Religion, Politics and an Apocryphal Admonition: The German East African “Mecca Letter” of 1908 in Historical-Critical Analysis Dr Jörg Haustein, SOAS University of London,
[email protected] Copyright notice: This manuscript has been accepted for publication by the Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (Cambridge University Press). Please do not share or redistribute. Abstract: This article analyses a Muslim missive, which was circulated in German East Africa in 1908. Erroneously dubbed the “Mecca letter,” it called believers to repentance and sparked a religious revival, which alarmed the German administration. Their primarily political interpretation of the letter was retained in subsequent scholarship, which has overlooked two important textual resources for a better understanding of the missive: the presence of similar letters elsewhere and the extant fourteen specimens in the Tanzanian National Archive. Presenting the first text-critical edition of the letter, together with a historical introduction of the extant specimens and a textual comparison to similar missives elsewhere, the article argues that the East African “Mecca letter” of 1908 was nothing more than a local circulation of a global chain letter. As such, its rapid transmission was not connected to a single political agency, but was likely prompted by a large variety of motivations. Keywords: Islam, German East Africa, Mecca Letter, Colonialism, Dream, Politics, Millennialism In the summer of 1908 a religious missive alarmed the colonial administration in German East Africa. It was found in all major coastal towns and some places of the interior, and according to the German reports it coincided in many places with signs of a religious revival: mosques were full, ḏikr was intensified, repentance was preached, people anticipated the end of the world, women joined in the prayers, and concubines withdrew from their arrangements with soldiers or German officers.