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En Queerteoretisk Læsning Af Kønsopfattelser I Grønland I Et Historisk Perspektiv

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En Queerteoretisk Læsning Af Kønsopfattelser I Grønland I Et Historisk Perspektiv EN QUEERTEORETISK LÆSNING AF KØNSOPFATTELSER I GRØNLAND I ET HISTORISK PERSPEKTIV Navn: Malu Aima Rohmann Fleischer Opgavetype: Speciale ECTS-Point: 30 Institution: Ilisimatusarfik- Grønlands Universitet Afdeling: Kultur- og Samfundshistorie Vejleder: Ebbe Volquardsen Afleverings dato: 28. januar 2020 Antal sider: 90, uden forside, litteraturliste og bilag Antal tegn: 218.726 (uden mellemrum) Foto: Eigil Knuth (Knuth 2003 [1943]:151,189) Abstract The main purpose with this thesis is to examine how inuit in Greenland have perceived various gender identities, throughout time. I have chosen to examine this starting with the identity categories tikkaliaq and nuliakaaliaq, which means people who are raised to be a as the “opposite gender” In present day, there are multiple contradicting theories about gender perception of precolonial inuit in Greenland. The majority of those that work with gender perception of inuit agree that the majority of the European missionaries and Arctic explorers, whom have described a binary gender perception, both within precolonial as well as colonial inuit, have not had a focus on the inuits own perception of gender, and the importance of gender in the inuit society. The main argument is often that the binary gender perception there is present today that effects inuit in Greenland, is a result of colonization. Some of the most dominating theories that are used in present day regarding gender in precolonial inuit, is the thesis that inuit has had a third gender, and the thesis of genderlesness. It is the idea that the social structure of precolonial inuit in reality was not based on gender. In both theses, identity categories like tikkaliaq and nuliakaaliaq are used as an argument for that gender either has had a significant importance to the inuits precolonial social structure, or that gender has not played a significant role. By making queertheoretic readings of sources that deals with tikkaliaq and nuliakaaliaq, this thesis creates a picture of how these identity categories have been constructed through time, and how gender has played a significant role for those that where tikkaliaq and nuliakaaliaq. As a result of this, it is argued that gender was crucial for the precolonial social structure, and that precolonial inuit themselves where influenced by a binary gender perception. Key Words: Greenland, Inuit, Gender, Sex, Queer, Tikkaliaq, Nuliakaaliaq Resumé - Dansk Hovedformålet med dette speciale er, at undersøge hvorledes inuit i Grønland har opfattet forskellige kønsidentiteter igennem tiden. Jeg har valgt, at undersøge dette ved at tage udgangspunkt i identitetskategorierne tikkaliaq og nuliakaaliaq, der er folk der opdrages som det ”modsatte køn”. I dag findes der flere modstridende teorier om kønsopfattelsen, hos prækoloniale inuit Grønland. De fleste der i dag arbejder med kønsopfattelser hos inuit, er dog enige om at majoriteten af de europæiske missionærer og polarforskere, der har beskrevet en binær kønsopfattelse både hos prækoloniale samt koloniale inuit, ikke har haft øje for inuits egen opfattelse af køn samt kønnets betydning i det inuitiske samfund. Hoved argumentet er ofte, at den binære kønsopfattelser der i dag præger inuit i Grønland, er opstået som et resultat af koloniseringen. Nogle af de mest dominerende teorier der i dag bruges vedrørende køn hos prækoloniale inuit, er tesen om at inuit har haft et tredje køn samt genderlesness, der er ideen om at samfundsstrukturen hos prækoloniale inuit i virkeligheden ikke var kønsbaseret. I begge tilfælde bruges identitetskategorier som tikkaliaq og nuliakaaliaq som argument for, at kønnet enten har haft en væsentlig betydning i forhold til inuits prækoloniale samfundsstruktur, eller at kønnet ikke har spillet en væsentlig rolle. Ved at foretage queerteoretiske læsninger af kilder der omhandler tikkaliaq og nuliakaaliaq, skabes der i denne opgave et billede af hvorledes disse identitetskategorier har været konstrueret igennem tiden, og hvorledes kønnet har spillet en væsentlig rolle for de der var tikkaliaq og nuliakaaliaq. Som et resultat af dette argumenteres der for, at køn var afgørende for den prækoloniale samfundsstruktur og at prækoloniale inuit selv var præget af en binær kønsopfattelse. 1 Indholdsfortegnelse Kapitel 1. Indledning ................................................................................................................................................. 3 1.1 Problemformulering ................................................................................................................................................ 8 1.2 Begrebsafklaring ..................................................................................................................................................... 9 Kapitel 2. Teori og metode ...................................................................................................................................... 14 2.1 Forskningsoversigt ................................................................................................................................................. 14 2.2 Introduktion til opgavens empiri ........................................................................................................................... 18 2.3 Introduktion til opgavens metoder ........................................................................................................................ 19 2.4 Introduktion til opgavens teoretiske materiale ..................................................................................................... 22 2.4.1 Kønsperformance .......................................................................................................................................... 27 2.4.2 Seksualitetens forbindelse til kønskategorier ............................................................................................... 31 2.4.3 Den heteroseksuelle matrice ......................................................................................................................... 33 Kapitel 3. Forskellige tolkninger af kønskategorier hos inuit .................................................................................... 35 3.1 Missionærernes og polarforskernes opfattelse ..................................................................................................... 36 3.1.1 Hans Egede .................................................................................................................................................... 38 3.1.2 Knud Rasmussen ............................................................................................................................................ 41 3.1.3 Gustav Holm .................................................................................................................................................. 47 3.1.4 Delkonklusion ................................................................................................................................................ 50 3.2 Moderne teorier .................................................................................................................................................... 51 3.2.1 Det tredje køn: ............................................................................................................................................... 51 3.2.2 Genderlessness .............................................................................................................................................. 53 Kapitel 4. Tikkaliaq og Nuliakaaliaq ......................................................................................................................... 56 4.1 Østgrønland ........................................................................................................................................................... 56 4.1.1 Sipineq ........................................................................................................................................................... 70 4.1.2 Akulo .............................................................................................................................................................. 71 4.2 Vestgrønland og Nordgrønland ............................................................................................................................. 76 4.2.1 Sipineq ........................................................................................................................................................... 81 Kapitel 5. Kønsopfattelser og sprog ......................................................................................................................... 83 5.1 Østgrønlandske begreber ...................................................................................................................................... 85 5.2 Vestgrønlandske begreber .................................................................................................................................... 86 Kapitel 6. Køn og seksualiteter Blandt moderne grønlændere ................................................................................. 88 Konklusion: ............................................................................................................................................................. 90 Litteraturliste: ......................................................................................................................................................... 93 Bilag 1 ..................................................................................................................................................................
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