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Private Memories from the Congo Free State and German East Africa (1884-1914)

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Private Memories from the Congo Free State and German East Africa (1884-1914) Pursuing Whiteness in the Colonies Private Memories from the Congo Free State and German East Africa (1884-1914) Diana M. Natermann Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of History and Civilization of the European University Institute Florence, 30 October 2015 European University Institute Department of History and Civilization Pursuing Whiteness in the Colonies Private Memories from the Congo Free State and German East Africa (1884-1914) Diana M. Natermann Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of History and Civilization of the European University Institute Examining Board Prof Dirk Moses, Supervisor Prof Jorge Flores, EUI Prof Elizabeth Buettner, University of Amsterdam Prof Corinna Unger, Jacobs University Bremen © Diana M. Natermann, 2015 No part of this thesis may be copied, reproduced or transmitted without prior permission of the author. Diana M. Natermann ABSTRACT Pursuing Whiteness in the Colonies offers a new comprehension of colonial history from below by taking a profound look at remnants of individual agencies from a whiteness studies perspective. It highlights the experiences and perceptions of colonisers and how they portrayed their identities and re-interpreted their lives in Africa. My transcolonial approach is based on egodocuments – texts and photographs – produced by Belgian, German, and Swedish men and women who migrated to Central Africa for reasons varying from a love for adventure, social betterment, new gender roles, or the conviction that colonising was their patriotic duty. My analysis shows how the colonials continuously constructed their whiteness in relation to the subaltern in everyday situations connected to friendship, gender issues, and food. Colonisers were more likely to befriend the higher educated Muslim Afro-Arab traders than indigenous Africans. Alternatively, some colonisers preferred dogs as friends to colonial subalterns. Pedigree dogs were status symbols and tools for racial segregation. Furthermore, ever-changing gender roles influenced Europeans to leave their homelands. Especially the single men wished to re-enforce more traditional ideas of masculinity in the new territories and most of the European women went there in search for feminist liberties. Frequently, however, a bourgeois understanding of Western civilisation was practiced to maintain and to enhance the picture of the superior white colonial, for instance, by upholding a European dining culture. The notion of ‘breaking bread’ together was substituted with a white dining culture that reinforced white identity thereby creating yet another line of separation between white and non-white. Overall, these individuals developed new roles, reacted to foreign challenges, and shaped their lives as imperial agents in sub-Saharan Africa. By combining colonial history with whiteness studies in an African setting I provide a different understanding of imperial realities as they were experienced by European colonisers in situ. 3 Diana M. Natermann TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ................................................................................................................................................................................ 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................................... 4 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................................... 6 1) INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................................. 9 1.1 The Importance and Influence of Cultural Whiteness .................................................................. 18 1.2 Why (these) Egodocuments? .................................................................................................................. 26 1.3 Masculinities, Female Cultural Imperialism, Career Choices, and Food ............................... 34 1.4 History from Below, Archives, and Chapter Outlook .................................................................... 42 2) IMPERIAL LATECOMERS ........................................................................................................................... 47 2.1 How to Colonise? From the Berlin Conference to Central Africa ............................................. 48 2.2 Implementation of Goals........................................................................................................................... 56 2.3 Status Quo at the Outbreak of World War I ...................................................................................... 65 2.4 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................................... 71 3) FRIENDSHIP ..................................................................................................................................................... 75 3.1 Limits to Befriending .................................................................................................................................. 78 3.2 Different Shades of Friendship............................................................................................................... 90 3.3 Befriending the ‘White’ Dog ................................................................................................................. 107 3.4 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 116 4) MASCULINE AFRICA .................................................................................................................................. 119 4.1 Mono-Gender Central Africa ................................................................................................................ 122 4.2 How Colonising Was a Matter of Honour, Loyalty, and Civilising ........................................ 135 4.3 Pain? What Pain? Manly Illnesses ...................................................................................................... 150 4.4 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 162 4 Diana M. Natermann 5) THE WHITE BIBI ......................................................................................................................................... 165 5.1 Single Ladies ............................................................................................................................................... 167 5.2 The Colonial Wife ...................................................................................................................................... 178 5.3 New Woman vs Old Woman ................................................................................................................. 193 5.4 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 202 6) EDIBLE IDENTITY....................................................................................................................................... 205 6.1 Sub-Saharan Foods .................................................................................................................................. 209 6.2 Proud European Dining Culture vs. Natural African Cuisine .................................................. 221 6.3 Eating as if at Home ................................................................................................................................. 233 6.4 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 243 7) CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................................. 247 8) LIST of COLONIAL ACTORS .................................................................................................................... 264 8.1 Belgian Colonials ....................................................................................................................................... 264 8.2 German Colonials ...................................................................................................................................... 268 8.3 Swedish Colonials ..................................................................................................................................... 271 MAPS ................................................................................................................................................................................ 273 APPENDIX ..................................................................................................................................................................... 275 LIST of ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................................................... 285 LIST OF ARCHIVES .................................................................................................................................................... 287
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