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The Other Witness: Nineteenth-Century American Protestantism and the Material Gospel Theology

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The Other Witness: Nineteenth-Century American Protestantism and the Material Gospel Theology THE OTHER WITNESS: NINETEENTH-CENTURY AMERICAN PROTESTANTISM AND THE MATERIAL GOSPEL THEOLOGY By Jennifer Axsom Adler Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Vanderbilt University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Religion May, 2015 Nashville, Tennessee Approved: James Hudnut-Beumler, Ph.D. Robin Jensen, Ph.D. James Byrd, Ph.D. Joel Harrington, Ph.D. Jeanne Kilde, Ph.D. Copyright © 2015 by Jennifer Axsom Adler All Rights Reserved To My Parents iii And this our life exempt from public haunt Finds tongues in trees, books in the running brooks, Sermons in stones and good in everything. I would not change it. — William Shakespeare, As You Like It iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thank you to my advisor—James Hudnut-Beumler—and the other members of my dissertation committee—Robin Jensen, James Byrd, Joel Harrington, and Jeanne Kilde. Special thanks are also due to Kathleen Flake, who provided invaluable guidance and support during the critical, formative stages of this project. Each of you has taught me about the characteristics of fine scholarship, including a pursuit of knowledge that embraces a spirit of curiosity and generosity toward our historical sources, our colleagues, and ourselves. Thank you for your insightful observations and questions that have shaped and improved this project. My thanks to the faculty and staff of the Vanderbilt Graduate Department of Religion (GDR). The GDR provided a welcoming home for a student of religion. Special thanks to the administrative staff, especially Karen Eardley and Marie McEntire, who never failed to answer my inquiries with cheerfulness and kindness. A supportive community of graduate students at Vanderbilt and beyond generously offered their thoughtful commentary, levity, and encouragement throughout this process, including Naomi Annandale, Benjamin Anthony, Seth Bryant, Jessica Carr, Carolyn Davis, Leah Payne, Devan Stahl, Andrea Tucker, Kelly Williams, and Lydia Willsky-Ciollo. Vanderbilt University library staff, particularly those of the Divinity Library and the Interlibrary Loan Department, offered invaluable support for this project. Thanks to the staff at a number of other libraries and archives who provided assistance during the course of this project, including the E.H. Little Library at Davidson College, the Andover-Harvard Theological Library, and the University Libraries at Azusa Pacific University. Thanks also to Duane V. Maxey of the Holiness Data Ministry who generously shared with me his extensive collection of materials related to the Methodist minister Beverly Carradine. The images herein from Earthly Footsteps of the Man of Galilee (1894) are reproduced with permission from the digital images available for purchase at BiblePlaces.com. A Dissertation Enhancement Grant from the Vanderbilt University Graduate School and GDR provided financial support for me to travel to Israel and the Palestinian territories. I am extremely grateful for this opportunity, which greatly enriched my understanding of my nineteenth-century sources. Two Vanderbilt University Writing Studio Summer Dissertation Retreats also provided invaluable opportunities for focus and rejuvenation during the writing of this dissertation. My sincerest thanks to Edward Linenthal at Indiana University and John Janusek at Vanderbilt for helping me to think more critically about space in their engaging, thought- provoking, and spirited graduate seminars. To Professor Peter Der Manuelian at Harvard University I owe thanks for encouraging my undergraduate research on the origins of the Harvard University-Boston Museum of Fine Arts Expedition to Giza (1904-1947). That research helped me to not only recognize my love of history but also brought me into the late nineteenth- century world of scholars like David Gordon Lyon (1852-1935). In retrospect, that research set me on the path to explore many of the topics in this dissertation. This dissertation reflects the nurturing and support of my parents, Lee and Jackie. In its pages I know they will find the love of reading and a curiosity for history that they instilled in me. This task would have proved impossible without the loving kindness and confidence of my family, including Rachel and John, Kimberly and David, Mitchell and Nancy, and Jeremy and Bridget, and my dear friends Liz, Malini, Andreea, Sarah, and Hayley. My greatest thanks are reserved for Warren and Pierce. Thank you, Warren, for your unyielding patience, enthusiasm, and interest—even if only feigned—when night after night we sat down to dinner, and I said, “So, can I tell you about what I found today?” And to Pierce: the writing of this dissertation is intertwined with seeing you grow from an infant into a curious, enthusiastic toddler. In its midst, you brought us unspeakable joy. You are the bright light shining. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION ...................................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................ vii INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 1 Chapter I. BIBLE PROBLEMS, WORLDLY SOLUTIONS ........................................................................ 18 Problems of the Book ............................................................................................................. 19 The Legacies of Edward Robinson ........................................................................................ 25 A Lost Record, Rediscovered ................................................................................................. 29 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 36 II. RECORDED IN STONE AND SPIRIT: WRITING A MATERIAL GOSPEL .......................... 38 A Destroyed Land .................................................................................................................. 41 A Timeless Land ..................................................................................................................... 45 A Spiritual Land .................................................................................................................... 52 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 58 III. ‘WALK ABOUT ZION’: READING A MATERIAL GOSPEL .................................................... 59 Protestant Pilgrims ................................................................................................................ 61 Walking as Embodied Reading ............................................................................................. 68 Harmonies and Dissonances ................................................................................................. 76 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 82 IV. A PERFECT COPY: REPRODUCING A MATERIAL GOSPEL .............................................. 83 Word ........................................................................................................................................ 84 Illustration .............................................................................................................................. 92 Photograph ........................................................................................................................... 112 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 139 V. UNEXPECTED WITNESSES: BEYOND THE HOLY LAND................................................ 140 Pilgrims on the Grand Tour ................................................................................................ 142 Other Sacred Grounds? ....................................................................................................... 148 Reverend Carradine’s Journey ............................................................................................ 153 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 158 VI. HOLY LAND MALAISE ............................................................................................................ 159 Holy Lands ............................................................................................................................ 159 Weary Sundays .................................................................................................................... 163 No Book but the Book .......................................................................................................... 169 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 177 EPILOGUE ....................................................................................................................................... 178 WORKS CITED ...............................................................................................................................
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