Notes Major Archival Collections Consulted 1 . Consulted in Copenhagen and at Erhvervsarkivet (the Business Archives) in Aarhus. Introduction The Edge of the World, the End of the World * Paul-Emile Victor et al., Gro ë nland: 1948–1949 (Paris: Arthaud, 1951), 28. Except where indicated, all translations have been done by the author. 1 . Ibid. 2 . Michael Spender and Therkel Mathiassen, “Alfred Wegener’s Greenland Expeditions 1929 and 1930–31: Review,” The Geographical Journal 84 (1934): 515. 3 . Snowfall, or accumulation, in Greenland is notoriously variable, and hence averages such as the one provided here need to be understood carefully. See John Maurer, Local-Scale Snow Accumulation Variability on the Greenland Ice Sheet from Ground-Penetrating Radar (MA Thesis, University of Colorado at Boulder, 2006). Technically, the process of turning snow into glacial ice proceeds from snow to né v é to firn to glacial ice. 4 . James R. Ryan and Simon Naylor, “Exploration and the 20th Century,” in New Spaces of Exploration: Geographies of Discovery in the 20th Century , ed. Simon Naylor and James R. Ryan (London: I.B. Tauris, 2010), 11; Roger D. Launius, “Toward the Poles: A Historiography of Scientific Exploration During the International Polar Years and the International Geophysical Year,” in Globalizing Polar Science: Reconsidering the International Polar and Geophysical Years , ed. James R. Fleming and Roger D. Launius (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), 53. 5 . Felix Driver, “Modern Explorers,” in New Spaces of Exploration: Geographies of Discovery in the 20th Century , ed. Simon Naylor and James R. Ryan (London: I.B. Tauris, 2010), 245. 6 . See, for example, Mark Carey, “The History of Ice: How Glaciers Became an Endangered Species,” Environmental History 12 (2007); Eric G. Wilson, The Spiritual History of Ice: Romanticism, Science, and the Imagination (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003); Barry H. 124 NOTES Lopez, Arctic Dreams: Imagination and Desire in a Northern Landscape (New York: Charles Scribner & Sons, 1986); Francis Spufford, I May Be Some Time: Ice and the English Imagination (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997). 7 . Launius, “Toward the Poles: A Historiography of Scientific Exploration During the International Polar Years and the International Geophysical Year,” 57. 8 . Trevor H. Levere, Science and the Canadian Arctic: A Century of Exploration, 1818–1918 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 425. Much of this work centered on mapping, that is, delineat- ing land-sea boundaries and identifying islands and other geographic features. See Urban Wr å kberg, “The Politics of Naming: Contested Observations and the Shaping of Geographical Knowledge,” in Narrating the Arctic: A Cultural History of Nordic Scientific Practices , ed. Michael Bravo and Sverker Sö rlin (Canton, MA: Science History Publications, 2002). 9 . Fridtjof Nansen, Nord i T å keheimen. Utforskningen av Jordens Nordlige Str ø k i Tidligere Tider (Oslo: Kristiania, 1911). 10 . Spender and Mathiassen, “Alfred Wegener’s Greenland Expeditions 1929 and 1930–31: Review,” 515. 11 . Particularly interesting works in these domains include Henrika Kuklick and Robert E. Kohler, “Introduction: Science in the Field,” Osiris 11 (1996); Jeremy Vetter, ed., Knowing Global Environments: New Historical Perspectives on the Field Sciences (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2010); Kristian Hvidtfelt Nielsen and Christopher Jacob Ries, eds., Scientists and Scholars in the Field: Studies in the History of Fieldwork and Expeditions (Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 2012); Stuart McCook, “‘It May Be Truth, But It Is Not Evidence’: Paul De Chaillu and the Legitimation of Evidence in the Field Sciences,” Osiris 11 (1996). 12 . The leading work here is David N. Livingstone, Putting Science in Its Place: Geographies of Scientific Knowledge (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2003). Also see Richard C. Powell, “Geographies of Science: Histories, Localities, Practices, Futures,” Progress in Human Geography 31, no. 3 (2007); Simon Naylor, “The Field, the Museum and the Lecture Hall: The Spaces of Natural History in Victorian Cornwall,” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 27 (2002). 13 . Ronald E. Doel, “Constituting the Postwar Earth Sciences: The Military’s Influence on the Environmental Sciences in the USA after 1945,” Social Studies of Science 33 (2003). 14 . Raf de Bont, “Between the Laboratory and the Deep Blue Sea: Space Issues in the Marine Stations of Naples and Wimereux,” Social Studies of Science 39 (2009): 199. Also see Dag Avango’s work on industrial and resource heritage sites: for example, Louwrens Hacquebord and Dag Avango, “Settlements in an Arctic Resource Frontier Region,” Arctic Anthropology 46 (2009). NOTES 125 15 . Richard Burkhardt, Patterns of Behavior: Konrad Lorenz, Niko Tinbergen, and the Founding of Ethology (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2005). 16 . Jonathan Jones, “Greenland’s Ice Sheet Melt: A Sensational Picture of a Blunt Fact,” The Guardian , Friday, July 27, 2012. 17 . With the dissolution of the union between the Danish and Norwegian crowns in 1814, the Treaty of Kiel placed Norway’s overseas posses- sions—including Greenland, Iceland, and the Faroe Islands—under the control of the Danish monarch. In 1905, following regaining inde- pendence from Sweden, Norway again made a claim to Greenland. The dispute came to a head in July 1931, when the Norwegian gov- ernment declared support for a private Norwegian occupation of eastern Greenland. Denmark placed Greenland’s fate in the hands of the International Court of Justice in The Hague. In its 1933 rul- ing, weighing “the declaration of Norwegian occupation of 10 July 1931, its legality, its validity” against “Danish title to the sovereignty of Greenland resulting from peaceful and continuous exercise of state authority,” the court ruled in favor of Denmark (“Statut Juridique du Gro ë nland Oriental, Cour Permanante de Justice Internationale, 26i è me Session, 5 avril 1933” (Leydon: A.W. Sijthoff’s Publishing Co., 1933)). 18 . ‘Metropolitan Denmark’ refers to the major islands of Sjæ lland and Fyn, the Jylland Peninsula, minor surrounding islands, and the Baltic Sea island of Bornholm. It excludes the Faroe Islands and Greenland. 19 . For the defense of Greenland during World War II, see William H. Hobbs, “The Defense of Greenland,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 31, no. 2 (1941); Hans W. Weigert, “Iceland, Greenland and the United States,” Foreign Affairs 23, no. 1 (1944); Nancy Fogelson, “Greenland: Strategic Base on a Northern Defense Line,” Journal of Military History 53, no. 1 (1989); Finn L ø kkegaard, Det Danske Gesandtskab in Washington 1940–1942 (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1968). For sovereignty concerns in the postwar era, see Eric S. Einhorn, National Security and Domestic Politics in Post-War Denmark: Some Principal Issues, 1945–1961 (Odense, Denmark: Odense University Press, 1975); Eric S. Einhorn, “The Reluctant Ally: Danish Security Policy 1945–49,” Journal of Contemporary History 10, no. 3 (1975); Poul Villaume and Thorsten Borring Olesen, I Blokopdelingens Tegn, 1945–1972 (Copenhagen: Gyldendaal, 2005); Shelagh D. Grant, Polar Imperative: A History of Ar ctic Sovereignty in North America (Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 2010). 20 . Mark Solovey, Shaky Foundations: The Politics- Patronage-Social Science Nexus in Cold War America (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2013). 21 . Ryan and Naylor, “Exploration and the 20th Century,” 11. For classic examples of classification in the context of exploration, see Vilhjalmur 126 NOTES Stefansson, The Friendly Arctic: The Story of Five Years in Polar Regions (New York: Macmillan Co., 1921); Laurence P. Kirwan, A History of Polar Exploration (New York: W. W. Norton & Co, 1960). 22 . Wr å kberg, “The Politics of Naming: Contested Observations and the Shaping of Geographical Knowledge,” 159. 23 . Stephen Bocking, “A Disciplined Geography: Aviation, Science and the Cold War in Northern Canada,” Technology and Culture 50 (2009): 273. 24 . Peder Roberts, The European Antarctic: Science and Strategy in Scandinavia and the British Empire (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), 3. 25 . Beau Riffenburgh, The Myth of the Explorer: The Press, Sensationalism, and Geographical Discovery (London: Belhaven, 1993), 2. On this, also see Elizabeth Baigent, “‘Deeds Not Words’? Life Writing and Early 20th Century British Polar Exploration,” in New Spaces of Exploration: Geographies of Discovery in the 20th Century , ed. Simon Naylor and James R. Ryan (London: I.B. Tauris, 2010). 26 . Michael F. Robinson, The Coldest Crucible: Arctic Exploration and American Culture (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2006). The quote is from Robert Marc Friedman, “Review of Michael F. Robinson’s ‘The Coldest Crucible: Arctic Exploration and American Culture’,” Isis 99, no. 3 (2008): 641. 27 . Roberts, The European Antarctic: Science and Strategy in Scandinavia and the British Empire , 6. 28 . See, for example, B ø rge Fristrup, The Greenland Ice Cap , trans. David Stoner (Copenhagen: Rhodos, 1966); Louis Rey, Gro ë nland: Univers de Cristal (Paris: Flammarion, 1974). 29 . For a broader look at science in Greenland during the Cold War, see Matthias Heymann and Ronald E. Doel, eds., Exploring Greenland: Science and Technology in Cold War Settings (forthcoming). 1 A Land Apart 1 . In 1911, he changed his name to Jens Arnold Diderich Jensen Bilds ø e. 2 . Jens Arnold Diderich Jensen, J.A.D. Jensens Indberetning