Annex 1: Greenland mineral deposit descriptions

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHROMIUM ...... 3 COPPER ...... 5 GRAPHITE ...... 8 IRON ...... 10 NIOBIUM AND TANTALUM ...... 13 PGE ...... 15 REES -WITH FOCUS ON ND/DY ...... 18 TUNGSTEN ...... 21 ZINC ...... 23

CHROMIUM

Greenland potential

- Where in Greenland is chromium found and where is the potential 1. In Southwest Greenland about hundred kilometres south of Nuuk, the Fiskenæsset stratiform anorthosite complex occurs, with a combined strike length of 200 km. The complex stretches from the coast to the edge of the Inland Ice and is likely to continue under the Ice Cap. The anorthosite complex has been metamorphosed in amphibolite facies and locally up to granulite facies. The complex has furthermore suffered several phases of deformation, whereby the complex has been broken up in sections ranging from kilometres down to a few tens of metres in length.

Chromium occurs in the mineral chromite, which is the dominating mineral in chromitites. Other minerals in chromitites are hornblende and plagioclase locally pyroxenes. Sulphides are rare in chromitites. Chromitite bands occur in nearly all stratigraphic units of the anorthosite complex. Most commonly chromitite bands are found in anorthosite and gabbro anorthosite, but chromitite is also found in several ultramafic units. The width of the chromitites ranges from centimetres up to a few metres. In fold closures up to 20 metre thick chromitite bands are seen.

Composition of the chromite concentrates from

168 analysis varies considerably: Cr2O3: 27-35%; FeO (total iron): 33-42%; Cr/Fe ratio: 0.60-0.93. The general low Cr/Fe ratio shows that the chromitite is not metallurgical ore. Rutile (TiO2) occurs frequently as inclusions in chromite amounting up to 0.35%. If mining of chromitite takes place, rutile may be a valuable by-product (Ghisler 1976).

2. At Ujaragssuit Nunât some 150 km northeast of Nuuk a small body of ultramafic rocks occur embedded in gneisses. The ultramafic intrusion displays a complete magmatic evolution with seven cycles from dunite through harzburgite to gabbro anorthosite. Chromitite layers up to ten centimetres thick each and metre thick chromitite pods are seen. The presently exposed width of the intrusion is ~45 metres and length is ~150 m. Chromite makes up 90 vol. % of the chromitite pods and less in the chromitite layers. The chemical composition of chromite gave the following ranges: Cr2O3: 22-49%, FeO (total iron): 24-51%. Cr/Fe ratios and range was not determined (Appel et al. 2002).

3. The Seqi Olivine deposit which is located around 100 km north of Nuuk in southern West Greenland is a fairly large dunite body (around 100 Mt) that has been exploited for olivine from 2005-2009. The deposit has earlier been explored for chromite by the Cryolite Company in the 1960’ies. However, the company closed down decades ago and the reports describing their findings have since been lost. The deposit thus might have an undiscovered potential for Chromium.

- Known resources and reserves of chromium in Greenland The chromium potential of the Fiskenæsset anorthosite complex was investigated in some detail in the 1970 to 1980’ies by the Canadian junior company Platinomino. No drilling was undertaken.

On the island of Qeqertarssuatsiaq a fairly continuous chromitite band with width ranging from 1 to 7 metres can be traced for ~1400 metres. The estimated tonnage of this occurrence is of 2.5 Mt of chrome ore. For the whole anorthosite complex an estimated 100 Mt of chromium ore may be found. Layered Archaean anorthosite with layers of chromitite. from the Fiskenæsset anorthosite complex

The chromium potential of the chromitite banded intrusion northeast of Nuuk is, from an industrial purpose, slightly more attractive than the chromite in the Fiskenæsset anorthosite complex. However, size of the intrusive body is much smaller. The intrusive body was heavily deformed so there are likely extensions of the intrusions in the general area, but they have not been found yet.

- Overview and status of projects exploring for chromium Only very limited exploration has been carried out for chromium in Greenland during the last thirty years. While the world market for chromium seems to be well supplied, the exploration and the development of some of the known chromite resources in Greenland might be triggered and led by their interesting PGE contents.

- References Appel, C. C., Appel, P.W.U. & Rollinson, H.R., 2002: Complex chromite textures reveal the history of an early Archaean layered ultramafic body in West Greenland. Mineralogical Magazine Dec. 202: vol. 66(6); p. 1029-1041.

Ghisler, M., 1976: The geology, mineralogy and geochemistry of the pre-orogenic Archaean stratiform chromite deposits at Fiskenaesset, West-Greenland. In: Borthcert, H. (ed) Minograph Series on Mineral Deposits, Borntraeger 126 pp.

COPPER

Greenland potential

- Where in Greenland is copper found and where is the potential Although underexplored, many parts of Greenland could hold a good potential for undiscovered sediment-hosted copper deposits. Sediment-hosted copper deposits account for c. 23% of the world’s copper production and known reserves. They are also important sources of silver and cobalt, and some deposits are also produce other metals such as lead, zinc, uranium, gold and platinum-group metals. Sediment-hosted copper are formed in basins that contain large sedimentary formations of marine or large-scale lacustrine (lake) environments. In Greenland, 40% of the ice-free landmass is made up of such environments and several smaller occurrences of copper are known. However, the larger ones remain to be found.

Especially the sub-type, ‘Reduced-facies Cu’ deposit type, of sediment-hosted copper is important as they characterized by good grades of 1–5% Cu and tonnages between 2.5 to above 450 million tons. This type of deposit is sometimes also referred to as the Kupferschiefer-deposit after the type examples within a large sedimentary basin in Poland; a basin that formerly were interlinked with similar basins in East Greenland were similar, but smaller, copper occurrences also are known. Also the important copper deposits in DR Congo are of a similar deposit type. Two other sediment-hosted copper sub-types, the so-called ‘Redbed Copper’ and ‘Revett Copper’ are found in Greenland; however, these constitute normally lower grades and lower tonnages.

The other main source of copper world-wide is ‘Porphyry-type deposits’ which constitute two-third of the world’s copper. However, the potential for this type of deposit is thought to be smaller in Greenland as the typical geological environment of this type of deposit is not present and as the crustal-exposure level in Greenland is too deep compared to areas elsewhere in the world that contain the major copper porphyry-deposits. Copper is also produced as by-products from igneous nickel-deposits.

- Known resources and reserves of copper in Greenland Very limited exploration for sediment-hosted copper mineralisation has been carried out in Greenland. However, the activity that have been carried out have, mostly based on traditional surface-prospecting on exposed rock, successfully identified several smaller copper occurrences throughout many of the sedimentary basins in Greenland. Only a few of these have been investigated in detail to a level which allow for a geological estimate of overall tonnage and grade and none of these, are of economically viable. Distribution of tracts with sedimentary successions that are regarded as having potential for sediment-hosted copper deposits in Greenland. From Stensgaard et al. 2011.

A first estimate of undiscovered resources in Greenland is included in the table below. The undiscovered copper resource estimates are derived from a statistical simulation which used globally tonnage/grade models for known deposits worldwide and bids on number of undiscovered sediment-hosted copper deposits within different sedimentary basins in Greenland. The bids are from the 2009 workshop on the “Assessment of the sediment-hosted copper potential in Greenland” (Stensgaard et al. 2011). The exact estimates should be used with precautions and will, besides always being a statistical derived estimate, be a reflection of confidence and how much is known and how many data that is available from an area.

Estimate of undiscovered copper resources (metric tons of Cu metal) Areas Reduced Cu Revett Cu Redbed Cu Source Permian, Jameson Land Basin, East Greenland 240,000 t 568,000 t none Stensgaard et al. 2011 Triassic, Jameson Land Basin, East Greenland 1,130,000 t none 38,000 t Stensgaard et al. 2011 Neoproterozoic, Eleonore Bay Basin, East 1,540,000 t none none Stensgaard et al. 2011 Greenland Neoproterozoic, Thule Basin, Norht-West 160,300 t none none Stensgaard et al. 2011 Greenland - Overview and status of projects exploring for copper In terms of copper exploration in Greenland a couple of projects are presently carried out. The junior exploration company Avannaa Resources Ltd. is in partnership with Angle American exploring for sediment-hosted copper in central East Greenland. Another company, China Nordic Mining Company Ltd. is also carrying out exploration for copper in central East Greenland. China Nordic Mining Company Ltd. is backed by the Jiangxi Copper, which is China’s biggest producer of the metal.

In the context of igneous nickel-deposits and copper as by-products in such deposits, the Maniitsoq nickel-copper- cobalt-PGM project owned by North American Nickel should be mentioned. Malachite-stained outcrop of quartzitic sandstone from the Brogetdal copper occurrence in Strindberg Land, North-East Greenland. From Stensgaard et al. 2011.

- Recommendations Most of the exploration that has been carried out for copper in Greenland has been based on traditional surface prospecting assisted by geochemical prospecting. Only very seldom have surface sampling, even though it has resulted in good grades and continuity resulted, been followed up e.g. geophysical methods or drilling that would widen up the search-space and make it possible to look beyond the surface exposure. Geophysical surveys include aeromagnetic, gravimetric and hyperspectral surveys covering the most prospective sedimentary basins is recommended, as well as more detailed survey programs around some of the known surface-identified copper occurrences. These surveys can assist in identifying main structures controlling the distribution of mineralisation, which should subsequently be followed-up with field reconnaissance expeditions. These would facilitate and stimulate mineral exploration and possibly lead to new discoveries. Considering the high exploration costs, matched-grants to exploration and drilling programs, to facilitate discoveries, could also be considered.

A more complete evaluation of the potential sedimentary-basin prospective for copper would greatly benefit from funding dedicated to deepening the cooperation with e.g. researchers and copper producing companies

in Europa, e.g. with Poland, as the basin that holds some of the larger copper deposits in Poland continues to East Greenland.

Field work studies, both for research and exploration, require the availability of key logistical platforms in remote areas, particularly in East, North and North-West Greenland. Likewise, research on effective and mobile mining infrastructure / energy supplies in high Arctic areas are strongly recommended.

- References Geology and Ore, No 18: Sediment-hosted copper in Greenland, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, 12 pp.

Stensgaard, B.M., Kalvig, P. & Stendal, H. 2011: Quantitative mineral resource assessment: Sedimentary- hosted copper in Greenland - Reporting the copper assessment workshop, GEUS, Copenhagen, March 2009. Danmarks og Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse Rapport 2011/104, 170 pp + 1 CD- ROM.

International Copper Study Group, ICSG. www.icsg.org

USGS Minerals Information, Copper, Statistics and Information, http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity//copper/

GRAPHITE

Greenland potential

- Where in Greenland is graphite found and where is the potential The reworked, deformed and metamorphosed Palaeoproterozoic orogeny and the Palaeoproterozoic mobile belts of Greenland have relatively high abundance of graphitic material, mostly hosted in supracrustal rocks. In many cases it seems that the greatest abundance of graphite is located in or near large scale faults or shear zones.

- Known resources and reserves of graphite in Greenland A compilation of the distribution of known occurrences with resource estimates in Greenland is included in the table below.

Resources in known deposits Deposits: Ton/grade Type Source: Geological resource (Non Amitsoq 250,000 t @ 20-24% Graphite Bondam 1992; Mosher 1995 complient) 5.3 Mt @ 9.5% Graphite Geological resource (Non Akuliaruseq (Eqalussuit) Kalvig 1992 complient) Mineable resource (Non 1.37 Mt @ 14.1% Graphite Bondam 1992 complient) Geological resource (Non- Kangikajik 500,000 t @ ? Kalvig 1992, 1994 complient) Geological resource (Non Grænseland 10,000 t complient) - Overview and status of projects exploring for graphite Graphite occurrences are known from many localities in Greenland as indicated on the map; however most of them are too small to be commercially exploitable or needs more exploration activities to develop the projects.

Akuliaruseq is the only graphite occurrence that is currently being investigated by an exploration company. The deposit is located in central West Greenland around 140 kilometers from the International airport at Kangerlussuaq. Knowledge of the Akuliaruseq deposit goes back as far 1912-1916 where sporadic mining took place. No further work was done until the 1980s.

From 1982 to 1986 the Danish Cryolite Company carried out exploration work to test the extent of the graphite layers including 5,700 m drilling. In 1990 and 2000 the quality of the deposit was tested by Nunaoil and NunaMinerals.

The current license-holder of the Akuliaruseq deposit, 21st North are planning 5,000 m of drilling, bulk sampling of both low-grade and high-grade material to test the flake size distribution throughout the mineralised sequence and beneficiation/test mining

studies on bulk samples in order to indicate ash melting points, level of purification and recovery and grade upgrade.

The graphite layer and old entrance at the Amitsoq graphite mine in South Greenland.

- Recommendations The discovery potential for graphite deposits with the Palaeoproterozoic parts of Greenland is moderate to high and could benefit from high-resolution geophysical and remote sensing surveys. Recommended surveys thus include aeromagnetic, gravimetry and hyperspectral surveys covering the tracts with potential indicated on the map. These surveys can assist in identifying the large scale structures controlling the distribution of mineralisation, which should subsequently be followed-up with field reconnaissance expeditions. These would facilitate and stimulate mineral exploration and possibly lead to new discoveries.

- References 21st North Website: http://www.21stnorth.com/Projects.html

Bondam, J. 1992: Graphite occurrences in Greenland - A review. GGU Open File Series 92/6, 32 pp.

Kalvig, P. 1992: Geologiske undersøgelser af grafitforekomsten Kangikajak, Tasiilaq Kommune. Internal report, Tasiilaq Kommune, 41 pp.

Kalvig, P. 1994: Industrial mineral occurrences in Greenland - a review. GGU Open File Series 94/4, 94 pp.

Mosher, G. 1995: Summary of mineral occurrences and mineral exploration potential of South Greenland (Sheet 1 Geological map of Greenland). GGU Open File Series 95/3, 35 pp.

IRON

Greenland potential

- Where in Greenland is iron found and where is the potential The Greenland iron ore potential is mainly based on Archaean sedimentary and chemical iron deposits (BIF) of the so-called Algoma type, which are typical for Archaean greenstone belts formed in continental rifts or at continental margins. BIF type occurrences deliver the majority of iron ore and are amongst the world’s most important iron sources. However, notable occurrences related to Palaeoproterozoic magmatism have recently been demonstrated to account for prominent iron ore accumulations in Inglefield Land, in North Greenland, and at Isortoq in the Gardar province in South Greenland.

The last decades renewed interest in exploration for iron ore in Greenland reflects an increase in iron-ore prices, driven by demand from emerging Asian economies. Most exploration in Greenland has been focused on the known and proven deposits like the Isua and Itilliarsuk BIF’s, but since 2011 the more remote and less-explored part of the Melville Bay area in North-West Greenland has been explored for BIF’s hosted by a sequence of metamorphosed sedimentary and volcanic rocks that share a common evolutionary history with the Mary River and Prince Albert Groups of Baffin Island and mainland Nunavut, Canada.

- Known resources and reserves of iron in Greenland A compilation of the distribution of known indicated and inferred iron resources in Greenland is included in the table below.

Resources in known deposits Deposits: Ton/grade Type Source: Isua 380 Mt @ 33 % Fe Indicated JORC resource London Mining 727 Mt @ 32 % Fe Inferred JORC resource London Mining 70 Mt @ 29.6% Fe, 10.9 % TiO2, NI43-101 compliant inferred Isortoq West Melville Metals 0.144 % V2O5 resource Havik (Melville Bay) 67 Mt @ 31.4 % Fe JORC Inferred resource Red Rock Resources

- Overview and status of projects exploring for iron There are a fairly large amount of known iron occurrences in Greenland as indicated on the map, but most is too small to be commercially exploitable or needs more exploration activities to develop the projects.

In order to mature the Isortoq Iron project towards exploitation stage, West Melville Metals is planning to do more infill drilling and metallurgy testing as well as conducting high–resolution airborne magnetic survey covering the entire property. In addition Environmental baseline studies and meetings with the local communities will be completed.

Red Rock Resources have identified additional exploration targets of up to 200 Mt haematite and 1 Bt magnetite in the Melville Bugt region and thus need to conduct more drilling in the area. The company is currently looking for potential farm-in partners and has no plans for exploration in 2014.

In terms of planned production, the most advanced project is the Isua project, by Close-up of the BIF sequence at Pingorssuit, North-West Greenland. London Mining, which has just been granted an exploitation license ultimo 2013. The mining operation will have an expected mine life of 15 years, with a production rate of 15 Mt/a from an open pit mining operation. London Mining needs an initial capital investment of USD2.35 billion for the development of the project and is thus currently looking for investors.

- Recommendations The technical demands of maintaining mining and export operations in the high Arctic necessitates a degree of capital expenditure, however the scale of deposits that have been identified in recent years proves that Arctic exploration is worth investment.

Most of the exploration that has been carried out for iron in Greenland has been based on traditional surface prospecting assisted by geochemical prospecting and regional geophysical surveys. However, the fairly recent discoveries of the Havik and Isortoq deposits by high-resolution aeromagnetic surveys suggest that there is a large potential for undiscovered iron deposits in Greenland. Therefore, it is recommended to conduct detailed aeromagnetic geophysical surveys in selected regions in Greenland that also includes, gravimetric and hyperspectral surveys. This would facilitate and stimulate mineral exploration and possibly lead to new discoveries as seen in Nunavut after the Government completed a regional detailed aeromagnetic survey. Considering the high exploration costs, matched-grants to exploration and drilling programs, to facilitate discoveries, could also be considered.

One of the main challenges facing burgeoning iron producers is the logistics of transporting ore to world iron customers. Various iron projects have been identified worldwide with many currently stalled in development due to delays caused by inadequate rail and port logistics. Governments are slow to react to changing requirements and affected communities adopt a hostile approach, resisting and blocking expansion. Therefore one of the keys to developing a successful iron ore project is ensuring that the project has a pathway to market.

- References

London Mining Greenland A/S website: www.londonmining.com/

Red Rock Resources website: www.rrrplc.com/

Stendal, H. & Secher, K. 2011: Iron ore potential in Greenland. Geology and Ore No. 19, 12 pp.

Thomassen, B. 2008: The Thule Iron Province, North-West Greenland. A compilation of geological data. 2. Revised edition. Danmarks og Grønlands Geologiske Rapport 2008/61. 28 pp. + CD-ROM

West Melville Metals website: www.westmelville.com/

NIOBIUM AND TANTALUM

Greenland potential

- Where in Greenland is niobium (Nb) and tantalum (Ta) found and where is the potential Niobium and tantalum does not occur as native elements, but most frequently in Nb-Ta-oxides including minerals like columbite, tantalite and pyrochlor. Nb-Ta deposits are normally hosted in three types of deposits: Carbonatite-hosted deposits (Nb); alkaline to peralkaline granites and syenites (Nb, REE, Zr, Sn and Ta) and in peraluminous pegmatites and granites (Ta, Nb, Sn, W, Zr, Ce and Ta).

In Greenland the Mid-Proterozoic Gardar Province of South Greenland has by far the highest potential for Nb and Ta deposits, encompassing the Kvanefjeld and Kringlerne deposits of the Ilimaussaq Complex, and the Motzfeldt Center of the Igaliko Complex, hosting evolved syenites and granites. A few of the known carbonatite occurrences on the West coast of Greenland are enriched in Nb (and Ta).

- Known resources and reserves of Nb and Ta in Greenland A compilation of known Nb and Ta deposits in Greenland is included in the table below. The resource estimates are derived from license holder websites.

Locality Type of resource Tonnage Grade (% Grade (% Licensee estimate (Mt) Nb2O3) Ta2O3) Motzfeldt Altered (Not JORC >500 0.18 – 0.22 0.01 RAM Resources syenite complient) Scoping

Motzfeldt Peralkaline (Not JORC >80 0.4 -1.0 0.01 RAM Resources sheet complex complient) Scoping

Ilímaussaq Kringlerne JORC Indicated 4300 0.2 0.02 Tanbreez

Sarfartoq JORC Indicated 0.19 4.6 ? Hudson Resources

- Overview and status of projects exploring for Nb and Ta in Greenland The following projects that mainly explores for REE´s also contain Nb/Ta as by-project and could thus be a future provider of these commodities.

The Kringlerne Project: The REE-deposit occurs in the eudialyte mineral of the kakortokite, constituting the lower layered part of the Illimaussaq Complex, grading 0.6% TREO, 0.25% Nb2O3, and 0.025 Ta2O3. The license holder Tanbreez Ltd. submitted exploitation license Nov. 2013, and anticipates start of operation in 2016. The project intends to mine open pit near the fjord; the ore will be trucked to an adjacent process plant, producing three products: (i) eudialyte concentrate; (ii) feldspar concentrate, and (iii) arfvedsonite concentrate, which will be shipped for further processing and/or use outside Greenland. The planned annual production is 500,000 ton, equivalent to a maximum of 1,250 ton Nb2O3, and 125 ton Ta2O3.

Kvanefjeld REE-Project: The Kvanefjeld REE-U- deposit also hosts Nb-carrying minerals, and thus carries the potential to become a by-product Nb producer; feasibility studies are on-going. However, no production of neither Nb nor Ta is considered at the moment.

Motzfeldt Sø Project: Australian company Ram Resources Ltd. has acquired the Motzfeldt polymetallic deposits. The Motzfeldt Centre consists of a number of igneous intrusions of peralkaline syentie and nepheline syenite covering. In addition to the Nb and Ta, the Motzfeldt Sø syenite holds significant amounts of REE at the Aries Prospect mainly hosted by pyrochlore and eudialyte. The mineralisation of REE and Nb-Ta are only weakly correlated. Exploration is ongoing and more work is required to define a JORC compliant reserve/resource estimate.

The Sarfartoq Project: The central zone of the complex surrounded by a series of ring-like dykes containing numerous carbonate breccia veins. Mineralisation of Nb and REE has been recorded from separate zones, where hydrothermal activities have caused enrichment of Nb (and Ta). The license holder, Hudson Resources is undertaking scoping studies on REE, U, and Nb-Ta.

- Conclusion The World’s primary reserves and resources of niobium and tantalum are estimated to be more than sufficient to meet global demand for many years ahead. This is why the interest in the new Nb/Ta- exploration campaigns is rather modest and typically only occur in connection with REE deposits, where Nb/Ta often is contained within the same minerals as the REEs.

- References Hudson Resources website: www.hudsonresources.ca

Ram Resources website: www.ramresources.com.au

Tanbreez website: www.tanbreez.com

Tukiainen. T. 1986: Pyrochlore in the Motzfeldt Centre of the Igaliko Nepheline Syenite Complex, South Greenland, Final Report. Unpublished internal GGU report. 98 pp.

Tukiainen. T. 1988: Niobium-tantalum mineralisation in the Motzfeldt centre of the Igaliko nepheline syenite complex, South Greenland. In: Boissonnas J, Omenetto P (eds) Mineral deposits within the European community. Springer, Berlin, p. 230–246.

USGS 2013: Mineral Commodity Summaries 2013. US Geological Survey 2013, 198 pp.

PGEs

Greenland potential

- Where in Greenland are PGE found and where is the potential 1. The PGE-gold mineralisation in the Skaergaard intrusion, also referred to as the Platinova Reef, is the most intensively studied and explored PGE deposit in Greenland. The mineralisation defines its own class the “Skaergaard-type” (Miller & Andersen, 2002). It is located at ~68 degrees N in East Greenland.

The mineralisation is concordant with the magmatic layering in the upper part of Middle Zone gabbros in the Layered Series of the intrusion (Holwell & Keays, 2014) and comprises a lower main PGE “reef” followed by up to four additional PGE-rich levels of mineralisation. Only the central part of the intrusion show all five levels significant PGE (>300ppb). The PGMs are totally dominated by the intermetallic alloy skaergaardite (PdCu) with up-section increase in gold. The main gold resource is in the uppermost of developed PGE levels and a level above. Au is dominantly hosted in intermetallic alloys such as tetra-auricupride (Au3Cu) and auricupride (AuCu). At the margins of the intrusion only few meters separate the PGE and gold rich levels of mineralisation, whereas in the centre of the intrusion they are separated by >40m.

2. In Southwest Greenland about hundred kilometres south of Nuuk, the Fiskenæsset stratiform anorthosite complex occurs with a combined strike length of 200 km. The complex stretches from the coast to the edge of the Inland Ice and is likely to continue under the Ice Cap. The anorthosite complex has been metamorphosed in amphibolite facies and locally up to granulite facies. The complex has furthermore suffered several phases of deformation, whereby the complex has been broken up in sections ranging from kilometres down to a few tens of metres in length.

Chromitite layers are seen in several stratigraphic levels in anorthosite and gabbro anorthosite. Some of the chromitite layers contain sparse sulphides. Many of the chromitites in the anorthosites and gabbro anorthosites show elevated PGE contents up to 600 ppb Pt, 300 ppb Pd and 300 ppb Au (Appel et al. 2011).

The most promising PGE mineralisations so far found are in the coastal area in a 5 km long and up to 1 km wide ultrabasic unit of the anorthosite complex. The zone was not broken up during deformation of the

anorthosite complex. The mineralised rocks comprise olivine-rich peridotites, hornblende peridotites and pyroxenites. Detailed mapping of the mineralised zone has been carried out as well as channel sampling along several profiles. The best results obtained are found in the so-called Ghisler reef which grades 690 ppb Pt, Pd and Au over 5 metres. Local higher grade parts contain 2 ppm Pt, Pd and Au with 20 ppb Rh over 1 meter. Ghisler reef displays an unusual geochemical signature with near perfect correlation of Pt, Pd, Au and Cu with Bi, thereby resembling the PGE deposits in Sudbury (Canada), Great Dyke (Zimbabwe) and the Monchegorsk intrusion on Kola Peninsula (Russia) (Appel et al. 2011).

Channel sampling of mineralised layers in the Upper Zone, of the Skaergaard Intrusion, southern East Greenland. 3 . Lesser investigated occurrences with a potential includes:

a) The Norite Belt of the Maniitsoq region in West Greenland the (64 degrees N in West Greenland, is presently understood as the result of meteoric impact and sulphide mineralisation rich in nickel and Cu, as well as PGE, and compared to the Sudbury Ni-Cu-PGE district (www. northamericannickel.com). b) Palaeogene sulphide deposits in the feeder systems of the West Greenland Flood Basalt Province (www.avannaa.com). The deposit type is expected to be similar to those of the Noril´sk region (Russia). c) Additional occurrences, mostly little investigated, are found in mafic intrusive bodies in the Precambrian of West Greenland, e.g., the Amikoq mineralisation (www.nunaminerals.com), and Palaeogene intrusions in East Greenland (Nielsen, 2002). A review of PGE potential in Greenland can be found in Secher et al. (2007)

- Known resources and reserves of PGE in Greenland At Skaergaard, the geologic estimate suggests a >500 Mt resource with a total of ~36 million oz PGE and ~12 million oz. gold, classifying the deposit as a giant (Nielsen et al., 2005). The Pd/Pt is near 13 in the deposit. No other PGE are present in economic concentrations. On the basis of cores drilled by the present concessionaire, only, the sum of indicated and inferred resources is ~10 million oz. PGE and 6 million oz. gold. Grades may reach ~5 g/t PGE and ~10 g/t gold, dependent on sample size (Watts, Griffis & McOuat, 1991)

- Overview and status of projects exploring for PGE The challenge in the Skaergaard mineralisation is the development of exploitation methods for the low grade but large deposit type. The structure, mineralogy and continuity of the mineralisation is well documented. In all other Paleogene occurrences in East Greenland the lack of exploration and the remoteness of many of these constitute obvious constraints to their development. In addition, all other observed occurrences appear to be discontinuous and related to contacts between intrusions and host rocks or between intrusive phases of the intrusions. The potential for Noril´sk type mineralisations in the Palaeogene of West Greenland, appears unquestioned at the present level of information. The potential related to the Ni-Cu-PGE occurrences in the Norite Belt appears to increase with the accumulation of drill core data.

As for many Palaeogene occurrences, the lack of focussed exploration is evident for anorthositic as well as other mafic complexes in West Greenland, whose potential remains significant.

- References Appel, P. W. U., Dahl, O., Kalvig, P. & Polat, A. 2011: Discovery of new PGE mineralisations in the Precambrian Fiskenaesset anorthosite complex, West Greenland. Danmarks og Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse Rapport 2011/3 2nd edition 48 pp.

Holwell, D. & Keays, R.R. 2014: The formation of low-volume, high-tenor magmatic PGE-Au sulfide mineralisation in closed systems: evidence from precious and base metal geochemistry of the Platinova reef, Skaergaard Intrusion, East Greenland. Economic Geology, 109, p. 387-406.

Miller and Andersen, J.C.O. 2002: Attributes of Skaergaard-Type PGE Reefs. In Boudreau, A. (ed.). Extended abstracts, 9th internat. Platinum Conf. p. 305-308.

Nielsen, T.F.D. 2002: Palaeogene intrusions and magmatic complexes in East Greenland, 66 to 75o N. GEUS report 2002/113, 249 pp.

Secher, K., Appel, P. & Nielsen, T.F.D. 2007: The PGE potential in Greenland. Geology and Ore no. 8, February 2007, 12 pp.

Watts, Griffis & McOuat 1991: 1990 Skaergaard project, Platinova/Corona concession, East Greenland. Exploration report, 55 pp. and appendixes (in archive of the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, GRF no. 20848).

REEs -WITH FOCUS ON Nd/Dy

Greenland potential

- Where in Greenland is REE found and where is the potential Several REE-occurrences are known in Greenland; the largest deposits by far are the igneous alkaline intrusions related to the Gardar Province in South Greenland, hosting the deposits around Kvanefjeld, Kringlerne, and Motzfeldt Sø; additionally four carbonatite related deposits are known from the West coast, one alkaline intrusion and one fossil placer deposits, both located in East Greenland.

- Known resources and reserves of REE in Greenland An overview of the resource figures for the most important Greenlandic REE-deposits is given in the table below; additionally the potential co- and/or by-product grades are listed. Elevated radioactive mineralisation are associated with most of the deposits; though the Kringlerne deposit is known to host only very little uranium and thorium.

Type of Tonnage Metallogenetic Exploration Tonnage Grade (%) HREE Grade Co-/by Locality resource TREO type status (Mt) TREO (%) products estimate (Mt) U: 274 ppm JORC- Kvanefjeld Alkaline igneous Feasibility 437 4.77 1.09 12 Zn: 0.22% Indicated F: n.a. U: 304 ppm JORC - Sørensen Alkaline igneous Feasibility 242 2.67 1.1 13 Zn: 0.26% Inferred F: n.a. U:300 ppm JORC Zone 3 Alkaline igneous – Feasibility 95 1.11 1.16 12 Zn: n.a. Inferred F: n.a. JORC - Zr O : 1.8% Kringlerne Alkaline igneous Feasibility 4,300 28 0.65 31 3 8 Inferred Nb2O3: 0.2% Ta O :120 ppm n.a.- 2 3 Motzfeldt Alkaline igneous Exploration 340 0.9 0.26 19 Nb O :1850 ppm Inferred 2 3 ZrO2:4600 ppm Carbonatite NIAQ Karrat n.a. Exploration 26 0.3 1 13 n.a. associated? Carbonatite NI 43-101 Sarfartoq (ST1) Scoping 14.1 0.2 1.53 2 n.a. associated - Inferred Carbonatite/Vein Qeqertaasaq n.a. Exploration 45 0.5 1 1 Nb O associated 2 3

Milne Land Fossil placer n.a. Exploration 5 0.1 1 13 2% ZrO2

- Overview and status of projects exploring for REE The Kvanefjeld Project encompasses the deposits Kvanefjeld, Sørensen, and Zone 3, of which the first is the main target. The license holder Greenland Minerals and Energy Ltd (GME), expect to submit an application for exploitation early 2015, enabling the company to commence production in 2018. The mining technique will be by open pit, and the ore will be treated in an adjacent metallurgical plant, extracting the sphalerite by flotation, and subsequently the steenstrupine concentrate will be fed into a hydrometallurgical leaching circuit and uranium and REE are recovered by solvent extraction. GME has recently decided to locate the hydrometallurgical leaching plant in Greenland and to undertake the REE-separation in China.

GME estimates that neodymium and dysprosium will contribute respectively c. 32% and 13% to the overall value. Planned annual production: 10-20,000 ton

TREO, encompassing 1.200–2.400 ton Nd2O3 and 100–200 ton Dy2O3.

Kringlerne: The REE-deposit occurs in the lower layered part of the Illimaussaq Complex. The license holder Tanbreez applied for an exploitation license in Nov. 2013, and expects to start operation in 2016. The project intends to mine open pit near the fjord; the ore will be trucked to an adjacent process plant, producing three products: (i) eudialyte concentrate; (ii) feldspar concentrate, and (iii) arfvedsonite concentrate, which will be shipped for further processing and/or use outside Greenland. Planned annual production: 3,250

ton TREO, encompassing c. 400 ton Nd2O3 and c. 90

ton Dy2O3.

Motzfeldt Sø: The Motzfeldt Centre consists of a number of igneous intrusions of peralkaline syentie and nepheline syenite covering. In addition to the REE, the Motzfeldt Sø syenite holds significant amounts of Nb- Ta at the Aries Prospect (estimated 500 Mt grading

120 ppm Ta; 130 Mt grading around 0.5% Nb2O5); Nb-Ta and the REE are only weakly correlated. Exploration is ongoing.

Sarfartoq: The central zone of the complex surrounded by a series of ring-like dykes containing numerous carbonate breccia veins. Mineralisation of Nb and REE has been recorded from separate zones.

Qeqertaasaq: The license holder, NunaMinerals undertakes simultaneous exploration and metallurgical tests on a new site, in which promising surface samples yielding up to 13.2% TREO. The mineralisation is LREE-dominated. NunaMinerals have ultimo 2013 signed a joint exploration agreement with Korea Resources Corporation (”KORES”) in order to advance the project.

NIAQ Karrat: License holder, Avannaa Resources. Initial drilling was undertaken in 2010. The average drill intersections yielded about 1% TREO, and the HREO-ratio is c. 13%; initial metallurgical testing on a bulk sample graded 1.1% TREO, Nd 0.2% and Dy 0.02%.

Drilling at Kvanefjeld. Copyright GME.

- Recommendations The planned annual production from the two most advance REE-projects in Greenland, Kvanefjeld and Kringlerne, is in the range of 13,000-23,000 tons TREO. Öko-Institut (2011) estimates the 2014-supply for neodymium and dysprosium to be about 33,000 and 2,000 tons/y respectively; if so the Greenlandic

production then may contribute to 5-8% of the global neodymium supply and 10-16% of the global dysprosium supply.

The REE-deposits in Greenland contribute significantly to the global TREO-resource base, as well as the anticipated production on particularly dysprosium carries a significant supply potential against the 2016 global demand.

The current global TREO resource base is estimated to be sufficient for 800 years of production based on a 200 K ton/y. This is contrast to the increasing undersupply of CREO, mainly due to the Chinese monopoly of the REO-market. In order to erodate the Chinese monopoly on the REE-value chains, it is important to support viable alternatives. Greenland offers two world-class REE deposits (Kvanefjeld and Kringlerne) which theoretically have a strong market potential. Thus development of the South Greenland region in terms of hydropower, local airport and harbour facilities would not only benefit the general development of this region, but may as well make Greenlandic REE-operations more competitive.

- References

Naalakkersuisut 2012: Status for råstoffer. Presentation by Jørn Skov Nielsen, Departementet for Erhverv, Råstoffer og Arbejdsmarked.

Roskill 2012: Rare Earths & Yttrium: Market Outlook to 2015. 527 pp., Fourteenth Edition, 2011. Roskill Information Services Ltd., UK

Schüler, D., Buchert, M., Liu, R., Dittrich, S. & Merz C. 2011: Study on Rare Earth and Their Recycling. Final Report for the Greens/EFA Group in the European Parliament, Öko-Institut, 162 pp.

Sørensen, L.L. & Kalvig, P. 2011: The rare earth element potential in Greenland. Geology & Ore No. 20, 12 pp.

Technology Metals Research 2014: TMR Advanced Rare-Earth Projects Index. http://www.techmetalsresearch.com/metrics-indices/tmr-advanced-rare-earth-projects-index/

TUNGSTEN

Greenland potential

- Where in Greenland is tungsten found and where is the potential Economic tungsten (W) deposits are mainly of two types (vein and skarn) related to granitic intrusions or medium to high-grade metamorphic rocks.

Numerous tungsten mineralisations are known from east and west Greenland, but they are especially concentrated along a ~500 km belt in central East Greenland (see map below). Here outcropping tungsten occurrences (occur as the mineral scheelite) are known from at least 12 areas with footprints varying from 1 to 20 km2 in size, and scheelite-bearing boulders have been located in another two areas.

It is possible to divide the scheelite-mineralised areas in central East Greenland into three groups on account of their geological setting. The groups and their respective areas are as follows:

 Scheelite mineralisation in Upper Proterozoic meta-sediments, often spatially associated with Cale-donian or older granitic intrusions.

 Scheelite mineralisation in the Lower Neoproterozoic sediments, up to 7 km from outcropping Caledonian granites.

 Scheelite mineralisation in fault zones in Upper Neoproterozoic sediments without spatial relation to granitic rocks. The areas of this group comprise among others North and South Margerie Dal on Ymer Ø.

- Known resources and reserves of tungsten in Greenland A compilation of the distribution of potential undiscovered and known tungsten resources in Greenland is included in the table below. The potential undiscovered tungsten resource estimates are derived from a workshop in 2013 on the “Assessment of the tungsten potential in Greenland” (Sørensen et al. 2014):

Undiscovered tungsten resources Resources in known deposits (metric tons W metal)

Areas Vein Skarn Source Deposits Tons/grade Type Source Ymer Ø – South 75,000 t @ Scoping Sørensen et al. Central east and Margerie Dal 2.5 % WO study (2014) northeast 179 267 Sørensen et al. (2014) 3 Ymer Ø North 42,000 t @ Scoping Sørensen a Greenland – et l. Margerie Dal 0.7 % WO3 study (2014) Northwest Sørensen et al. (2014) 4.5 2.2 Greenland South Greenland Sørensen et al. (2014) 43.2 4.8

Summary of resource estimates for tungsten potential in Greenland and reported resources from known deposits.

- Overview and status of projects exploring for tungsten Current projects exploring for tungsten are few. NunaMinerals A/S holds a license on Ymer Ø exploring for tungsten, antimony and gold. In May 2014, NunaMinerals A/S signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Canadian company, Northcore Resources Inc. to advance the development of the Ymer Ø project towards exploitation.

- Recommendations Considering the limited exploration activity for tungsten and the limited amount of data and information available, future exploration activity is likely to benefit greatly from new regional geophysical and remote sensing surveys in central East Greenland.

Close-up of the tungsten deposit located at South Margerie Dal/ Colinedal on Ymer Ø in central East Greenland. Photo: 21st North

- References Hallenstein, C.P., Pedersen, J. L. 1983. Scheelite Mineralization in Central East Greenland. Mineralium Deposita 18, p. 315-333.

Harpøth, O., Pedersen, J.L., Schønwandt, H.K. & Thomassen, B. 1986: The mineral occurrences of central East Greenland, Geoscience 17, 139 pp.

Sørensen, L.L., Stensgaard, B.M. & Rosa, D. 2014: Tungsten potential in Greenland. Geology and Ore, vol. 25, 12 pp.

ZINC

Greenland potential

- Where in Greenland is zinc found and where is the potential Greenland has an excellent potential for sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) and Mississippi-Valley type (MVT) zinc and lead deposits. The former tend to be large deposits, found in clastic sedimentary rocks, particularly shales, with reserves and resources in individual deposits exceeding 100 million tonnes and with typical grades of about 10–15% Zn and 2–5% Pb. The latter are hosted in carbonate rocks and tend to be smaller than SEDEX deposits, though they often occur in clusters in a single district. MVT deposits tend to have lower grades, typically 2–6% Zn and 1–3% Pb, but are of easy beneficiation. In addition to Zn and Pb, these deposit types can yield Ag, Cd, Ge, In, barite, and fluorite as by-products. In addition to these sedimentary zinc deposits, zinc is also found in the unusual context of an alkaline intrusion, in the Kvanefjeld deposit, in South Greenland. At this locality, zinc concentrates are planned to be produced as a by-product of rare earth and uranium mining. Despite its potential, in Greenland zinc has only been mined at the Black Angel MVT mine (West Greenland) and at the Blyklippen mine (East Greenland). In the former, 11.2 million tons at 12.3% Zn were mined between 1973 and 1990, and in the latter and unquantified but small amount of zinc concentrate was produced between 1956 and 1962.

- Known resources and reserves of zinc in Greenland A compilation of the distribution of potential undiscovered and known zinc resources in Greenland is included in the table below. The potential undiscovered Zn resource estimates are derived from a workshop in 2011 on the “Assessment of the zinc potential in Greenland” (Sørensen et al. 2013): Undiscovered Zn resources (Mt Zn metal) Resources in known deposits Areas SEDEX MVT Source: Deposits: Ton/grade Type Source: North Greenland 13.7 2.7 Sørensen et al (2013) Citronen 132 Mt @ JORC Ironbark Zinc (Franklinian Basin) Fjord 4.1% Zn indicated East Greenland 1.5 1.4 Sørensen et al (2013) (Jameson Land Basin + Krummedal and Eleonore Bay Basin) West Greenland 1.2 0.3 Sørensen et al (2013) Black Angel 4.4 Mt @ JORC Angel Mining (Karrat Group) 8.6% Zn measured Northeast Greenland (Hekla Sund 2.1 0 Sørensen et al (2013) Basin) Northwest Greenland 1.6 0.2 Sørensen et al (2013) (Inglefield Land + Thule Basin) South Greenland NA NA Kvanefjeld 956 Mt @ JORC Greenland Minerals (Alkaline intrusions) 2.4% Zn indicated & Energy

- Overview and status of projects exploring for zinc Depressed zinc prices have long subdued exploration for zinc. Furthermore, the capacity of China, the largest world producer, to respond to possible rises in prices with additional output remains a possibility that disincentives exploration. However, the planned closure of several large mines (Brunswick and Perseverance, in Canada; Skorpion, in Namibia, Lisheen, in Ireland; Century, in Australia) has encouraged some major companies (Glencore Xstrata, Nyrstar and Boliden) to recently launch or support zinc exploration projects, until recently of interest mostly to junior companies only. The effects of this change of attitude towards zinc exploration also translated into Greenland. As a result, Boliden signed an agreement with Avannaa to explore for zinc in the Franklinian Basin of North Greenland, namely in Washington Land (Petermann prospect). Glencore Xstrata, on the other hand, is funding Ironbark, who is committed to Greenland, recently finishing a feasibility project for the Citronen Fjord SEDEX deposit and engaged in exploration in Washington Land (Cass Fjord prospect) and Eastern Greenland (Blyklippen area).

Further developments in exploration initiatives in the most prospective area, the Franklinian Basin of North Greenland, remain however constrained by a temporary closure for new mineral applications in the area north of latitude 81°N due to new nature preservation areas. While current licenses and license applications, namely those held by Ironbark and Avannaa, are not affected and will continue under current license terms, this closure effectively has kept most of Franklinian Basin out of reach for exploration. It is expected, however, that a new set of licensing terms, including definition of the license blocks, will be established soon, possibly prompting a new wave of exploration. In terms of planned production, the most advanced project is the Kvanefjeld project, by Greenland Minerals and Energy, which is directed towards the production of U and rare earth elements but which is planned to have significant zinc produced as a by-product. The feasibility study on the Citronen Fjord deposit, by Ironbark, projects an expected mine life of 14 years, with a production rate of 3.3 Mt/a, with an average zinc grade of 5.85% from the initial underground mining and an average zinc grade of 3.10% from the final open pit mining.

- Recommendations The potential of the Franklinian Basin of North Greenland for zinc, but also germanium and fluorite, warrants dedicated high-resolution geophysical and remote sensing surveys. Recommended surveys include aeromagnetic, gravimetric and hyperspectral surveys covering the whole basin. These surveys can assist in identifying main structures controlling the distribution of mineralisation, which should subsequently be followed-up with field reconnaissance expeditions. These would facilitate and stimulate mineral exploration and possibly lead to new discoveries. A more complete evaluation of the potential of the Franklinian Basin would greatly benefit from funding dedicated to deepening the cooperation with Canada, as this basin extends into this country and several Canadian researchers are engaged in its study. Field work studies, both for research and exploration, require the availability of key logistical platforms in remote areas, particularly in North Greenland. Therefore, the maintenance and possible expansion of facilities such as Station Nord (operated by the Joint Arctic Command of the Danish Defense) is recommended. Likewise, the availability of an ice- reinforced expedition vessel is also recommended as a means of extending mineral reconnaissance efforts to more remote areas. Finally, to better assess the feasibility of possible future mining projects, a prerequisite to attract mineral exploration, the existence of bathymetry data on the fjords, needed to evaluate locations for deep water ports, would be beneficial. Likewise, research on effective and mobile mining infrastructure / energy supplies in high Arctic areas are strongly recommended.

- References Angel Mining, website: www.angelmining.com

Geology and Ore, No 5 – The Blyklippen Mine lead-zinc mine at Mesters Vig, Eastern Greenland, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, 12 pp.

Greenland Minerals and Energy, website: www.ggg.gl

Ironbark zinc, website: www.ironbarkgold.com.au/

Sørensen, L.L., Stensgaard, B.M., Thrane, K., Rosa, D. & Kalvig, P. 2013: Sediment-hosted zinc in Greenland - Reporting the mineral resource assessment workshop 29 November - 1 December 2011, Danmarks og Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse Rapport 2013/56, 184 pp.

Annex 2: EU industry needs & Greenland raw material deposits

1

CHROMIUM

EU industry* and applications

- Mining sites in Europe  Tornio, Kemi (FI)

- European mining companies with national or global activities  Cronimet Group (DE)  ENRC (UK)  Outokumpu (FI)  Glencore Xstrata (CH)

- Primary production companies in EU (refiners / smelters)  Cronimet Group (DE)  ENRC (UK)  Outokumpu (FI, Chromite)

- Major processing companies in EU (production of semi-products)  Plansee (AT)  Delachaux (FR)  Elektrowerk Weisweiler (DE)  Manifold stainless steel mills and stainless steel processing companies

- Relevant association  ICDA (International chromium development association)

2 * Including EU-28, and Norway and Switzerland

- Main products - Applications and end-use

 90% of chromium is used in stainless steel which is an essential material Figure: End-use of chromium in the USA 2012 for large industrial sectors (automotive, construction, engineering)  Refractory materials  Chemical specialty products (e.g. colours, leather tanning)

- Relevant sectors

 Mechanical engineering  Automotive Transport   Building construction  Metallurgical industry Source: Report on critical Raw Materials for the EU, 2014,

 Refractories/Foundries chemistry Figure 32 on page 31

Figure: World ferrochromium supply and demand forecasts to 2020 (´000s tonnes)

Source: Report on critical Raw Materials for the EU, 2014, Figure 33 on page 32

3

- Future technologies  The emerging technologies are not expected to have significant influence on Cr-demand up to 2030: o Redox flow battery o Desalination of sea water o Orthopedic implants

- References

Report on critical Raw Materials for the EU - Critical Raw Materials Profiles, 2014 (http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/raw-materials/critical/index_en.htm

USGS, 2014, Chromium (http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/chromium/mcs-2014- chrom.pdf)

Outokumpu-Homepage (www.outokumpu.com)

ARS Mining Homepage (http://www.arsiminen.de/)

Cronimet Homepage (http://www.cronimet.de/en/)

ENRC Homepage (http://www.enrc.com/about-us/glance)

Glencore Xstrata Homepage (http://www.glencorexstrata.com/)

Plansee Homepage (http://www.plansee-group.com/)

Delachaux Homepage (http://www.delachaux.fr/En/)

Elektrowerk Weisweiler GmbH Homepage (http://www.elektrowerk.de/en/index2.html)

ICDA (International chromium development association) Homepage (http://www.icdacr.com/index.php?lang=en)

ICDA Uses of chrome

(http://www.icdacr.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=104&Itemid=167&lang=en)

Asian Metal (http://www.asianmetal.com)

USGS, 2011 Minerals Yearbook Chromium; April 2013 (http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/chromium/myb1-2011-chrom.pdf)

4

COPPER EU industry* and applications

- Mining sites in Europe  Rudna (PL)  Aguas Tenidas Mine (ES)  Neves-Corvo (PT)  Zinkgruvan (SE)  Aitik (SE)  Garpenberg (SE)  The Boliden Area (SE)  Aguablance (ES)

- European mining companies with national or global activities  KGHM Polska Miedź (PL)  Boliden (SE)  Lundin Mining Corporation (CA/SE)  Trafigura (UK)  Anglo American (UK)  Rio Tinto (UK)  Cronimet Group (DE)

- Primary production companies in EU (refiners and smelters)  Atlantic copper (ES)  Aurubis (DE)  Boliden (SE)  Metallo Chimique (DE)  Montanwerke Brixlegg (AT)  KGHM (PL)

5

- Major processing companies in EU (production of semi-products)

 Cupori (FL)  Halcor Metal Works (GR/BG)  KME (DE)  La Fraga (ES)  Luvata (UK)  Mueller Industries (UK)  Nexans (FR)  Wieland (DE)  Cronimet Group (DE)  Mansfelder Kupfer und Messing GmbH (DE)  Numerous small, medium and large enterprises in the end-use manufacturing

- Relevant association  European Copper Institute

- Main products - Applications and end-use

 Cable Figure: End-use of copper in Europe 2011  Wires Transformers   Motors  Electronic components Source: Study on non Critical Raw Materials at EU Level,  Switchgear 2014, Figure 13 on page 22  Tubes  Pipes  Construction  Transport equipment  Plumbing  Air-conditioning  Refrigeration

- Relevant sectors

 Electrical applications  Building Construction  Automotive and other transport

- Trend  Rising demand in all sectors.

6

 Exports are an important demand driver since Europe is a net exporter of semi-finished goods.  Europe is a net exporter of semi-finished goods.

- Future technologies  Additional demand will arise from electric cars.

- References

Study on non Critical Raw Materials at EU Level, 2014 (http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/raw- materials/files/docs/crm-non-critical-material-profiles_en.pdf)

USGS, 2014, Copper (http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity//copper/mcs-2014-coppe.pdf)

ICSG: International Copper Study Group (http://www.icsg.org/)

ICSG The World Copper Factbook 2013 (http://copperalliance.org/wordpress/wp- content/uploads/2012/01/2013-World-Copper-Factbook.pdf)

Trafigura Homepage (www.trafigura.com)

Lundin Mining Homepage (http://www.lundinmining.com)

Boliden Homepage (http://www.boliden.com/Operations/Mines/)

KGHM Homepage (http://www.kghm.pl/ und andere Homepages)

Anglo American Homepage (http://www.angloamerican.com/)

Rio Tinto Homepage (http://www.riotinto.com/)

Cronimet Group Homepage (http://www.cronimet-mining.com/en/mining/operations/)

Aurubis Homepage (http://www.aurubis.com/)

Metallo Chimique Homepage (http://www.metallo.com)

Montanwerke Brixlegg Homepage (http://www.montanwerke- brixlegg.com/)

Atlantic Copper Homepage (http://www.atlantic-copper.es)

Wieland Homepage (http://www.wieland.de/)

European Copper Institute (http://www.copperalliance.eu/)

Copper development association (http://www.copperinfo.co.uk/environment/recycling.shtml)

London Metal Exchange (http://www.lme.com/en-gb/metals/non-ferrous/copper/#tab2)

Copper development association: Annual Data 2013. Copper supply & consumption - 1992-2012

7

BGR Deutschland - Rohstoffsituation 2012, November 2013 (http://www.bgr.bund.de/DE/Themen/Min_rohstoffe/Downloads/Rohsit- 2012.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=9)

8

GRAPHITE EU industry* and

applications

- Mining sites in Europe  Kringel mine (SE)  Skaland mine (NO)  Romania  Kaisersberg (AT)  Data on European production in 2012: Romania: 7.000 t; Norway 7.000 t  Very low in comparison to world production of 1.100.000 t in 2010 - European mining companies with national or global activities  IMERYS - timcal (FR)  Norwegian Graphite AS (NO)  Skaland Graphite AS (NO)  Grafitbergbau Kaisersberg (AT)

- Processing companies in the European Union  AMG (NL) and subsidiary Kropfmühl (DE)  SGL Carbon SE (DE)  TOKAI ERFTCARBON GmbH (DE)  Numerous end-use manufacturers in Europe, e.g. for batteries: Axeon, Varta, Saft - Relevant association  European Carbon and Graphite Association

9 * Including EU-28, and Norway and Switzerland

- Main products - Applications and end-use

 Electrodes in steel productions Figure: Worldwide use of natural graphite in  Electrodes in batteries and fuel cells  Furnace lining 2010  Molds for casting  Carbon brushes  Lubricants  Brake linings

- Relevant sectors

 Steel industry  Construction (building) industry Automotive industry  Source: Report on critical Raw Materials for the EU, (2014), Electrical industry  Figure 104 on page 104

- Applications by type of natural graphite

Natural: Amorphous Natural: Flake Natural: Vein

(Most abundant type; least valuable; (Less common and of higher purity (most valuable and rarest form of account for 44% of global than amorphous graphite; account for graphite; accounts for 1% of world production) 55% of global production) production)

 Carbon brushes  Batteries  Foundry applications  Heat sinks  Carbon brushes  Lubricants  Coated conductors  Heat sinks  Powder metallurgy  Refractory applications  Coated conductors  Electrical components  Brake pads  Lubricant additives  Carbon brushes  Clutches  Pencils  Foundry applications  Refractory applications  Steel alloys  Graphite shapes  Lubricant additives  Coated conductors brake  Pencils pads

 Paints  Clutches

 Rubber and polymer  Foundry applications composites  Powder metallurgy  Thread compounds  Drilling mud additives  Nuclear reactors  Flame retardants

10

 Synthetic diamonds

- Trend  Rising demand in most sectors. Graphite demand is expected to grow in the near future at around 3.4% per year to 2010 (Report on critical Raw Materials for the EU, 2014).  Higher growth is expected for flake grades graphite (for batteries, friction products, lubricants etc).  Rising prices may lead to increasing substitution (e.g. by synthetic graphite).  Li-ion batteries for electric vehicles will be an important demand driver in the mid and long term. A growth by 25% a year up to 2020 is expected.  Improving refining qualities are likely lead to new high-tech applications

Figure: World natural graphite supply and end-use forecast to 2020 (´000 tonnes)

Source: Report on critical Raw Materials for the EU, 2014, Figure 105 on page 106

- Future technologies  Lithium-ion batteries (mobile phones, laptops, tablet computers, electric vehicles) [relevant demand driver!]  Fuel cells [potentially relevant demand driver!]  Graphene (as a better conductor of heat and electricity than copper – for electronics, solar cells etc)  Vanadium redox batteries  Pebble bed nuclear reactors  In R&D: carbon nanotubes in electronics, solar cells, hydrogen storage and others

11

- References

Report on critical Raw Materials for the EU - Critical Raw Materials Profiles, 2014 (http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/raw-materials/critical/index_en.htm)

USGS 2014, Graphite (http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/graphite/mcs 2014 graph.pdf)

Report on Substitution of Critical Raw Materials, CRM_InnoNet; D3.3 Raw material profile,‐ ‐September 2013

Flinders Resources Homepage (http://www.flindersresources.com/s/NewsReleases.asp?ReportID=509924)

Industrial Minerals Report: The Natural Graphite Industry in 2012 (http://americanresources.org/wp- content/uploads/2012/12/Industrial-Minerals-Data-Report.pdf)

Homepage IMERYS (http://www.imerys.com/scopi/group/imeryscom/imeryscom.nsf/pagesref/SBDD- 8QGETA?OpenDocument&Lang=EN)

Homepage AMG (http://www.amg-nv.com/Home/default.aspx)

Homepage SGL Group (http://www.sglgroup.com/cms/international/company/index.html?__locale=en)

Homepage TOKAI ERFTCARBON GmbH (http://www.tokai-erftcarbon.com/en/)

Homepage European Carbon and Graphite Association (http://www.carbonandgraphite.org/)

12

IRON

EU industry* and applications

- Mining sites in Europe  Malmberget (SE)  Very small iron ore mining in Austria, the Slova Republic and Germany

- European mining companies with national or global activities  LKAB Minerals (SE)  Anglo American (UK)  Rio Tinto (UK)  London mining (UK)

- Primary production companies in EU (refiners and smelters)  There are more than 50 steel works in EU-28 and numerous iron foundries.

- Major processing companies in EU (production of semi-products):  There are numerous large companies in the processing of steel and iron materials in sectors such as o Automotive o Construction o Mechanical engineering o Infrastructure o etc.

- Relevant association  EUROFER (European Steel Assocation)  EUROmetal  CAEF (European Foundry Association)  EUROALLIAGES

13

* Including EU-28, and Norway and Switzerland

- Main products - Applications and end-use

"Nothing is manufactured, processed or transported without steel" - due to the large Figure: End-use of iron in Europe in 2010 number of products no main products are listed here

- Relevant sectors

 Automotive & transport  Construction  Engineering  Tubes  Infrastructure  Domestic applicances Source: Study on non Critical Raw Materials at EU Level, 2014, Figure 28 on page 44

- Trend  Rising demand in proportion to the GDP.  The demand for stainless steel, is expected to increase in the range of 4-5% per year to 2020.

- References

USGS 2014, Iron Ore (http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/iron_ore/)

Macro business: A brief history of iron ore markets, from August 2013, retrieved April 2014 (http://www.macrobusiness.com.au/2013/08/a-brief-history-of-iron-ore-markets/)

BGR Deutschland - Rohstoffsituation 2012, November 2013 (http://www.bgr.bund.de/DE/Themen/Min_rohstoffe/Downloads/Rohsit- 2012.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=9)

Homepage EUROFER (European Steel Association) (http://www.eurofer.org/)

Homepage EUROmetal (The voice of European steel, tubes and metal intermediation) (http://www.eurometal.net/)

Homepage CAEF (European Foundry Association) (http://www.caef.org/default.asp)

Homepage EUROALLIAGES (European Association of ferro-alloys and silicon producers)

14

(http://www.euroalliages.com/)

World steel consumption 2012 (http://www.steelonthenet.com/consumption.html)

World Steel Association, Steel Applications, retrieved on 13May2014 (http://www.steeluniversity.org/content/html/eng/default.asp?catid=2&pageid=-424514437)

World Steel Association, Fact sheet The three Rs, retrieved on 13May 2014 (http://www.worldsteel.org/dms/internetDocumentList/fact-sheets/Fact- sheet_3Rs/document/Fact%20sheet_3Rs.pdf)

World Steel Association, World steel in figures 2013 (http://www.worldsteel.org/dms/internetDocumentList/bookshop/Word-Steel-in-Figures- 2013/document/World%20Steel%20in%20Figures%202013.pdf)

World Steel Association, Fact Sheet Raw Materials (http://www.worldsteel.org/dms/internetDocumentList/fact-sheets/Fact-sheet_Raw- materials2011/document/Fact%20sheet_Raw%20materials2011.pdf)

Study on non Critical Raw Materials at EU Level, 2014 (http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/raw- materials/files/docs/crm-non-critical-material-profiles_en.pdf)

Report on critical Raw Materials for the EU - Critical Raw Materials Profiles, 2014 (http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/raw-materials/critical/index_en.htm

15

NIOBIUM EU industry* and

applications

- Mining sites in Europe  No mining sites in EU (only scrap available as raw material source)

- European mining companies with global activities  Anglo American (UK)  Eramet (FR)

- Primary production companies in EU (refiners and smelters)  No primary niobium production in Europe, but production of niobium alloys from recycling (e.g. Cronimet (DE))

- Major processing companies in EU (production of semi-products)  H.C. Starck (DE)  A&M Group Ltd (UK)  AMC Group (UK)  Heraeus (DE)  All steel works

16

* Including EU-28, and Norway and Switzerland

Figure: Supply chain map of niobium

Source: Report on critical Raw Materials for the EU - Critical Raw Materials Profiles, 2014, Figure 106 on page 109

- Relevant associations

 Tantalum-Niobium International Study Center (TIC)

- Main products - Applications and end-use

 Ferro-niobium largest market for niobium (90% of worldwide niobium Figure: Worldwide end-use of niobium demand)  High-strength and corrosion resistant steel  Specific alloys, chemicals

- Relevant sectors

 Construction (high-strength low alloy steel)  Automotive (HSLA steel) Oil and gas supply (HSLA steel)   Nuclear industry (alloys)  Aircraft industry (alloys) Source: Report on critical Raw Materials for the EU, (2014),  Chemistry Figure 111 on page 114

17

- Trend  Growing demand (analogous to the rising steel demand)  The world outlook for ferro-niobium demand is expected to increase by around 8% per year due to rising global demand for steel in construction, infrastructure and automotive applications as well as trend towards greater use of HSLA steel.

Figure: World ferro-niobium capacity and consumption forecast to 2020 (´000 tonnes)

Source: Report on critical Raw Materials for the EU - Critical Raw Materials Profiles, 2014, Figure 112 on page 115

- Future technologies  The future Nb-demand will highly depend on the future steel demand.  Future technologies are assumed to require much lower amounts of Nb: o miniaturized capacitators o supraconductors in medical and research applications

18

- References

Report on critical Raw Materials for the EU - Critical Raw Materials Profiles, 2014 (http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise materials/critical/index_en.htm

http://www.oakdenehollins.co.uk/media/308/Critical_Metals_Decarbonisation.pdf, page 101

Critical raw materials for the EU, 2010, http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/raw-materials/files/docs/report-b_en.pd

Mineral Commodity Summaries: Niobium, U.S. Geological Survey, 2014

Anglo American Homepage: http://www.angloamerican.com/

H.C. Starck Homepage: http://www.hcstarck.com/de/home.html

A&M Group Ltd Homepage: http://www.amgroup.uk.com/

TIC: wordwide association representing the tantalum and niobium industry http://tanb.org/

Report on Substitution of Critical Raw Materials, CRM_InnoNet; D3.3 Raw material profile, September 2013

AMC Group Homepage: http://www.amcgroup.com/

Asian Metals Homepage: http://www.asianmetal.com/

Eramet Homepage: http://www.eramet.com/

USGS 2011 Minerals Yearbook Niobium and Tantalum (http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/niob niobi.pdf)

CBMM Homepage Operations (http://www.cbmm.com/us/p/76/operations.aspx)

Fraunhofer Institut 2009: Rohstoffe für Zukunftstechnologien

19

TANTALUM

EU industry* and applications

- Mining sites in Europe  No mining sites in Europe

- European mining companies with global activities  No European mining companies

- Primary production companies in EU (refiners and smelters)  H.C. Starck (DE)  Advances Metallurgical Group (NL)  Plansee (AT)  Treibacher (AT)  Heraeus (DE)

- Major processing companies in EU (production of semi-products)  Plansee (AT)  H.C. Starck (DE)  Tantec (DE)  EPCOS (DE/PT)  Tantaline (DK)  Hitachi Europe

- Relvant associations:  TIC (Tantalum-Niobium International Study Center)  Minor metals trade association

20

* Including EU-28, and Norway and Switzerland

- Main products - Applications and end-use

 Tantalum capacitators Figure: Worldwide end-use of tantalum in 2011  High-temperature resistant materials (e.g. for aicraft engines)  Corrosion resistant materials  High-strength steels and carbides (cutting tools)  Sputtering targets for semiconductor components  Surface acoustic wave filters  Chemical apparatus engineering  Laboratory equipment

- Relevant sectors

 Electronics  Automotive Aerospace  Source: Study on non Critical Raw Materials at EU Level,  Medicine 2014, Figure 60 on page 102  Optical industry  Chemical industry

- Trend  Roskill assumes a slow but steady growth in demand with highest growth rates in the segments superalloys, sputtering targets and tantalum chemicals.

- Future technologies  Tantalum is already used in a wide range of high-tech technologies which are expected to develop further.  Besides these manifold applications, no mass-relevant additional future field was identified.

21

- References

Study on non Critical Raw Materials at EU Level, 2014 (http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/raw- materials/files/docs/crm-non-critical-material-profiles_en.pdf)

USGS 2014, tantalum http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/niobium/

Report on Substitution of Critical Raw Materials, CRM_InnoNet; D3.3 Raw material profile, September 2013

Plansee Homepage: http://www.plansee-group.com/

H.C. Starck Homepage: http://www.hcstarck.com/de/home.html

Tantec Homepage: http://www.tantec-online.de/en_index.php?lang=en

A&M Group Ltd Homepage: http://www.amgroup.uk.com/

AMC Group Homepage: http://www.amcgroup.com/

Tantalum-Niobium International Study Center Homepage: http://tanb.org/

Minor metals Trade Assocation Homepage: http://www.mmta.co.uk/

AnnexV, critical raw materials for the EU 2010, page 193 (http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/raw- materials/files/docs/annex-v_en.pdf)

Polinares EU Policy on Natural Resources, Fact Sheet: Tantalum; March 2012 (http://www.polinares.eu/docs/d2-1/polinares_wp2_annex2_factsheet2_v1_10.pdf)

Assessment of due diligence compliance cost, benefit and related effects on selected operators in relation to the responsible sourcing of selected minerals; European Commission, September 2013 (http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2014/march/tradoc_152230.pdf)

ERAMET (http://www.eramet.com/sites/default/files/cp/resultats2013_eramet_21_02_2014_fr.pdf)

USGS 2013, An Exploration in Mineral Supply Chain Mapping Using Tantalum as an Example (http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1239/pdf/ofr2013-1239.pdf)

Minor metals Trade Assocation (editor); authors: Patrick Stratton, Roskill Information Services and David Henderson, Rittenhouse International: Tantalum Market Overview; http://www.mmta.co.uk/

22

PGEs

EU industry* and applications

- Mining sites in Europe  No mining sites in EU

- European mining companies with national or global activities  Anglo American (UK)  Lonmin (UK)  Cronimet (DE)

- Primary production companies in EU (refiners and smelters)  Johnson Matthey (UK)  Heraeus (DE  H.C. Starck (DE)  Chimet (IT)  Anglo American (UK)  Glencore Xstrata (CH, UK)

- Major processing companies in EU (production of semi-products):  Umicore (BE)  Johnson Matthey (UK)  Heraeus (DE)  BASF (DE)  Heimerle+Meule Group (DE)

- Relevant association  EPMF (European Precious Metals Federation)  International Platinum Group Metals Association  ECMA (European Catalyst Manufacturers Association)

23

* Including EU-28, and Norway and Switzerland

- Main products - Applications and end-use

 Autocatalysts Figure: Word demand for PGMs for 2012  Catalysts in chemical industry  Jewellery  Alloys for electronic components  Medical products  Catalysts in fuel cells  Financial investment

- Relevant sectors

 Automotive  Chemical industry  Electronicsl  Medical technology Jewellery  Source: Report on critical Raw Materials for the EU, 2014,  Finance Table 36 on page129

Figure: World natural graphite supply and end-use forecast to 2020 (´000 tonnes)

Source: Report on critical Raw Materials for the EU - Critical Raw Materials Profiles, 2014, Figure 126 on page 131

24

25

- Trend

 Rising demand in all sectors.  Overall strong demand is expected for platinum, palladium and rhodium at around 4-5 % per year.  The strongest increase is expected in the autocatalysts market.  The demand for platinum jewellery is also expected to remain strong, particularly in China.

- Future technologies  Lithium-ion batteries (mobile phones, laptops, tablet computers, electric vehicles) [relevant demand driver!]  Fuel cells [potentially relevant demand driver!]  Graphene (as a better conductor of heat and electricity than copper – for electronics, solar cells, etc.)  Vanadium redox batteries  Pebble bed nuclear reactors  In R&D: carbon nanotubes in electronics, solar cells, hydrogen storage and others

- References

Report on critical Raw Materials for the EU - Critical Raw Materials Profiles, 2014 (http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/raw-materials/critical/index_en.htm

USGS 2014, Platinum-Group Metals; http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/platinum/

Anglo American Homepage: http://www.angloamerican.com/

Lonmin Homepage: http://www.lonmin.com/

Cronimet Homepage: http://www.cronimet.de/en/

Aurubis Homepage: http://www.aurubis.com/

KGHM Homepage: http://www.kghm.pl/

Umicore Homepage: http://www.umicore.com/en/

Johnson Matthey Homepage: http://www.matthey.com/

Heraeus Homepage: http://heraeus-precious-metals.com/

BASF Homepage: http://www.deutschland.basf.com/ecp3/Germany/en/content/aboutus/index

H.C. Starck Homepage: http://www.hcstarck.com/de/home.html

EPMF Homepage: http://www.epmf.be/

International Platinum Group Metals Association Homepage: www.ipa-news.com

ECMA Homepage: http://www.cefic.org

Johnson Matthey Prices retrieved 22nd April 2014 (http://www.platinum.matthey.com/prices/price-charts)

26

NEODYMIUM EU industry* and

applications

- Mining sites in Europe  Project in pre-mining phase: Norra Kärr (SE) by Tasman metals (Canadian company with Swedish subsidiary) Skaland mine (NO)

- European mining companies with global activities (all projects are still in the pre-mining phase!):  Avannaa Resources (UK)  Rare Earths Minerals (UK)  CGRG Ltd. (CZ)

- Primary production companies in EU (refiners and smelters)  No primary production from ores in Europe  The French Rhodia (Solvay Group) processes smaller amounts of high-concentrated rare earths oxides.

- Major processing companies in EU (production of semi-products)  Solvay (BE/FR) (former Rhodia)  Vacuumschmelze (DE)  Silmet/Molycorp (EE, subsidiary of US Molycorp)  Arnold Magnetic Technologies (UK)  Less Common Metals (UK, subsidiary of Canadian GWMG)  Goudsmit Magnetic Systems (NL)  Siemens AG (DE)  ALSTOM (FR)  BASF (DE)  Treibacher (AT)

* Including EU-28, and Norway and Switzerland 27

- Main products - Applications and end-use

 Large wind turbines with direct gears Figure: Neodymium end-use, 2012  Motors for hybrid vehicles  Motors for electric vehicles  Permanent magnets in industrial and household applications (e.g. energy efficient washing machines)  Hard disk drives  Loud speakers  NiMH-batteries

Source: Report on critical Raw Materials for the EU, 2014, Figure 169 on page 166

- Relevant sectors

 Wind energy  Automotive  Mechanical engineering  Electronics

- Trend  Worldwide rising demand in wind power and automotive industry, particularly in Chinese wind power installations.  The global neodymium demand is expected to increase by around 7% per year according to the 2014 report on critical materials for the EU.

28

Figure: World neodymium supply and demand forecast to 2020 (tonnes)

Source: Report on critical Raw Materials for the EU - Critical Raw Materials Profiles, 2014, Figure 170 on page 167

- Future technologies  Motors for e-mobility  Large wind turbines with direct gear

- References

Report on critical Raw Materials for the EU - Critical Raw Materials Profiles, 2014 (http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/raw-materials/critical/index_en.htm

USGS 2014 (http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/rare_earths/mcs-2014-raree.pdf)

UNEP International Resource Panel 2011, Recycling Rates of Metals: A status report

Asian Metals, retrieved on 22nd April 2014 (http://www.asianmetal.com)

Schüler et al, Study on Rare Earths and Their Recycling, 2011

ALKANE Resources Ltd.: Chart on rare earth resource by country excluding China, published on the website http://www.australianrareearths.com/current-issues.html, download at 04 Nov 2010

Ministry of Environmental Protection In: The Explanation of Compiling Emission Standards of Pollutants

29 from Rare Earths Industry 2009 viewed 11 October 2010,

Tansman metals Homepage (http://www.tasmanmetals.com/s/REEProjects.asp)

Avannaa Resources Homepage (http://www.avannaa.com)

Rare Earth Minerals Homepage (http://www.rareearthmineralsplc.com/)

CGRC Homepage (http://www.cgrg.cz/)

Nuna Minerals Homepage (http://www.nunaminerals.com/)

Vacuumschmelze Homepage (http://www.vacuumschmelze.com/index.php?id=30)

Arnold magnetic Technologies Homepage (http://www.arnoldmagnetics.com/)

Solvay Homepage (http://www.solvay.com/)

Treibacher Industrie AG Homepage (http://www.treibacher.at/de/home.html)

Goudsmit Magnetic Systems Homepage (http://www.goudsmit-magnetics.nl/EN/)

Siemens AG Homepage (http://www.siemens.com)

ALSTOM Homepage (http://www.alstom.com/)

Osram Homepage (http://www.osram.de/osram_de/)

Philips Homepage (http://www.philips.co.uk/?locale_org=de_de)

BASF Homepage (http://www.deutschland.basf.com/ecp3/Germany/en/content/aboutus/index)

ERECON (European Rare Earths Competence Network Homepage http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/raw-materials/erecon/index_en.htm)

Lynas annual report 2013 (https://www.lynascorp.com/Annual%20Reports/Lynas_Annual%20Report_2013%20FINAL%201272078. pdf)

CRS Report for Congress: Rare Earth Elements: The Global Supply Chain, December 2013 (http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R41347.pdf)

30

DYSPROSIUM EU industry* and

applications

- Mining sites in Europe  Project in pre-mining phase: Norra Kärr (SE) by Tasman metals (Canadian company with Swedish subsidiary)

- European exploration companies with global activities (all projects are still in the pre-mining phase!):  Avannaa Resources (UK)  Rare Earths Minerals (UK)  CGRG Ltd. (CZ)

- Primary production companies in EU (refiners and smelters):  No primary production from ores in Europe  The French Rhodia (Solvay Group) processes smaller amounts of high-concentrated rare earths oxides.

- Major processing companies in EU (production of semi-products):  Solvay (BE/FR) (former Rhodia)  Vacuumschmelze (DE)  Silmet/Molycorp (EE, subsidiary of US Molycorp)  Arnold Magnetic Technologies (UK)  Less Common Metals (UK, subsidiary of Canadian GWMG)  Goudsmit Magnetic Systems (NL)  Siemens AG (DE)  ALSTOM (FR)  Treibacher (AT)

- Relevant association  ERECON (European Rare Earths Competency Network)

31 * Including EU-28, and Norway and Switzerland

- Main products - Applications and end-use

 Motors for hybrid vehicles  Motors for electric vehicles Figure: Dysprosium end-use, 2012  Large wind turbines with direct gears  Laser (small amounts)  Nuclear reactor control (small amounts)

- Relevant sectors

 Automotive  Wind energy  Nuclear and optical industry (small amounts) Source: Report on critical Raw Materials for the EU, 2014,

Figure 184 on page 176

- Trend

 Worldwide rising demand in wind power and automotive industry, particularly in Chinese wind power installations.  The global dysprosium demand is expected to increase by around 9% per year according to the 2014 report on critical materials for the EU.  The recent developments of permanent magnets for high-temperature applications with a lower dysprosium content (savings of 30-50 %) may slow down this trend.

Figure: World dysprosium supply and demand forecast to 2020 (tonnes)

32

Source: Report on critical Raw Materials for the EU - Critical Raw Materials Profiles, 2014, Figure 185 on page 177

- Future technology

 Motors for e-mobility  Large wind turbines with direct gear

- References

Report on critical Raw Materials for the EU - Critical Raw Materials Profiles, 2014 (http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/raw-materials/critical/index_en.htm

USGS 2014 (http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/rare_earths/mcs-2014-raree.pdf)

UNEP International Resource Panel 2011, Recycling Rates of Metals: A status report

Asian Metals, retrieved on 22nd April 2014 (http://www.asianmetal.com)

Schüler et al, Study on Rare Earths and Their Recycling, 2011

ALKANE Resources Ltd.: Chart on rare earth resource by country excluding China, published on the website http://www.australianrareearths.com/current-issues.html, download at 04 Nov 2010

Ministry of Environmental Protection In: The Explanation of Compiling Emission Standards of Pollutants from Rare Earths Industry 2009 viewed 11 October 2010,

Tansman metals Homepage (http://www.tasmanmetals.com/s/REEProjects.asp)

Avannaa Resources Homepage (http://www.avannaa.com)

Rare Earth Minerals Homepage (http://www.rareearthmineralsplc.com/)

CGRC Homepage (http://www.cgrg.cz/)

Nuna Minerals Homepage (http://www.nunaminerals.com/)

Vacuumschmelze Homepage (http://www.vacuumschmelze.com/index.php?id=30)

Arnold magnetic Technologies Homepage (http://www.arnoldmagnetics.com/)

Solvay Homepage (http://www.solvay.com/)

Treibacher Industrie AG Homepage (http://www.treibacher.at/de/home.html)

Goudsmit Magnetic Systems Homepage (http://www.goudsmit-magnetics.nl/EN/)

Siemens AG Homepage (http://www.siemens.com)

ALSTOM Homepage (http://www.alstom.com/)

Osram Homepage (http://www.osram.de/osram_de/)

33

Philips Homepage (http://www.philips.co.uk/?locale_org=de_de)

BASF Homepage (http://www.deutschland.basf.com/ecp3/Germany/en/content/aboutus/index)

ERECON (European Rare Earths Competence Network Homepage http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/raw-materials/erecon/index_en.htm)

Avalon Enters into Rare Earth Refining Agreement and Strategic Partnership, March 2014, (http://web.tmxmoney.com/article.php?newsid=66144515&qm_symbol=AVL)

34

TUNGSTEN

EU industry* and applications

- Mining sites in Europe  Barruecopardo Tungsten project (ES)  Panasqueira mine (PT)  Mining in Mittersill (AT, Salburg)  Property Pöhla-Globenstein (DE)  Canadian companies operate mines in Portugal

- European mining companies with national or global activities  Ormonde Mining Plc (IE)  Sojitz Beralt Tin & Wolfram (PT)  Wolfram Bergbau- und Hutten AG (AT)  SME Saxony Minerals and Exploration AG (DE)  Tasman (CA/SE)

- Primary production companies in EU (refiners and smelters)  Wolfram Bergbau- und Hutten AG (AT)  Cronimet (DE)  SME Saxony Minerals and Exploration AG (DE)

- Major processing companies in EU (production of semi-products)  Plansee (AT)  A&M Group Ltd. (UK)  AMC Group (UK)  Eurotungstene metal powders (FR)  Umicore (BE; silver-tungsten carbide)

- Relevant association  ITIA (International Tungsten Industry Association)

35

* Including EU-28, and Norway and Switzerland

- Main products - Applications and end-use

 Corrosion-resistant materials Figure: Worldwide end-use of tungsten in 2010  Lighting technology  High-temperature resistant materials (e.g. furnaces, power stations)  Extremely hard cutting tools  Materials with high density  Vibration motor of mobile phone  Space travel and aircraft devices  Laser technology

- Relevant sectors Source: Report on critical Raw Materials for the EU, 2014, Figure 211 on page 199  Construction and mechanical engineering  Mining  Military  Electronics

- Trend  Overall market growth is expected to be strong with an annual growth forecast at around 4.5% per year to 2020.  The tungsten chemicals sector is expected to double by 2020.  The more established cemented carbides, steel alloy and tungsten products will increase more moderate at 3% - 4% per year.  Overall, the production is expected to increase due to development projects mainly in Europe, North America and Australia.  By 2017 and 2020 demand is expected to catch up the increased supply.

36

Figure: World total tungsten supply and end-use forecasts to 2020 (tonnes)

Source: Report on critical Raw Materials for the EU - Critical Raw Materials Profiles, 2014, Figure 212 on page 200

- Future technologies  No additional future technologies identified.  However, the listed application fields (high-temperature resistant and corrosion-resistant materials and extremely hard cutting tools) will expand to more sophisticated application fields (e.g. deep drilling for raw materials).

37

- References

Report on critical Raw Materials for the EU - Critical Raw Materials Profiles, 2014 (http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/raw-materials/critical/index_en.htm

European Commission: Critical metals in the path towards the decarbonisatio of the EU Energy sector http://www.oakdenehollins.co.uk/media/308/Critical_Metals_Decarbonisation.pdf, page 101

Critical raw materials for the EU, 2010, http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/raw- materials/files/docs/report-b_en.pdf

Mineral Commodity Summaries: Tungsten, U.S. Geological Survey, 2014

Ormonde Mining Plc.: http://www.ormondemining.com/

Sojitz Beralt Tin & Wolfram: no company homepage http://www.itia.info/sojitz-beralt-tin-wolfram- portugal-sa.html

Wolfram Bergbau- und Hutten AG: http://www.wolfram.at/wolfram_at/wEnglisch/index.html

SME Saxony Minerals and Exploration AG: http://www.smeag.de/

Report on Substitution of Critical Raw Materials, CRM_InnoNet; D3.3 Raw material profile, September 2013

ITIA (International Tungsten Industry Association); www.itia.info

Plansee Homepage: http://www.plansee-group.com/

A&M Group Ltd Homepage: http://www.amgroup.uk.com/

AMC Group Homepage: http://www.amcgroup.com/

Eurotungstene metal powders Homepage: http://www.eurotungstene.com/

Umicore Homepage: http://www.umicore.com/en/

Asian Metal retrieved 22nd April 2014 (http://www.asianmetal.com)

Tasman Metals (http://www.tasmanmetals.com/s/Projects.asp)

Metal Pages: Word Tungsten Report, September 2012

38

ZINC

EU industry* and applications

- Mining sites in Europe  Navan Tara Mine (IE)  Garpenberg (SE)  Boliden Area (SE)  Neves-Corvo (PT  Zinkgruvan (SE)  Aguas Tenidas Mine (ES)  Pyhäsalmi (FI)  Lisheen (IE)  Galmoy (IE)

- European mining companies with national or global activities  Boliden (SE)  Lundin Mining Corp. (CA/SE)  Trafigura (UK)  Nyrstar (CH)  Glencore Xstrata (CH)

- Primary production companies in EU (refiners / smelters)  Boliden (SE)  Glencore Xstrata (CH)  Nyrstar (CH)  HCM S.A. (PL)  KCM 2000 Group (BG)  ZGH Bolesław (PL)  Sometra (RO)

- Major processing companies in EU (production of semi-products)  Grillo Werke (DE)  Rheinzink (DE)  Umicore (BE)  Numerous galvanizing plants and foundries

39 * Including EU-28, and Norway and Switzerland

- Relevant association  IZA-Europe (International Zinc Association Europe

- Main products - Applications and end-use

 Galvanized steel products (e.g. car body, ventilation ducts, facade Figure: Worldwide use of zinc elements)  Brass products (e.g. door handle, fittings etc.)  Die castings for automobiles  Rolled zinc (e.g. US Penny)  Chemicals (e.g. paints, pharmaceutical, animal feed)

- Relevant sectors

 Building construction  Mechanical engineering  Automotive and transport

 Consumer goods

 Electrical appliances Source: Study on non Critical Raw Materials at EU Level, 2014, Figure 71 on page 122

- Trend

 Rising demand.  Major global drivers will be the increasing demand of zinc for galvanizing steel from construction sector, demand of zinc alloys and die-casting in automobile sector, and investment in infrastructure development.

- Future technologies  Zinc-air-batteries

40

- References

Study on non Critical Raw Materials at EU Level, 2014 (http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/raw- materials/files/docs/crm-non-critical-material-profiles_en.pdf)

Business line (http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/features/investment-world/market-strategy/excess- supply-to-keep-zinc-price-ranged/article5358571.ece)

USGS 2014, Zinc (http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/zinc/mcs-2014-zinc.pdf)

Boliden Homepage (www.boliden.com)

Lundin mining Homepage (http://www.lundinmining.com/s/Home.asp)

Trafigura Homepage (www.trafigura.com)

First quantum Homepage (www.first-quantum.com)

IZA-Europe (International Zinc Association Europe) Homepage (http://www.zinc.org/about/profile)

Minerals Education Coalition Homepage (http://www.mineralseducationcoalition.org/minerals/zinc), retrieved

on 16th April 2014

Asian Metal, retrieved 22nd April 2014 (http://www.asianmetal.com)

HCM S.A. Homepage (http://www.hcm.com.pl)

Sometra Homepage (http://www.sometra.ro)

Recyclex Homepage (http://www.recylex.com/)

Umicore Homepage (http://www.umicore.com/en/)

KCM 2000 Group Homepage (http://www.kcm2000.bg)

Ecorys 2011: Competitiveness of the EU Non-ferrous Metals Industries (http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/metals-minerals/files/fn97624_nfm_final_report_5_april_en.pdf)

Minerals Ireland Exploration & Mining Divison Homepage: Current Mining in Ireland, retrieved 26th August

2014 (http://www.mineralsireland.ie/Mining+in+Ireland/Current+Mining.htm)

Market Research Homepage: Global Zinc Industry 2013-2018: Trend, Profit, and Forecast Analysis; retrieved 26th August 2014 (http://www.marketresearch.com/Lucintel-v2747/Global-Zinc-Trend-Profit-Forecast-

7504078/)

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