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De La Conversion À La Guérison Puritanisme, Psychothérapies, Développement Personnel View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by OpenGrey Repository Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense École doctorale Économie, Organisations, Société Laboratoire Sophiapol De la conversion à la guérison Puritanisme, psychothérapies, développement personnel Thèse Pour obtenir le grade de Docteur en sciences humaines et sociales, mention sociologie Soutenue le 29 mai 2013 par Pierre Prades Sous la direction d’Alain Caillé, professeur des uni@versités, Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense Jury M. Hubert BOST, directeur de recherche, École Pratique des Hautes Études M. Alain CAILLÉ, professeur émérite, Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense Mme Jacqueline CARROY, directeur d’études, École des Hautes Études en Sciences sociales M. Stéphane HABER, professeur des universités, Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense Mme Roberte HAMAYON, directeur d’études, École Pratique des Hautes Études De la conversion à la guérison. Puritanisme, psychothérapies, développement personnel II De la conversion à la guérison. Puritanisme, psychothérapies, développement personnel Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense École doctorale Économie, Organisations, Société Laboratoire Sophiapol De la conversion à la guérison Puritanisme, psychothérapies, développement personnel Pierre Prades 29 mai 2013 III De la conversion à la guérison. Puritanisme, psychothérapies, développement personnel IV De la conversion à la guérison. Puritanisme, psychothérapies, développement personnel À Brigitte, généreuse et patiente mécène, dont l’indulgente bienveillance m’a soutenu durant de si longues années, et sans laquelle je n’aurais pu ni entreprendre ni réaliser ce projet, À Jeanne, lectrice attentive et critique éclairée, À Louis, pour l’émulation, À mon père, avec le regret d’avoir tant tardé, et à ma mère, qui a attendu avec confiance. When at the first I took my pen in hand Thus for to write, I did not understand That I at all should make a little book In such a mode… 1 John Bunyan 1 BUNYAN John. « The Author’s Apology For His Book ». The Pilgrim’s Progress. New York : Vintage Books, 2004, p. 5. « Lorsque que je pris la plume pour écrire, je ne savais pas du tout que je ferais un petit livre dans ce genre… » V De la conversion à la guérison. Puritanisme, psychothérapies, développement personnel VI De la conversion à la guérison. Puritanisme, psychothérapies, développement personnel Remerciements Merci à Alain Caillé, qui a accepté l’improbable projet d’un inconnu et qui a suivi sa laborieuse réalisation, en la relançant avec justesse et sympathie. Merci à Jean-Marc pour son amical soutien, son écoute attentive sur le chemin de Compostelle et sa relecture minutieuse. Merci à Julien et Philippe pour leurs encouragements fraternels, à Shinyang, David, Sylvain et aux « jeunes maussiens » pour leur franche camaraderie, à Véronique pour ses sobres critiques. Merci à Bénédicte, à Ewa, à Françoise, à Didier, à Pierre et à de nombreux autres, dont les grains de sénevé ont lentement germé. Merci à Marc Pernot et James Woody qui ont accompagné cette recherche sans le savoir chaque semaine, par leurs paroles en contrepoint. VII De la conversion à la guérison. Puritanisme, psychothérapies, développement personnel VIII De la conversion à la guérison. Puritanisme, psychothérapies, développement personnel Sommaire (Table des matières détaillée en fin de volume) Introduction 1 Première partie Psychologisation de la société et culture de l'émotion Chapitre I La psychologisation de la société et ses idéaux-types 19 (Fromm, Horney, Riesman, Mills, Whyte) Chapitre II L'avènement de l'homme psychologique et le « triomphe du thérapeutique » 35 (Philip Rieff ) Chapitre III La société intimiste ou l'irruption de la personnalité dans le domaine public 51 (Richard Sennett) Chapitre IV Le narcissisme comme position de survie dans la culture thérapeutique 61 (Christopher Lasch) Chapitre V Réseaux et sentiments 79 (Boltanski, Chiapello, Illouz) Chapitre VI La personnalité contemporaine et la mutation de l'altérité 97 (Marcel Gauchet) Chapitre VII La culture thérapeutique : un héritage puritain ? 109 IX De la conversion à la guérison. Puritanisme, psychothérapies, développement personnel Deuxième partie L’héritage puritain Psychologie de la conversion et revivalisme Chapitre VIII La psychologie de la conversion dans le Covenant of grace 125 Chapitre IX Volontarisme optimiste et syllogisme pratique dans le Covenant of grace 151 Chapitre X Volontarisme optimiste et Réveil religieux : le perfectionnement de soi et la conversion du cœur 169 Chapitre XI Le calvinisme sentimental de Jonathan Edwards 191 Chapitre XII Toucher le cœur pour incliner la volonté : Jonathan Edwards et l'émergence du revivalisme 211 Chapitre XIII Le perfectionnisme par la religion du cœur : John Wesley et le méthodisme 229 Chapitre XIV Le deuxième Réveil : le primat de l'émotion dans l'expérience personnelle 251 X De la conversion à la guérison. Puritanisme, psychothérapies, développement personnel Troisième partie De la conversion à la guérison Chapitre XV Cure mentale et guérison par la foi : Mind-cure, Christian Science, New Thought 273 Chapitre XVI Culture de soi et technologies du moi 299 Chapitre XVII Magnétisme, hypnotisme et psychothérapie 315 Chapitre XVIII La légitimation des psychothérapies et l’influence de William James 337 Chapitre XIX Permanence de la foi dans les diverses modalités de guérison : la perspective de longue durée d'Henri Ellenberger 357 Conclusion L'Evangélisme thérapeutique. Foi et émotion dans l'efficacité symbolique des psychothérapies 371 Post scriptum Et si Weber avait raison, malgré tout ? 403 Annexe I Le modèle « psychohistorique » de Philip Rieff 417 Annexe II Le Covenant et la logique ramiste 423 Annexe III L’efficacité symbolique de la conversion-guérison : le jeu comme métaphore en acte 427 Bibliographie 435 Table des matières 459 XI Introduction Le vendredi 16 mars 2007, le quotidien Libération consacrait son portrait de dernière page à Brigitte Brault, une journaliste de la télévision française qui venait de publier un récit autobiographique, Pour l’amour d’un guerrier2, « l’histoire d’une fille qui part à Kaboul en RTT avec l’aval d’un coach, et tombe amoureuse d’un chef de guerre pachtoun »3. Selon le quotidien, Brigitte Brault a eu recours au coaching alors qu’elle s’ « étiolait » dans son travail pour France 3 Nancy, afin de « réviser ses orientations ». Selon son coach Clément Boyé, cité par Libération : « Au début, c’était confus. […] Puis il est apparu que sa mission dans la vie consistait à donner la parole à ceux qui ne l’ont jamais ». Elle entreprit donc de retourner sur le terrain de ses reportages pour former les femmes afghanes à l’usage de la caméra. L’accomplissement de soi : une liberté, une nécessité, un devoir Rien ne nous semble plus normal aujourd’hui que de vouloir et pouvoir choisir sa vie, lui « donner un sens », trouver sa voie et progresser pour s’ « accomplir » dans une société d’individus autonomes et responsables de leur destin. Des représentations comme la « pyramide de Maslow » ont largement popularisé une sorte d’évangile du développement personnel, plaçant au sommet de la hiérarchie des besoins humains celui d’« accomplissement de soi » (self-actualization)4. Cet accomplissement, défini simplement comme « la pleine réalisation de son potentiel », est l’objet de multiples prestations sur le marché, les unes se portant sur la réussite professionnelle5, les autres sur 2 BRAULT Brigitte, SAINT-PERN Dominique de. Pour l’amour d’un guerrier. Paris : Grasset, 2007, 332 p. 3 LELIÈVRE Marie-Dominique. « Mon chouchou pachtoun ». Libération, vendredi 16 mars 2007, p. 36. 4 MASLOW Abraham H. « A Theory of Human Motivation ». Psychological Review, n°50, 1943, p. 382. Disponible sur : http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Maslow/motivation.htm. Consulté le 5 octobre 2012. « The need for self-actualization. -- Even if all these needs are satisfied, we may still often (if not always) expect that a new discontent and restlessness will soon develop, unless the individual is doing what he is fitted for. A musician must make music, an artist must paint, a poet must write, if he is to be ultimately happy. What a man can be, he must be. This need we may call self-actualization. […] It refers to the desire for self-fulfillment, namely, to the tendency for him to become actualized in what he is potentially. This tendency might be phrased as the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming». 5 Selon la Société Française de Coaching : « Le coaching professionnel est l'accompagnement de personnes ou d'équipes pour le développement de leurs potentiels et de leurs savoir-faire dans le cadre d'objectifs professionnels ». Disponible sur : www.sfcoach.org. Consulté le 5 octobre 2012. De la conversion à la guérison. Puritanisme, psychothérapies, développement personnel le développement personnel. Ces dernières proposent à la personne de réaliser ses potentiels dans tous les domaines de la vie, et pour cela d’« apprendre à repérer et à suivre son propre idéal »6. Ce choix d’une démarche personnelle pour définir et réaliser son « projet de vie » apparaît aujourd’hui comme un attribut fondamental de l’individu, jusqu’à être érigé en devoir. Ce n’est pas seulement une liberté parmi d’autres pour l’individu des sociétés démocratiques, c’est une nécessité pratique dans un monde de concurrence interindividuelle généralisée, mais c’est aussi un impératif éthique. L’« accomplissement de soi » selon Maslow est à la fois un besoin et un devoir : « ce qu’on peut être, on doit l’être » (What a man can be, he must be). Ce qui signifie « devenir ce que l’on est 7 potentiellement », « devenir tout ce que l’on est capable de devenir » . Sociologues et philosophes ont souligné les paradoxes de cette injonction d’accomplissement, qui exige de se transformer pour devenir soi-même et qui s’exprime en termes de performances dans la plupart des domaines de notre vie, jusqu’aux plus intimes.
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