sheep decades, last the Over 15 20 25 30 0 2007 2009 2011 Qaqortoq Narsaq 2013 Paamiut Nanortalik 2015 2017 Nuuk - - as well. as in winter activity maintains some but season, summer in the peaks tourism to also spring runs from fall.generally Outdoor of flight ship.and acombination usually means season Cruise travelling Greenland, Within in Ittoqqortoormiit. Inaat Nerlerit Kulusuk or Narsarsuaq, Nuuk, Kangerlussuaq, into Ilulissat, flights international ship or Tourists by cruise enter Greenland Touris m 29 Numbers ofNumbers flight and cruise passengers by season Source: http://bank.stat.gl/TUEUPAX andhttp://bank.stat.gl/TUEKRP Note:  Winter 1) Winter Winter 1) Winter Spring 2) Spring 2) Summer 3) Summer 3) Autumn 4) Autumn 4) 3) June,JulyandAugust4)September, OctoberandNovember. 1) December, 2)March,AprilandMay andFebruary January Numbers includeresidentsinGreenland.

10,039 13,327 13,594 35,212 14,000 6,327 2014 293 - International flightspassengers International 10,611 14,695 15,791 38,743 16,583 9,095 2015 163 Cruise passengers Cruisepassengers -

11,362 17,617 17,089 41,743 18,122 6,593 2016 562 -

12,094 16,259 17,506 41,802 19,724 9,734 2017 185

-

12,493 17,205 42,495 20,270 2018 ...... -

Mads Pihl – Visit Greenland International flight passengers Hotel guests by nationality In 2018, a total of 92,677 flight passengers travelled out of 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Greenland. About 34 per cent of these were Greenland resi- Number of guests dents. Greenland 43,277 48,934 57,501 60,957 57,163 Nordic countries 21,852 22,281 23,918 24,768 23,037 Accommodation standards differ; from hotels to bed and Germany 2,668 2,958 2,440 3,180 2,945 breakfasts in towns, to private accommodation in settle- France 555 660 748 1,291 1,672 ments. Camping is an option too, though it requires prepara- Italy 291 391 365 550 528 tion. The Netherlands 281 247 253 337 324 Great Britain 855 1,259 1,595 1,830 1,320 Rest of Europa 2,612 1,944 2,035 3,477 4,188 USA 3,050 2,372 2,767 2,192 2,677 Japan 393 517 583 431 307 THE WORLD’S LARGEST NATIONAL PARK Canada 599 513 716 932 906 The World´s largest National Park is North East Other countries 2,873 4,866 3,301 3,496 2,820 Greenland, with an area of 972,000 km². The Unknown 567 283 - 4,177 3,413 only residents are the Sirius dog sled special Source: http://bank.stat.gl/TUEHOT force and weather stations staff. The area has the predominant part of cruise tour- ism and hotel stays, and is the best developed tourism market in Greenland. It also has the highest number of tourism oper- ators. The Kangerlussuaq and Narsarsuaq airports were built as American Cold-War military airports, and later on given to UNESCO Greenland. They are located far inland, where weather is WORLD HERITAGE more stable. This makes them good hubs for outdoor tour- The Ilulissat Icefiord (Sermeq ism. Kulusuk in East Greenland has many one-day visits from Kujalleq) has been UNESCO World Iceland. East Greenland is also a popular destination for ad- Heritage since 2004. It is the size of vanced outdoor tourists. A few outdoor tourists dare venture 66,000 soccer fields. Every day it across the Ice Cap, usually between Kangerlussuaq and produces an amount of ice equal Tasiilaq. This requires a special permit from the government. to New York´s yearly water consumption.

30 INCOME AND TAX IN GREENLAND Income In Greenland, residents pay 42-44 per cent tax, depending on the municipality. Base tax credit is 4,833 DKK monthly.

In settlements, income level is considerably lower than in Average gross income by educational background, 2017 towns. However, the size of this difference depends on the Higher education Upper secondary education DKK municipality. The difference in average gross income between Vocational education Primary school 600,000 settlements and towns is most significant in Kommuneqarfik 500,000 Sermersooq. Here, the average income of a Nuuk resident is more than twice the average income of a settlement resident. 400,000 300,000

Average personal income by place of residence and 200,000 municipality, 2017 Gross income DKK Town Settlement 100,000 350,000 0 300,000 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 74 + years 250,000 Source: http://bank.stat.gl/INEP8 200,000 150,000 The income inequality in Greenland is higher than the Nordic 100,000 average. 50,000 0 Greenland Kommune Komm. Qeqqata Gini coefficient of disposable income, 2017 total Kujalleq Sermersooq Kommunia Kommunia 35 Source: http://bank.stat.gl/INEP1 30

In 2017, men had an average gross income of 277,000 DKK, 25 while women held an average gross income of 209,000 DKK. 20 Hence, on a national level the average man had an income 25 per cent higher than the average woman. However, men are 15 overrepresented in the typical economically active groups, 0 and women are overrepresented in the oldest age groups. Norway Iceland Denmark EU Greenland This may in part cause the difference in income. Note: A Gini-coefficient of 0 represents a perfectly equal distribution, while a Gini-coefficient of 100 represents a perfectly unequal distribution. Source: Eurostat and http://bank.stat.gl/INEF1 In Greenland, income correlates with education level. When the level of education increases, the level of income increases as well.

31 Prices

Price is a measure for living costs. The indexes are primarily CONSUMER PRICE TRENDS used to track the development in inflation. The consumer Consumer prices have been slightly increasing since January price index is a measure for actual prices paid by consumers 2014, with yearly increases from 0 to 2 per cent. for goods and services. It mirrors the sum of changes in con- sumer prices, including those caused by changes in taxes, du- The population´s actual spending power is called purchasing ties and subsidies. Hence, it is a compound expression of pure power or real income. Spending power is closely related to market changes and legislative price changes. the balance between income level and price level. Real in- come increases if income growth is higher than price growth. Consumer price index and sub-indices (Jan. 2008=100) Jan. Jul. Jan. Jul. Jan. Jul. Jan. Real income trends 2005=100 2016 2016 2017 2017 2018 2018 2019 Consumer price 140 Incomes index, total 118.4 118.7 118.8 120.3 119.4 119.7 120.1 135 Food and beverages 130.7 132.1 133.5 135.5 135.3 135.4 136.7 130 Alcohol and tobacco 115.3 115.7 116.2 116.7 117.0 118.6 119.1 Prices 125 Clothing and footwear 94.9 94.3 94.3 92.8 94.0 93.1 94.0 120 Gross rent (dwelling) 132.8 131.7 129.6 129.7 125.7 125.3 126.5 115 Real income Furniture, 110 household, 105 equipment etc. 124.1 123.9 122.3 120.1 120.3 117.6 115.8 100 Medical care and health expenses 125.4 125.4 126.0 127.8 127.8 127.8 127.8 95 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Transportation 120.9 121.3 123.7 125.4 123.1 122.8 119.8

Communication 87.5 87.5 86.5 87.7 87.7 87.8 87.8 Source: Statistics Greenland Recreation and entertainment etc. 96.8 97.9 97.8 104.4 102.7 105.5 103.8 Restaurants and hotels 116.9 118.1 118.6 119.6 121.5 122.0 122.5 Miscellaneous GREENLANDIC PRICES goods and services 107.3 107.4 108.7 110.4 111.2 111.5 112.1 IN NORDIC PERSPECTIVE Source: http://bank.stat.gl/PREPRISV Greenland´s price levels are above the Nordic average, and at par with prices in Norway. In 2016, consumer prices were 6.3 per cent higher than in Denmark.

32 Foreign Trade

Greenland has a one-sided production and demands a wide Trade balance DKK Million range of goods, which necessitates extensive foreign trading. Import Export Trade balance Apart from fishing and hunting, Greenland has a very limited 2,000 domestic production of commodities. This causes import to 1,500 include more or less all goods necessary in households, busi- 1,000 nesses and institutions. As the majority of Greenland´s ex- ports consist of fish and shellfish, Greenland is very depend- 500 ent on the fishing sector and the international buyer prices. 0 -500 The fishing industry provides 93 per cent of Greenland´s ex- -1,000 port. The most important species are: Cod fish, Greenlandic halibut, mackerel, crab and prawn. q1 q2 q3 q4 q1 q2 q3 q4 q1 q2 q3 q4 2016 2017 2018 Source: http://bank.stat.gl/IEEBALMND Trade balance is a measure of export value minus import value of goods.

Values of import and export by SITC 2016 2017* 2018* Export Import Export Import Export Import DKK 1,000 Total 3,867,803 4,916,492 3,871,753 4,954,758 4,057,653 5,294,145 Provisions and livestock 3,431,426 858,248 3,483,707 876,465 3,753,977 887,512 Alcoholic beverages and tobacco 10 145,352 29 148,959 67 153,626 Raw materials, inedible 5,395 64,828 3,476 50,033 4,605 40,009 Mineral fuels and lubricants etc. 2 399,048 9 740,077 2 882,516 Animal or vegetable fats and oils - 3,925 - 4,093 - 4,055 Chemicals and chemical products 125 268,836 145 267,318 143 273,267 Manufactured products mainlysemi-manufactured products 3,914 673,743 6,287 749,924 13,285 627,606 Machinery and transport equipment 276,679 1,766,082 23,883 1,477,618 148,760 1,703,308 Manufactured products 11,942 545,280 18,718 541,498 11,818 572,210 Miscellaneous articles and transactions 138,311 191,152 123,768 98,773 124,994 150,035

* Preliminary figures Source: http://bank.stat.gl/IEESITC

33 Public Finances

Rebecca Gustafsson – Visit Greenland

Public finances consist of activities in the general government The general government of administration and services in- of administration and services. In Greenland the general gov- clude authorities and institutions, which predominantly pro- ernment consists of three sectors; the municipal sector, the vide non-market services and redistribute income and wealth. self-governed sector and the sector of central government. Most public services are available free of charge for citizens The general government finances are negotiated through the and enterprises. Public expenditures are mainly financed appropriation law every year. through taxes and block grants from the Danish state. How- ever, some services are financed through duties or user fees. The central government sector includes activities still man- aged and financed directly by the State of Denmark. In com- Revenue of general government, 2017 pliance with international guidelines, only expenses held in or General Munici- Selfgov- Central at Greenland are accounted. govern- palities ernment government ment total

Expenditures in general government, 2017 DKK million Revenue, total 11,601 5,561 6,989 1,210 General- Munici­ Selfgov- Central Gross operating surplus 591 306 272 13 govern- palities ernment government ment total Withdrawal of income from quasi-corporations 117 63 54 - DKK million Interest etc. 343 28 315 - Total 11,087 5,434 6,602 1,210 Taxes on production General public services 1,363 818 1,805 46 and imports 958 - 958 - Defence 212 - - 212 Current taxes on Public order and safety 859 53 0 806 income, wealth etc. 4,280 3,005 1,276 - Economic affairs 1,149 309 747 136 Other income Environmental transfers, total 5,312 2,106 4,114 1,198 protection 178 122 71 10 Other capital transfers - 53 - - Housing and community amenities 290 158 131 - Source: http://bank.stat.gl/OFEREAI Health 1,555 - 1,555 - Recreation, culture and religion 446 207 239 0 Education 1,997 949 1,153 0 Social protection 3,039 2,817 901 -

Note: The inventory of General government total is consolidated, which means that transfers between the subsectors are eliminated. Source: http://bank.stat.gl/OFEFUNK

34 Source: http://bank.stat.gl/NRE10 Source: http://bank.stat.gl/NRE10 figures * Preliminary Trends in GDP Trends in take in place Greenland’s which economy. actions, of financialtrans number immense of the overview an obtain to possible be not would it which without classifications, and of definitions is aset system Accounts economy. National The of Greenland’s overall an picture provide accounts National ments and exports. and ments invest consumption, gross consumption, government hold of form house in the demand and (GDP), imports production of form Greenlandic in the supply the shows supply and mand for economy. Greenland´s of balance de main results The the key show accounts annual the The figures for national N Annual real growth Annual growth in Per capita,1,000DKK Per capita,1,000DKK in percent per cent GDP, millionDKK GDP, millionDKK ational A

14,203 15,117 2012 250 266 1.4 4.9 14,019 15,080 2013 -1.3 -0.2 2010-prices, chained values 2010-prices,chainedvalues 249 268 Current prices 14,679 15,951 ccounts 2014 261 283 4.7 5.8 14,308 16,814 2015 -2.5 256 300 5.4

15,160 18,267 2016* 271 327 6.0 8.6

15,309 18,499 2017* 274 331 1.0 1.3 - - - - 35 es the real economic growth. realeconomic the es (chained in real GDP values)opment express Accordingly, devel the developments. price for (chained prices adjusted values) have been in constant accounts National rent prices. (chained prices values)constant cur from and from calculated are Accounts National The CALCULATIONS - - -

Rebecca Gustafsson – Visit Greenland Supply and demand National accounts are compiled according to international 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016* 2017* guidelines which make them comparable between countries. Current prices, mio. DKK The figure below demonstrates, that the real economic devel- Gross Domestic product 15,117 15,080 15,951 16,814 18,267 18,499 opment in Greenland and Finland has been fluctuating from Imports of goods and 2012-16, while being more stable in the other Nordic countries. services 9,594 8,778 7,755 7,654 8,162 8,079 Supply 24,711 23,858 23,706 24,468 26,429 26,578 Real growth in GDP in Greenland, Household consumption 6,425 6,418 6,652 6,677 6,802 6,904 Nordic countries and OECD countries Government consumption 6,920 7,216 7,312 7,432 7,718 8,032 Pct. 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Gross investment 5,695 4,538 3,605 4,040 4,405 4,208 8 Exports of goods and 7 services 5,671 5,685 6,137 6,319 7,504 7,434 6 Final demand 24,711 23,857 23,706 24,468 26,429 26,578 5 Period to period real growth in per cent 4 Gross Domestic product 1.4 -1.3 4.7 -2.5 6.0 1.0 3 Imports of goods and services -30.0 -6.6 -11.5 1.7 8.2 -5.5 2 Supply -13.7 -3.4 -1.2 -1.1 6.7 -1.0 1 Household consumption 0.9 -1.1 0.6 0.2 1.2 2.4 0 Government consumption 1.0 4.1 -0.2 -0.6 1.5 3.5 -1 Gross investment -39.0 -20.7 -21.9 10.2 9.3 -2.9 -2 Exports of goods and Greenland Denmark Iceland Norway Sweden Finland OECD- services -3.9 2.4 11.8 -9.9 16.9 -7.6 countries Final demand -13.7 -3.4 -1.2 -1.1 6.7 -1.0 Source: OECD.org

* Preliminary figures Source: http://bank.stat.gl/NRE11

36 Key Figures

Geography Location The world’s largest non-continental island, located on Animal life Fish, seals, , whales, polar bears, arctic foxes, arctic the North American continent between the wolves, reindeer, musk oxen, Greenland collared lemmings, and the North , north east of Canada. The snow hares, and a rich bird life which comprises some northernmost point of Greenland, Oodaap Qeqertaa, is 50 breeding species. Livestock in South Greenland are only 706 km from the North Pole. The southernmost point following, sheep, tame reindeer, cows, horses, dogs and is Cape Farewell which is at about the same latitude as fowls. In North Greenland dogsleds are used for hunting Oslo in Norway and fishing purposes Geography Greenland dominates the North Atlantic between North National parks The national park of Greenland comprises approximately America and Europe. The population lives in towns and 972,000 km2 in the north eastern part of the country small settlements along the coast but close to one third Area conservation Approximately 20,000 km2 at and Sarfartooq of the population lives in the capital, Nuuk acts (The Paradise Valley) by Maniitsoq are under conservation Geographical 72 00 N, 40 00 W (the geographical centre of Greenland) acts. The , Aasivissuit – Nipisat and Kujataa coordinates landscapes are UNESCO world heritage Area 2,166,086 km2 (the largest island in th the world – 12 largest country in the world) Population Ice-free area 410,449 km2 Population 55,992 (Jan. 2019) Coastline 44,087 km Density 0.14 per km2 of ice-free area (Jan. 2019) Geographic extent North-South 2,670 km, East-West 1,050 km Population in the Nuuk: 17,984 (Jan. 2019) Highest point Gunnbjørn Fjeld 3,700 m in East Greenland capital Terrain The flat, gradually sloping icecap covers all but a narrow, Population in towns 48,723 (Jan. 2019) mountainous, barren, rocky coast. The ice cap is up to Population in 7,031 (Jan. 2019) 3 km thick and contains 10 per cent of the world's settlements resources of fresh water Population growth 0.02 per cent (2018) Climate Arctic to subarctic; cool winters and cold summers in which rate the mean temperature does not normally exceed 10° C (the traditional definition of ) Death rate, total 8.75 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants (2018) Mean temperature, Nuuk -8.0° C, Kangerlussuaq -21.1° C, Net migration -200 (2018) January Ilulissat -12.3° C, Kulusuk -4.3° C (2018) Life expectancy Women 73.0, men 68.8 (2014/2018) Mean temperature, Nuuk 6.2° C, Kangerlussuaq 10.2° C, Fertility rate 2.00 per woman aged 15-49 years (2018) July Ilulissat 5.9° C, Kulusuk 6.7° C (2018) Demonym Noun: Greenlander(s). Adjective: Greenlandic Natural resources Zinc, lead, iron ore, coal, molybdenum, gold, Ethnic groups Born in Greenland: 89.7 per cent. platinum, uranium, copper, nickel, rare earth metals, Born outside Greenland: 10.3 per cent (Jan. 2019) hydropower and possibly oil and gas Religions The majority of the population is evangelical lutherans Plant life Low-growing mountain and tundra plants, mosses, lichens, Languages Greenlandic (Kalaallisut), Danish heather, crowberry, bog, whortleberry, and dwarf birch

37 Government Government type Parliamentary democracy within a constitutional monarchy Unemployment rate 6.8 per cent on average per month of Dependency status Part of the Kingdom of Denmark. Home-rule since 1979. permanent residents aged 18-65 (2017) Self-governing region since 2009 Budget Income DKK 11.6 billion. Expenditure DKK 11.1 billion Capital Nuuk including capital expenditure of DKK 0.9 billion (2017) National holiday 21 June (the longest day of the year) Industries Fish processing (mainly prawns and Greenland halibut), hand- icrafts, hides and skins, small shipyards, tourism and mining Legal system Danish Electricity - 332 GWh (2016) Suffrage 18 years of age; universal consumption Membership of the EU From January 1 1973 to February 1 1985 Agriculture - products Sheep, cows and reindeer Head of state HMS Queen Margrethe II of Denmark Exports 4,057.7 DKK million (2018) Head of government Kim Kielsen (Siumut) Exports - commodities Provisions and livestock Legislative branch Inatsisartut (the parliament with 31 seats) Exports - partners Denmark, Portugal Judiciary Kredsret/Court of Greenland, Imports 5,294.1 DKK million (2018) High Court of Greenland and Supreme Court of Denmark Imports Machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, The Greenlandic flag The sun (red) ascending over the horizon and - commodities provisions and livestock, petroleum products the ice cap (white) in the flag´s upper half, mirrored in opposite colors in the lower half Imports - partners EU (primarily Denmark and Sweden) Block grant 3,722.4 DKK (2017) and 3,822.9 DKK (2018) million in subsidies from Denmark Economy Currency Danish Kroner (DKK) GDP DKK 15,309 million (provisional figure 2017) Exchange rates USD 100 = DKK 664.30, GDP - real growth rate 1.0 per cent from 2016 to 2017 (provisional figure) EUR 100 = DKK 746.41 (April 1, 2019) Average gross income 1st decile: DKK 58,954. 10th decile: DKK 1,400,560 and per household Average: DKK 471,916 (2017) Communications Inflation rate -0.5 per cent (consumer prices) (July 2017 - July 2018) Telephones - landlines 8,064 (2018) Labour force 27,271 permanent residents, aged 18-65 Telephones - mobiles 62,599 (2018) (monthly average 2017) Country calling code 299 Television broadcast Kalaallit Nunaata Radioa (national television) and stations some local television stations Newspapers Atuagagdliutit/Grønlandsposten (AG) and Sermitsiaq

Transportation Railways 0 km Ports and harbours Ports in 17 towns and harbours in 58 settlements Airports 13 airports, 43 helipads Sources: CIA World Factbook, Greenland Airports, TELE Greenland and Statistics Greenland

Lola Akinmade Åkerström – Visit Greenland More Information about Greenland

The statistical bank at http://bank.stat.gl offers comprehensive information on a number of statistical areas: · Businesses · Criminal offenses · Education · Energy · Fisheries and catch · Foreign trade · Greenlanders in Denmark · Health · Income · Labour market · National accounts · Population · Prices · Public finances · Short term trends · Social services · Tobacco and alcohol · Tourism

39 The World’s Largest Island

Greenland is a mountainous country and the largest island of Largest distances the world with a total area of 2,166,086 km2. Of this area, 81 North to south: 2,670 km per cent is covered with ice, while the rest is ice-free. The fur- East to west: 1,050 km ther to north, the colder, drier, and less windy it is. July is the Coastline 44,087 km warmest month while February and March are the coldest. Highest point Gunnbjørn Fjeld: 3,700 m

Rebecca Gustafsson – Visit Greenland

Statistics Greenland · Telephone +299 34 57 70 · [email protected] · www.stat.gl