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ECOLOGIA En BOLIVIA Revista Del Instituto De Ecología ECOLOGIA en BOLIVIA Revista del Instituto de Ecología C o NTEN IDO contribución al estudio del ciclo 1 biológico de la palma Copem icia alba en un área ganadera (Espíritu, Ben i, Bolivia) (M. Moraes) Cariotipo del Quirquincho (Chaetophractus 21 nationi) (J. Cook, F. Cáceres, C. Miranda) Dos roedores simpátricos en el valle 28 de La Paz: Análisis de la morfología molar y la dieta (l . Mercado) Sobrevi vencia de Rhizobium en turbas 44 de diferentes localidades del departa- mento de La Paz (Z. Bustamante) Por qué colectar especímenes de aves, 52 con recomendaciones para la otorgación de permisos de colecta (J. Van Remsen) Colectemos: Un comentario al artículo 69 de J.V. Remsen (E. Forno, P. Ergueta) Informe del taller "Aplicación de Bases 71 de Datos en Botánica" (E. Valenzuela) No. 18 La Paz, Diciembre de 1991 ECOLOGIA EN BOLIVIA es el principal órgano de difusión de los tra­ bajos realizados por el Instituto de Ecología. Sin embargo, no pretende ser exclusivo para este Instituto, sino que es nuestro anhelo ponerlo a disposición de todas las personas interesadas en publicar sus trabajos sobre temas ecológicos en Bolivia. Por este motivo, queremos hacer un llamado a los científicos nacio­ nales o extranjeros que desean publicar trabajos en el marco de la ecología, la taxonomía animal o vegetal, los recursos naturales, etc. Los interesados deben enviar sus artículos al Comité de Redacción, el cual indicará si el trabajo es aceptado, ya que éste debe cum­ plir con el nivel científico de la revista y con los requerimientos indicados en las instrucciones para los autores, dados en la última página. Comité de Redacción Instituto de Ecología Casilla 10077 La Paz, Bolivia c Edición: Instituto de Ecología, La Paz, Convenio U.M.S.A. - G6ttingen Impresión: Artes Gráficas Latina Todos los derechos reservados O.L. 2-3-23-82 E COL O G 1 A EN BOL 1 V 1 A Revista del Instituto de Ecología, UMSA No. 18 C O N T E N 1 D O contribución al estudio del ciclo biológico de la 1 palma Copemicia alba en un área ganadera (Espíritu, Beni, Bolivia) (M. Moraes) Cariotipo del Quirquincho (Chaetophractus nationi¡ 21 (J. Cook, F. Cáceres, C. Miranda) Dos roedores simpátricos en el valle de La Paz: 28 Análisis de la morfología molar y la dieta (l. Mercado) Sobrevivencia de Rh~ob~m en turbas de diferentes 44 localidades del departamento de La Paz (Z. Bustamante) Por qué colectar especímenes de aves, con recomen­ 52 daciones para la otorgación de permisos de colecta (J. Van Remsen) Colectemos: Un comentario al artículo de 69 J.V. Remsen (E. Forno, P. Ergueta) Informe del taller "Aplicación de Bases de Datos en 71 Botánica" (E. Valenzuela) Instrucciones para los autores Mapa simplificado de las ecoregiones de Bolivia (H. Ellenberg, publicado originalmente en 1981) Ecología en Bolivia No. 18, diciembre de 1991, 1-20 CONTRIBUCION AL ESTUDIO DEL CICLO BIOLOGICO DE LA PALMA COPERNICIA ALBA EN UN AREA GANADERA (ESPIRITU, BENI, BOLIVIA) por Mónica Moraes R. Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, La Paz Introducción Según UHL & DRANSFIELD (1987) el género Copemicia (Palmae; Coryphoideae), que consta de 25 especies: 22 del Caribe (con una alta diversidad específica en Cuba) y 3 de Sud América (consideradas como recientes inmigrantes), tiene su centro de distribución en las Antillas. En general, Copemicm se caracteriza por un lento crecimiento (UHL & DRANSFIELD, 1987) como las especies cubanas C. baileyana, que en 18 años y sin alcanzar la madurez presenta 6 m de altura (JOHNSON, 1971), y e cowellii, que con menos de 1 m tiene 8 años de edad (ANONlMA, 1966); sin embargo, C. alba es considerada de rápido crecimiento presentando a los 5 años una altura de 3 m (ANONlMA, 1966). La distribución de Copemicia alba cubre una amplia superficie de áreas abiertas de Sud América, desde el norte de Argentina, E-NE de Paraguay y oeste de Mato Grosso en Brasil hasta el centro oeste y norte del departamento Beni en Bolivia, entre 56°-66°30'W y 16 °30'• 29 °S (Fig. 1). En condiciones naturales, forma bosques densos a dispersos, mayormente monoespecíficos, de individuos en diferentes estados de desarrollo (plántulas a adultos), asociados a vegetación espinosa de arbustos, árboles y palmas de especies características de la región del Chaco (BALSLEV & MORAES, 1989; MORAES, 1989); en la sabana inundable de Bolivia entre los 160-400 m s.n.m. y eventualmente mezclada con bosques de galería y en los bordes de islas de bosque (MORAES, 1990); Y queda excluída en áreas donde la inundación es más o menos continua (MARKLEY, 1955). Se ha estimado que una de las áreas más grandes ocupadas por Copemicia alba y que llega a Bolivia, supera a 500 ~ 000. 000 individuos y que la población de esta especie es 10 veces mayor a la de e pmnifero de Brasil (MARKLEY, 1955). Gran parte , del área en que se distribuye está relacionada con la actividad ganadera (MARKLEY, 1955). Por otro lado, su distribución también queda incluída en unidades de conservación como los parques nacionales Río Pilcomayo y Chaco en Argentina; y el Parque Nacional Tinfunque en Paraguay (JOHNSON, 1986). El presente trabajo pretende aportar información referida al ciclo biológico de la palma Copemicia alba en Espíritu (Depto. Beni, Norte de Bolivia), un área de sabana estacionalmente inundada destinada a la ganadería extensiva. 2 ._ . \ rol"'! I ..... _ . ..... ... f , ¡ ! I » : ./ '. \, A R G NE T I, 1 1 \ ' L Fig . 1. Di str i buc i ón regional estimada de Copemicia alba (Madi f i c ado de HUECK , 19 78 ; LLERAS ET AL. , 198 3 ; RAG ONESE y COVA S , 1942) y l oc a l i z ac i ón del área de estudio . 3 Area de estudio La región de estudio queda situada en la localidad de Espíritu (norte del departamento Beni, Bolivia) a los 66°24'W y 14°08'S, y una altitud de 160 m s.n.m. (HANAGARTH y SARMIENTO, 1990) (Fig. 1). La extensión total de la estancia Espíritu cubre 73.000 ha (BECK, 1983). Corresponde a una estancia ganadera asentada hace 30 años, en la sabana inundable, donde se combinan formaciones vegetacionales de bosque y pastizales, constituyendo un paisaje de "monte" y "pampa", respectivamente. Desde el establecimiento de la Estancia Espíritu se han incluído medidas de manejo para ganadería e xt e ns i v a con sistemas de pastoreo, división en campos (con una extensión entre 125-3.300 ha) y potreros, quemas a principios de la época seca para habilitación de pastos nuevos y otras actividades relacionadas al control de la producción ganadera (nutrición y sanidad animal) (BAUER & GALDO, 1987). Según HANAGARTH Y SARMIENTO (1990), el clima de Espíritu presenta una precipitación media anual de 1.866 mm (con máximas de 2.454 mm y mínimas de 1.322 mm), con una época lluviosa de octubre a mayo (donde generalmente enero y febrero son los meses más lluviosos) y una época seca de junio a agosto, con precipitaciones que en pocas horas llegan a superar los 200 y 100 mm, respectivamente. La distribución pluvial aumenta hacia las serranías subandinas del N y E (2.000 mm) y disminuye hacia el SE (Trinidad: 1.300 mm). Los valores mensuales medios de temperatura fluctúan entre 24.3­ 27.9°C¡ las temperaturas máximas mensuales exceden los 30°C y las mínimas no bajan de los 20°C (HANAGARTH & SARMIENTO, 1990); la temperatura media anual está por encima de los 26°C (BECK, 1983). En la época seca predominan regularmente vientos fuertes procedentes del SSE-SE que alternan con corrientes leves a fuertes del NNW-NW en el centro de los Llanos de Moj os (HANAGARTH y SARMIENTO, 1990). Las masas de aire provenientes del S continental (localmente denominadas "surazos") determinan una época seca interrumpida por ocasionales "mangones" (lluvias torrenciales intensas) o con características libres de precipitación pluvial. El aporte hídrico del río Maniqui (al SW de Espíritu) define el régimen de inundaciones del E de Espíritu; las inundaciones extensas ocurren entre enero-mayo, y de menor amplitud, a principios o fines de la época lluviosa (HANAGARTH y SARMIENTO, 199O) • La región de Espíritu se caracteriza por una amplia diversidad de formaciones vegetacionales de tierras bajas, desde vegetación permanente a estacionalmente inundada, en áreas abiertas y boscosas. Según su representatividad en el área, las principales formaciones de vegetación son: 1. Islas de bosque, de elementos mayormente siempreverdes, representados por Scheelea princeps (Palmae), Rheedia achachairu (Guttiferae) , Genipa americana (Rubiaceae) , Guazuma ulmifolia 4 (Sterculiaceae) , Urera baccifera (Urticaceae), Copaifera reticulata (Caesalpiniaceae), Solanum americanum (Solanaceae) y Ficus obtusiuscula (Moraceae) (BECK, 1984) así como Syagrus cf. sancona (Palmae) . 2 . Tajibales o bosques ralos dominados particularmente por Tabebuia Izeptaplzylla (Bignoniaceae), Curatella americana (Dilleniaceae), Byrsonima orbignyana (Malpighiaceae), Talisia sp. (Sapindaceae), Hymenaea courbaril (Caesalpiniaceae); pastos como Panicum laxum y Paspalum plicatulum (BECK, 1983), Y eventualmente Tabebuia aurea : 3. Sabanas o áreas abiertas variablemente inundables, tipificadas por la presencia de varias asociaciones, leñosas y herbáceas, en las que están representadas especies características como Lmdemia crustacea (Scrophulariaceae) , Eleusine tristachya (Gramineae) , Neptunia prostrata (Mimosaceae), Zephyranthes mesochloa (Amaryllidaceae), Cyperus uncinatus (Cyperaceae), Sida ciliaris (Malvaceae), Sporolobus tenuissimus (Gramineae), Portulaca amilis (Portulacaceae) y Gomphrena serrata (Amaranthaceae) (BECK, 1984) . 4. Tacuarillares o pastizales altos de Panicum tricholaenoides (Gramineae) presentan además arbustos bajos y varias
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