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A Abducens Nerve. See Cranial Nerve VI Abscess, Cerebral, 269, 270

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A Abducens Nerve. See Cranial Nerve VI Abscess, Cerebral, 269, 270 Index A referrals and information resources Abducens nerve. See Cranial nerve VI regarding, 104 Abscess, cerebral, 269, 270 Alcohol use Physician-parent interactions, 99–100 as fetal alcohol syndrome cause, Accommodative insufficiency 53, 258 Adie’s tonic pupil-related, 422, as optic nerve hypoplasia cause, 424 205 as eyestrain cause, 411 Alexander’s law of nystagmus, 74–75 as headache cause, 406 Alopecia, linear, relationship with refractive errors-related, 317 progressive hemifacial atrophy, 373, N-Acetylaspartic acid (NAA), in 374 Canavan’s disease, 349, 350 Amacrine cells, 26 a-N-Acetylgalactosaminidase defects, Amaurosis, Leber’s congenital, 36, 316, 327, 336 426 Achromatopsia (rod monochromatism), photoreceptor dysgenesis 316, 427–428, 431 associated with, 302 photoreceptor dysgenesis Amblyopia associated with, 302 Adie’s tonic pupil-related, 422 Adenomas, pituitary, 284 cranial sixth nerve palsy-related, Adenoviruses, 270 130 Adie’s pupil, 70, 421–422 cranial third nerve palsy-related, as anisocoria cause, 421–422, 424 126 progressive hemifacial atrophy- differentiated from related, 373–374 functional visual loss, 405 Adrenal insufficiency, 338, 341 retinal or optic nerve Adrenoleukodystrophy, 328, 330 dysfunction, 65 as exotropia cause, 262 Marcus Gunn jaw-winking-related, neonatal, 326, 338, 340, 342 152–153 x-linked, 337, 338–341 as Marcus Gunn pupil cause, Adrenomyeloneuropathy, 338–339 69 Afferent pupillary defect. See Marcus megalopapilla-related, 226 Gunn pupil meningomyelocele-related, 382 Agnathia-holoprosencephaly, 54 morning glory optic disc anomaly- Agyria (lissencephaly), 258–259 related, 217 as cortical visual impairment optic disc coloboma-related, 221 cause, 248 peripapillary staphyloma-related, Aicardi’s syndrome, 235, 237–239 225 Albinism, ocular, 71, 235, 236, 316, visual abnormalities associated 428–429 with, 90 oculocutaneous type 1, 428 American Academy of Pediatrics, 85 435 436 index Ametropia, high, 425 Anticonvulsants Anemia as myasthenia gravis cause, 156 congenital toxoplasmosis-related, as nystagmus cause, 305 268 Antisaccades, 109 as optic disc edema cause, 414 Aphakia, 16 Anencephaly (exencephaly), 54 vision aids for, 88–89 Aneurysms, as third cranial nerve palsy Apraxia cause, 139 congenital motor, 73 Angiogenesis, retinal, 27–28 oculomotor Aniridia, ocular anomalies associated head-thrusting behavior with, 36 associated with, 425 Anisocoria, 417–424, 422 oculomotor. See also Saccade assessment of, 70 initiation failure causes of differentiated from cortical Adie’s tonic pupil, 421–422, visual impairment, 250–251 424 head-thrusting behavior Arnold-Chiari malformations, associated with, 425 379 AP-2 transcription factor, 16 atropine mydriasis, 422 Aqueductal stenosis, 264 brain lesions, 255 Aqueous humor, production of, 22 cranial third nerve palsy, 421 Argyll-Robertson pupil, progressive Horner’s syndrome, 419–421 hemifacial atrophy-related, 373–374 parasympathetic lesions, 421, Arnold-Chiari malformations, 256, 257, 423 375–380 platybasia/basilar impression, conditions associated with 386 downbeat nystagmus, 307 sympathetic lesions, 419–421, hydrocephalus, 264, 380 423 internuclear ophthalmoplegia, neuroanatomy of, 417–419 125 simple, 419 Klippel-Feil syndrome, 388 Anisometropia meningomyelocele, 381 as eyestrain cause, 411 neural integrator abnormality, as headache cause, 406 115 Marcus Gunn jaw-winking-related, renal-coloboma syndrome, 379 152–153 treatment of, 256 Anomaloscope, Nagel, 80 types of, 375–376 Anophthalmia, 33 Arteriovenous malformations, as Anterior pituitary hormone deficiency, headache cause, 407 208, 210 Arylsulfatase-A defects, 327, 331–332 Anterior segment dysgenesis, 46, Arylsulfatase-A pseudodeficiency, 333 47–48 Askenazi Jews microphthalmia-related, 33 Canavan’s disease in, 349 ocular anomalies associated with, familial dysautonomia (Riley-Day 33, 34, 36 syndrome) in, 354 as Rieger’s anomaly, 36, 48 Aspartoacylase deficiency, 349, 350 Antiacetylcholine receptor antibody, Aspartylglycosaminuria, 327 154, 155, 159–160 Asphyxia Antiarrhythmic drugs, as myasthenia as brain injury cause, 265–267 gravis cause, 156 as cerebral visual impairment Antibiotics, as myasthenia gravis cause, 430 cause, 156 Astrocytomas, 271–276 Anticholinesterase agents, as of the brainstem, 271, 272–273 myasthenia gravis cause, 156 of the cerebellum, 271–272 index 437 Astrocytomas (Continued) Batten disease (neuronal ceroid of the cerebrum, 273–274, 275 lipofuscinosis), 326, 329, 333–335, calcification of, 279–280 426–427 of the chiasm, 274, 276 late, 328 fibrillary, 271–272, 273 Batten-Mayou disease, 334 grading of, 271 Bell’s palsy, recurrent, 143 of the hypothalamus, 274 Bell’s phenomenon, 115 of the optic nerve, 274, 276–278 in dorsal midbrain syndrome, pilocytic, 271, 272 120 Ataxia in double elevator palsy, 123 Friedreich’s, 329 during funduscopic examination, mitochondrial diseases-related, 345 82 neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis- in Kearns-Sayre syndrome, 165, related, 334 168–169 nystagmus-related, 303–304 in myotonic dystrophy, 170 opsoclonus associated with, 308 Bergmeister’s papilla, 27, 30 Ataxia hereditary syndromes, 355–358. Beta-blockers, as headache treatment, See also Ataxia telangiectasia (Louis- 413 Bar syndrome) Bielschowsky head tilt test, 72–73 classification of, 355–356 Binocular visual acuity spinocerebellar ataxia, 356–357 assessment of, 63–64, 312 Ataxia telangiectasia (Louis-Bar in nystagmus, 312 syndrome), 328, 357–358 Binocular visual field defects, saccade initiation failure associated assessment of, 78 with, 117, 118 Birds, embryonic development in, 10 Atlantoaxial dislocation, Bladder, neurogenic, 380 platybasia/basilar impression-related, Blastocysts, 1, 2 385, 387 Blepharophimosis, 40 ATM protein defects, 358 progressive hemifacial atrophy- Atropine poisoning, as mydriasis cause, related, 373 422, 423 Blind Babies Foundation of Northern Attitudinal defects, diagnosis of, 76, 77, California, 248 78–79 Blindness. See also Visual loss, Auditory nerve. See Cranial nerve functional VIII binocular, 400 Auras, migraine headache-related, 407– assessment of, 401, 405 408 cortical. See Cortical visual Autism, differentiated from cortical impairment (CVI) visual impairment, 250–251 monocular, 400 Axenfeld-Rieger’s autosomal dominant assessment of, 401–402 iridogoniodysgenesis, 34 neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis- Axenfeld’s anomaly, 47 related, 334, 335 referrals and information resources B regarding, 103 Babinski sign, 336 Zellweger syndrome-related, 343 Barkan’s membrane, 48 Blinking, “synkinetic,” 117–118 persistence of, 23 Blood flow, renal, in papillorenal Basal cell nevus syndrome, 34 syndrome, 241, 242 Basal ganglia Blurred vision, pseudotumor cerebri- asphyxic injuries to, 266 related, 410 hamartomatous lesions of, 276–277 BMP4 gene, 15 Basilar impression, 375, 383–387 Bone marrow transplantation, 333, 335, Batten, F. E., 334 340 438 index Botulinus toxin as esotropia cause, 129 as intrafacial synkinesis treatment, eye movement disorders associated 153 with, 115 as sixth cranial nerve palsy of glial origin, 271–279 treatment, 130 headaches associated with, 409 Botulism, 162–163 of meningeal origin, 280–281 Bowman’s capsule, 21 of neural origin, 279–280 Brachial plexus injuries, 267–268 secondary, optic glioma-related, Brain 277 abscess of, 269, 270 signs and symptoms of, 270–271 asphyxia-related injuries to, as sixth cranial nerve palsy cause, 265–267 127, 129 embryonic development of, 5, 8, 9, Branchiootorenal syndrome, 34 10 Bridle-effect theory, of Duane’s cellular proliferation phase of, syndrome, 1471–48 256, 258–260 Brown’s syndrome, 71 induction phase of, 255–256 acquired, 164 synapse formation and congenital, 164 myelination phase of, 256 iatrogenic, 135 perinatal injuries to, 265–268 Buck, Pearl, 95 Brain lesions, 255–288. See also Brain “Bullneck anomalies.” See Cervico- tumors occipital proximity disorders congenital abnormalities, 255–261 Bull’s-eye maculopathy, 334, 355 brainstem abnormalities, Bull’s line, 387 260–261 cerebellum abnormalities, C 260–261 Caffeine, as headache-precipitating as cortical visual impairment factor, 413 cause, 248 Campylobacter jejuni infections, disorders of cellular migration 141–142, 143 and proliferation, 258–260 Canadian National Institute for the induction disorders, 255–258 Blind, 316 macrocephaly, 262–265 Canavan’s disease, 326, 330, 349–350 infection-related, 268–270 prenatal diagnosis of, 350 ophthalmologic signs and Cancer. See also specific types of symptoms of, 255 cancer perinatal injuries-related, 265–268 myasthenia gravis associated with, Brainstem 160 anomalies of, as neural integrator referrals and information resources abnormality cause, 115 regarding, 101 asphyxic injuries to, 266 Capsulohyaloidal ligament, 30 lesions of, 83 Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, 262 role in eye movements, 114 Cataracts, 237–238 in saccadic eye movements, anterior polar, 19, 20, 21 111, 112, 121 congenital, 424 Brainstem tumors congenital cytomegalovirus astrocytomas, 271, 272–273 infection-related, 268 internuclear ophthalmoplegia congenital rubella syndrome- associated with, 125 related, 268 saccade initiation failure associated genetic factors in, 37 with, 118 glaucoma-related, 35 Brain tumors, 270–285 lysosome oligosaccharidoses- of congenital origin, 281–285 related, 325 index 439 Cataracts (Continued) Cerebroside sulfatase, 331–332 microphthalmia-related, 33 Cerebrospinal fluid nonocular anomalies associated in chiasmatic glioma, 276 with, 35 in choroid plexus papilloma, 264 referrals and information resources in hydrocephalus,
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